Unit 9 – The Periodic Table

An Element is made up of only one type of atoms.

Arranging all the elements by their atomic number and their properties led to the creation of…
…the Periodic Table

The vertical columns of elements are called “Groups”

The horizontal rows of elements are called “Periods”

The group number indicates “How many electrons in the outermost shell”
The period number indicates “How many (total number) shells the atom has”

The elements of the periodic table can be divided into

Metals Non-Metals
Shiny Dull

Sonorous (Make sound) Non-sonorous

High Melting & boiling point. Except Low Melting & boiling point. Except Br2
Hg is a liquid is a liquid

High Density ( Feel Heavy) Low Density (Feel Light)

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Department of Chemistry (2013-2014)
High School Attached to Harbin Institute of Technology
 Strong Not Strong

Malleable (Changed into sheets) Not Malleable

Ductile (Changed into wires) Not Ductile

Conduct Heat Do not conduct Heat

Conduct Electricity Do not Conduct Electricity (Except.

Graphite)

Classification of Elements in the Periodic Table

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High School Attached to Harbin Institute of Technology
Define the following:

Atom ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Element …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Halogen………………………………………………… an example of one is __________ (___)

Nobel Gas ………………………………………… an example of one is _________ (____)

Compound ………………………………………… an example of one is _________ (____)

In the Periodic Table………

Reaction 反应 Physical Properties 物理性质

Reactants 反应物 Tendency 趋势
Products 产物 Valence electrons 价电子
Chemical Properties 化学性质 Solution 溶液
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Department of Chemistry (2013-2014)
High School Attached to Harbin Institute of Technology
Trends in Group 1 – The alkali metals

They are all metals and Mono-atomic

1) All elements have 1 electron in the outer shell:

Eg: Li: 2,1 Na: 2,8,1 K: 2,8,8,1 etc
2) So they tend to loose electrons and form +1 ions (Cations)

Eg: are Li+, Na+, K+ etc.

3) All elements are

Shiny, Light in weight & Soft

(Li, Na & K are very soft that can

be cut with knife)

4) The melting point of Group I elements decreases down the group.

Element Atomic number Melting point (oC)

Lithium 3 180

Sodium 11 98

Potassium 19 63

Rubidium 37 39

Casesium 55 29 4
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Department of Chemistry (2013-2014)
High School Attached to Harbin Institute of Technology
 5) Reaction of Group I elements with water

2Li (s) + 2H2O (l)
2LiOH (aq) + H2 (g)

2Na + 2H2O
2NaOH + H2

K + __________________________________

Rb + _________________________________

All of them react vigorously with water giving hydrogen gas and an alkaline solution of
the hydroxide.

More difficult to loose electron
so less reactive

More easy to loose electron
So more reactive

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Department of Chemistry (2013-2014)
High School Attached to Harbin Institute of Technology
Trends in Group 7 – The Halogens

C
They are nonmetals and Diatomic L
O
R
I
N
E
1) All elements have 7 electrons in the outer shell:
F: 2,7 Cl: 2,8,7 Br: 2,8,18,7 etc.
2) So they tend to gain electrons and form -1 ions (Anions)

Eg: are F-, Cl-, Br- etc.

3)

PHYSICAL STATE COLOR

Fluorine Gas Yellow
Chlorine Gas Green
Bromine Liquid Brown
Iodine Solid Black

4) The melting point of Group 7 elements increases down the group.

Element Atomic number Melting point (oC)

Fluorine 9 -220

Chlorine 17 -101

Bromine 35 -7

Iodine 53 113
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Department of Chemistry (2013-2014)
High School Attached to Harbin Institute of Technology
 5) Displacement reaction of Halogens

A more reactive Halogen will DISPLACE a less reactive Halogen from a solution of its
salt.
This is called Displacement Reaction.

More easy to gain electron
So more reactive

More difficult to gain electron
So less reactive

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Department of Chemistry (2013-2014)
High School Attached to Harbin Institute of Technology
The Transition Metals

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The compounds of transition elements have different charges.

e.g. Iron can be Fe2+ or Fe3+,

Copper can be Cu+1 or Cu+2
Manganese can be Mn+1, Mn+2......... Mn+7

Red Orange Yellow Turquoise Blue Purple

Co(NO3)2 K2Cr2O7 K2CrO4 NiCl2 CuSO4 KMnO4

Many of the transition elements and compounds are used as CATALYSTS.

Catalyst: A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of reaction without taking part
in the reaction

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Department of Chemistry (2013-2014)
High School Attached to Harbin Institute of Technology
The Noble Gases/ Inert Gases

All of them are UNREACTIVE!

Because they have no tendency to loose or gain electrons!

Element Uses
He Used in Baloons

Ne Used in advertising signs and car

lights

Ar Used in Bulbs

Used in welding

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Created and Published by Mayur Patel

Department of Chemistry (2013-2014)
High School Attached to Harbin Institute of Technology