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Tutorial Manual
DNV SOFTWARE
Palace House, 3 Cathedral Street, London SE19DE, UK
http://www.dnv.com/software
Chapter 1
An Introduction to Phast Micro
In the Message Log it should state that the “Licence is valid”. You must have a valid
license for Phast Micro set up on your computer in order to be able to enter data and
run the calculations. If the Message Log says that you do not have a valid license, you
should contact product support using the details given under Product Support in the Help
menu.
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Chapter 1: Introduction
The window will normally open with no Study Folder loaded – where a “Study
Folder” is a file that contains the definition of a consequence analysis – and you must
open or create a Study Folder file before you can perform any modelling work with the
program. If you wish, you can change the Installation Preferences under the Options
menu so that the program starts by automatically opening a Study Folder (e.g. the
Study Folder you worked on most recently).
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Chapter 1: Introduction
Inserting a Model
You cannot place a Model icon under the Study Folder itself, but
only under a Study or Folder. To add a Model at a particular
point in the structure, select the Study or Folder, and then select Vessel or Pipe Source
from the Insert menu as shown. You can also insert a Model by using the Insert cascade
at the top of the right-click menu, or by selecting the icon for the Model from the
toolbar.
The Weather Tab Section
The Weather tab section contains a folder named Global
Weathers with three definitions of weather conditions. The
program performs a separate run of the consequence
calculations for each separate weather conditions, giving a
set of results that are specific to that Weather.
The Weather tab section also contains a Study icon called
Example Cases. In the Model tab section, all of the Models
have been placed inside the Example Cases Study, but you
create and use any number of Studies in an analysis.
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Chapter 1: Introduction
You can insert Weathers underneath a Study in the Weather tab section. Such Weathers
are known as “Local Weathers”, whereas those in the Global Weathers folder are known
as “Global Weathers”. When the program is processing the consequence calculations
for a given Model, it will perform the calculations for every Global Weather and for
any Local Weathers under the Study that contains the Model, i.e. the Local Weathers
are specific to the Models in that particular Study.
The Materials Tab Section
The program is supplied with a set of System
Materials that contains full property data for more
than sixty materials. However, the Materials tab
section does not show icons for all of these
materials, but only for materials that have been
selected in the input data for the various Models in
the Study Folder, or for materials that you have
added yourself while working in the Material tab
section.
Phast Micro currently only allows you to define
Global Materials, and the same set of Materials
data will be used in the calculations for all Model.
You cannot currently define Local Materials to be
used only for the Models in a given Study.
There are three types of icon present in the Material tab section of the Phast Example
Study Study Folder:
Green Icon: a Pure Material
The eight green icons are all pure Materials. Each icon has a green border, which shows
that all of the input fields for the material have the values set for that material in the
System Materials. You can change the values if you wish - e.g. to enter different probit
values for a toxic material – and if you make changes the green border will disappear.
All of the icons in the Phast Example Study Study Folder are for pure materials that are
supplied in the System Parameters, but the program also allows you to add your own
materials.
Yellow-and-Red Icon: a Mixture
The yellow-and-red icon is a Mixture, and in the Phast Example Study Folder it
represents the plume of hydrogen chloride, nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide
produced by a fire in a pesticide warehouse. This is a situation modelled by one of the
Models that is not available in Phast Micro and that was deleted when you open the
Study Folder.
However, you can also define your own Mixtures, using any combination of the
materials in Phast Micro, and select these Mixtures for use in the dispersion, fire and
explosion calculations.
Pink Icon: a Pesticide
The six pink icons are all Pesticides, and are not relevant to Phast Micro.
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Chapter 1: Introduction
The Models are represented by dots on the Map. These dots can sometimes be difficult
to see and to relate to the individual Models, but there are several options that can
make this easier:
Changing the Size and Colour of the Dots
Select Map from the Preferences cascade of
the Options menu to open the Map
Preferences dialog, and then move to the
Model tab section.
By default the colour is turquoise and
the Point Size is 7 pixels, but if you
change the colour to blue and the size to
10 pixels as shown, then the dots will be
easier to see on the powerstation Map.
Displaying the Model Names on the Map
If you move to the Models tab section, select any Model, and then select Labels from the
View menu, the names of all of the Models will be displayed on the Map. To hide the
names, deselect the Labels option.
If there is more than one Model at a given location – as with the Chlorine Models and the
Butadiene Models – then the names will be superimposed and may be difficult to read,
although this will make it clear that there are multiple Models at the location.
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Chapter 1: Introduction
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Chapter 1: Introduction
The Help Window will be displaying a description of the current tab section, but you
can use the links inside the topic and the Contents, Index and Search tabs to reach any
topic in the Help system and gain a full understanding of the way that the input data
will be used in the calculations and the appropriate values that you should set for the
hazardous events that you want to model.
After you have finished exploring the input dialog, click on Cancel to close the input
dialog without saving any changes you might have made. If you wish, you can move
to the other tab sections and explore the input dialogs for other types of data.
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Chapter 1: Introduction
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Chapter 1: Introduction
The Graph Window will usually contain many tab sections, each with a different type
of graph. The tab sections included for a particular combination of Model will depend
on the type of the materials (toxic or flammable), and on the details of the dispersion
and effect behaviour (e.g. whether or not liquid rainout occurs). The Chlorine Models
have graphs for cloud concentration and for toxic effects. Butadiene Models have
graphs for cloud concentration and for flammable effects, such as jet fire, fireball, flash
fire and explosion effects.
The Concentration Graphs
The first graph is of centreline concentration. This will be showing the results at the
time at which the cloud footprint covers the greatest area, which occurs at a different
time for each weather.
The graph will initially be showing results only for the four Chlorine Models. In the
dispersion calculations, the program uses an averaging time that takes into account
changes in wind direction over the course of the release to give an average
concentration at a given location, and it uses different averaging times for toxic and for
flammable materials, reflecting the different time-scales that are relevant to each type
of release. The concentration graphs always display results calculated with a specific
averaging time, which is displayed in the legend for the graph. The default averaging
time for this set of results is the Toxic averaging time, and the Butadiene Models were
not modelled with that time so have no
results to display.
To view the concentration results for the
Butadiene Models, you must change the
selection of averaging time to display. To do
this, select Properties… from the right-click
menu or the Graph menu to open the Plot
Properties dialog, and then move to the
Averaging Times tab section as shown.
If you change to the Flammable Averaging
Time, the graph will display the results for
the four Butadiene Models only.
The User Defined option will also be
enabled, which shows that some of the
Models have a user-defined averaging time
defined in the Location tab section. In fact, all of them have such a time defined, and if
you select User Defined as the averaging time for the graphs, the graph will display
results for all eight Models.
Results Displayed on the Map
After the six tab sections that show the results in terms of concentration, the next tab
section is the Map graph, which allows you to view different types of effect zones
superimposed on the map.
When you first move to the Map tab section, the Map graph will be displaying Cloud
Footprint results for a concentration of 10,000 ppm for the Toxic averaging time, and
the only results displayed will be for the Chlorine Rupture and Chlorine Liquid Leak Models.
The other Chlorine Models don’t produce this concentration level at the default height
of ground level – as you can see from the Sideview graph – but if you open the Plot
Properties dialog, move to the Distance tab and set the Height to 10 m, results for the
Chlorine Vapour Leak and Chlorine Relief Valve Models will appear in the plot.
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Chapter 1: Introduction
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Chapter 1: Introduction
Similar to the Graph Window, the Report Window will normally contain several types
of results, presented in different tab sections. A given tab section will present the
results for all of the weather conditions that have been processed for the Model.
For the Butadiene Rupture Model, the first tab section is the Input tab section, which lists
the input data. The Audit tab section gives version details for the program, for
parameters and materials, but all of the other tab sections give details of the
consequence results that you saw summarised in the Graph window:
The Summary Report
This report summarises the
maximum downwind distance
to different types of effects,
and gives a direct comparison
between the different weather
conditions. For the Butadiene
Rupture, D 5m/s is the weather
that gives the greatest
distances, although the
difference between the three weathers is small.
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Chapter 1: Introduction
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Chapter 1: Introduction
The ignition-time that gives the greatest downwind effect distance is the one presented
in the Worst Case Late Explosion graph, as described in the section above.
The range of reports presented for a particular Model will depend on the type of Model
and on the behaviour of a release, and there are additional reports that do not appear
for the Butadiene Rupture Model. For example, if the material is toxic then there will be a
Toxic report with a table of dose, probit and lethality results as a function of
downwind distance, and if the liquid in the release rains out to form a pool, then there
will be reports describing the spreading and evaporation of the pool and describing the
series of “dispersion segments” used to represent the vapour produced from the pool.
For most of your work with the program you will probably refer mainly to the graphs,
since they present the results in the most direct form and allow easy comparison
between different Models and Weathers.
After you have finished examining the results, you can use Close All from the Window
menu to close the windows.
You have now seen the main features of Phast Micro. When you are ready you should
proceed to Chapter 2, which takes you through the stages in setting up your own
analysis.
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Chapter 2:Setting up your own Analysis
Chapter 2
Setting up your own Analysis
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Chapter 2:Setting up your own Analysis
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Chapter 2:Setting up your own Analysis
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Chapter 2:Setting up your own Analysis
Click on OK to close the General Preferences dialog and return to the Map tab section. If
you open the dialog for the raster image again, you will be able to see that the values
that you entered were stored in full.
The Location of the Site on the Map
For the tutorial, the facility occupies the long, narrow section of land to the north and
west of The Village, between the east bank of the river and the road that runs parallel
to the river, shown shaded yellow in the illustration.
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Chapter 2:Setting up your own Analysis
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Chapter 2:Setting up your own Analysis
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Chapter 2:Setting up your own Analysis
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Chapter 2:Setting up your own Analysis
The default scenario for a Vessel/Pipe Source Model is a catastrophic rupture out of
doors, so there is no need to change any settings in the Scenario tab section for this
particular Model.
If you have made all of these settings, the input data for the Model are now complete,
and you can click on OK to close the dialog. You should see that the icon no longer has
a red border, showing that it has a full set of input data.
Run the Calculations and View the Results
Select the Model and select Run Model from either the Run menu or the toolbar. When the
calculations are complete, view the graphs for all of the weathers.
You will see that there is no Pool Vaporisation tab in the Graph Window, which means
that the liquid in the release did not rain out; if you want more information about the
behaviour of the liquid droplets in the cloud, you should view either the Commentary
Report or the Dispersion Report.
The Centreline Concentration graph will appear to show a concentration of zero at all
distances downwind, but this is because the default scale on the concentration axis
goes up to one million ppm. To see the concentration levels for this release, you must
set the scale yourself.
Select Scale and Labels from the right-click menu or the Graph menu to open the Scale
dialog, then uncheck the option for Automatic Scaling and set the Maximum
Concentration to 1000 ppm. With the changed scale, you will be able to see the
different concentration profiles for the different weather conditions.
The concentration graphs only ever show the outdoor concentration, but if you move
to the Toxic tab section you will see that the Probit, Lethality and Dose graphs display
separate results for indoor and outdoor effects, and that there are separate Footprint
graphs for outdoor and indoor effects. The Lethality graph shows that the greatest
downwind effect distance is for the F 1.5 m/s weather outdoors, with a distance of
about 2.5 km to a lethality level of 10%. The indoor effects for this weather reach about
2.25 km to 10% lethality. The shortest downwind effect distances are for D 5 m/s
indoors, which reaches about 1.4 km for a lethality level of 10%.
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Chapter 2:Setting up your own Analysis
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Chapter 2:Setting up your own Analysis
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Chapter 2:Setting up your own Analysis
The default direction for a line rupture scenario is Horizontal, so there is no need to
change any settings in the Indoor/Outdoor tab section for this particular Model.
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Chapter 2:Setting up your own Analysis
The release rate from the two-inch vapour line is similar to that from the one-inch
liquid line, and the two pipework releases give very similar effect distances.
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Chapter 2:Setting up your own Analysis
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Chapter 2:Setting up your own Analysis
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Chapter 2:Setting up your own Analysis
If a given Fire Radii graph is showing results for more than one Model or more than
one Weather, then it will only plot a single level, which will be the lowest level set for
that type of result (e.g. the lowest intensity level, or the lowest lethality level). If you
want to see results for all of the levels, then you must view the graphs for a single
Model and Weather.
Fireball Graphs
The Bleve (or Fireball) tab section also contains three graphs. These are showing results
only for the rupture, and this means that the two Radii graphs are able to show the
results for more than one level. The maximum downwind effect distance is about 560
m, to a radiation level of 4 kW/m2, and the distance to a.lethality level of 1% is about
290 m. There is no ellipse for a lethality level of 100%, because the fireball does not
produce the necessary radiation dose at the height of interest (set to ground level in the
Flammable Parameters).
Explosion Graphs
The two Early Explosion graphs contain results only for the Rupture, since immediate
explosions are assumed not to occur for continuous releases. However, the Late
Explosion graphs contain results for all three Models.
The Late Explosion Worst Case graph shows the effect radii for the explosion-time
which gives the greatest downwind distance for an overpressure of 0.02 bar, and the
legend for the Late Explosion Time graph gives the time at which the worst-case
explosion occurs. The greatest downwind effect distances is 1,100 m, for the Rupture,
and it occurs at 7.4 s.
Flash Fire Graph
The Flash Fire Graph shows the zone for the cloud at the time that it covers the
maximum area. For the rupture, this gives a maximum downwind effect distance of
350 m to 10,000 ppm (i.e. 50% of the LFL), whereas for the two pipework releases this
gives a distance of about 70 m to the same concentration.
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Chapter 2:Setting up your own Analysis
The Burst Pressure is 60% greater than the normal operating pressure and is used in
calculating the surface emissive power of the fireball.
Defining the Leak from the Liquid Side of a Wagon
Copy the Rupture Model and name the copy Wagon Liquid Leak, and then open the input
dialog and set the data as follows:
Tab Section Input Field Value
Scenario Scenario Type Leak
Hole Diameter 1 inch
Vessel Tank Head 1.95 m
Location Elevation 0.5 m
Indoor/Outdoor Direction Down – Impinging on the
Ground
For a release from the body of a vessel rather than from attached pipework, you should
set the Scenario Type to Leak. This will give a larger discharge rate since there are no
frictional losses during the flow to the leak-location. For the leak scenario, you specify
the leak-size in the Scenario tab section.
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Chapter 2:Setting up your own Analysis
The leak is assumed to be at the bottom of the tank, which is the most conservative
assumption for the tank head and the duration.
Running the Calculations and Viewing the Results
Run the calculations for the Tank Wagon folder and then view the graphs for the 1.5/F
Weather, and then examine the Bleve or fireball results.
The Fireball Model gives slightly larger effect distances than the Rupture Model, with a
distance of about 500 m to 4 kW/m2 compared with 440 m. This shows the effect of the
higher vessel pressure used in the Fireball Model to model failure under flame
impingement, whereas the Rupture Model considers a rupture under normal operating
conditions.
Saving the Study Folder with the Results
You have now completed the tutorial, and you should save the Study Folder in order
to save the changes you have made.
By default, the program will only save the input data, which means that the next time
you open the Study Folder, you will have to rerun the calculations in order to view the
full results. However, if you select the Save As… option from the File menu, the Save As
dialog will contain an option to Save results as well as your input data. If you select
this option, the program will save the full set of consequence results and you will be
able to view the results immediately the next time you open the Study Folder –
although you should be aware that the file may be large, e.g. 25 MB or more.
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Chapter 2:Setting up your own Analysis
Explanation on how to work with graphs and maps (changing scale and graph
properties, viewing dynamic plotting of clouds,…), as well as a description of their
results can be found here. Regarding the reports, Help menu also teaches you many
ways to view them, how to export them into another program, such as excel, word… If
you are interested to know more about detailed contents of reports for models, please
click on “Report: for details of results”. You will observe that help on results for
consequence is covered within the topics. Consequence reports are the most used for
clear reasons; however, material, parameter and weather report can also be created.
You may also want to use the two other search tabs (Index and Search tab) to find a
particular information.
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Chapter 2:Setting up your own Analysis
What Next?
This tutorial has not covered every feature of the program, but you should now have
enough of an understanding of the approach and methods used in the program to be
able to explore the remaining features yourself, with the assistance of the online Help.
If you need further details on any aspect of the program, or if you need guidance on
how to model a particular situation for your facility, you should contact product
support using the details given under Product Support in the Help menu.
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