TutorialSFM PDF

Phast Risk Micro
Tutorial
DNV SOFTWARE
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http://www.dnv.com/software
© Copyright Det Norske Veritas. All Rights Reserved.

No reproduction or broadcast of this material is permitted without the express written consent of DNV.
Contact software.risk@dnv.com for more information.
Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction to Phast Risk Micro 1

In the first chapter you open an example analysis provided with the program,
explore its main features, and run the calculations and view the results –
without having to enter or change any input data.
Chapter 2 Setting up your own Analysis 15

The second chapter guides you through the process of starting a new Study
Folder and setting up the background map and weather data for a risk
analysis.
Chapter 3 Performing the Consequence Analysis 22

In the third chapter you define a range of common types of hazardous event
and perform the consequence analysis to obtain the size of the effect zones.
The tutorial supplies all of the input values that you will need to complete the
analysis.
Chapter 4 Performing the Risk Calculations 36

In the final chapter you define population and ignition data and run the risk
calculations to obtain individual and societal risk results.
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 1
Introduction to Phast Risk Micro
What to Expect of this Tutorial

The aim of this tutorial is to make you familiar with the ideas and techniques involved
in performing a risk analysis with Phast Risk Micro, and to give you practice in
defining a range of common types of hazardous events. By the time you have finished
the tutorial you should have a firm understanding of the issues involved, and be ready
to start work on a risk analysis of your own.
The tutorial is divided into four chapters. In this first chapter you will open an example
analysis provided with the program, explore its main features, and run the calculations
and view the results – without having to enter or change any input data. In the second
chapter you will start a new analysis. First you will set up the background data, then in
the third chapter you will define a range of hazardous events and perform a
consequence analysis for them, and in the fourth chapter you will define population
data and complete the risk calculations.
The tutorial should take 2-3 hours to complete. You do not have to complete it in a
single sitting, and can take a break between chapters if you prefer.
Starting the Program Running

When you install the program, the installation process places a DNV Software folder
under Programs in your Start menu, and also adds a Phast Risk Micro shortcut to your
Desktop. You can use either method to start the program running.
The Main Window

When you start the program running, the main window will open as shown.
The Main Window on Startup
1
In the Message Log it should state that the “Licence is valid”. You must have a valid
license for Phast Risk Micro set up on your computer in order to be able to enter data
and run the calculations. If the Message Log says that you do not have a valid license,
you should contact product support using the details given under Product Support in the
Help menu. Full instructions on licensing can be found in the installation notes,
available on the installation CD.
The window will normally open with no Study Folder loaded – where a “Study
Folder” is a file that contains the definition of a risk analysis – and you must open or
create a Study Folder file before you can perform any modelling work with the
program. If you wish, you can change the Installation Preferences under the Options
menu so that the program starts by automatically opening a Study Folder (e.g. the
Study Folder you worked on most recently).
Opening the Phast Risk Example Study Folder

The program is supplied with an example
Study Folder called “Tutorials”, which is
used in this chapter to give a quick
introduction to the terminology and
approach used in the program.
To open the Study Folder, choose Open
Example… from the File menu. A File Open
dialog displays the contents of the
Examples folder installed with the program files. Select the Tutorials folder to get to the
“Phast Risk Example “study. There are three file-formats available for Study Folder
files (.psu, .psc and .mdf), but the default format is the *.psu format, and the Phast Risk
Example Study file is in this format. Select the file, and click on Open. Once the file is open,
you will be prompted to save the file with a new name and new location.
The appearance of the main window changes when a Study Folder is open: there are
many more toolbars, and there is a pane with seven tab sections at the left side of the
window, as shown. The pane is known as the “Study Tree” pane, and you work in its
various tab sections to set up the input data for the analysis.
The Main Window with a Study Folder Open
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The Study Tree Pane

The Study Tree pane allows you to organise and edit the input data for your risk
analysis. The pane contains a number of tab sections, each of which covers a different
type of input data, and these tab sections are described below.
Run Rows Tab Section
The first tab section in the Study Tree pane is the Run Rows tab section. In Phast Risk
Micro, a “Run Row” is a combination of input data from across the other tab sections.
Each analysis always contains two Run Rows, to allow you to calculate the risk for two
alternative scenarios (e.g. for day conditions and for night conditions), and then to
combine or to compare the risks. In the Phast Risk Example Study Study Folder, the two
Run Rows are for day conditions and for night conditions.
The concept of a Run Row should become clearer after you have seen the setup of the
input data in the other tab sections, and when you see the method for defining a Run
Row, in the next section.
The Models Tab Section
The term “Model” is used in two different ways in Phast
Risk Micro, though these different meanings are unlikely
to cause you confusion.
“Model”: a set of available calculations
The program has several different sets of calculations
available, and each of these sets is known as a separate
Model and has its own icon. For example, there is a
Model known as the “Vessel/Pipe Source Model” that
has a blue icon that represents a process vessel; this
Model considers the release of material from its storage
or process conditions in a vessel or pipe, through all the
stages in its dispersion to a harmless concentration, and
it also performs fire, explosion and toxic calculations to
obtain representative effect zones for the dispersing cloud. There is another Model
known as the “Fireball Model” that has a red and yellow icon that represents a fireball
flame; this Model considers only the radiation effect zones from a fireball, and does not
perform any of the release and dispersion modelling performed by the Vessel/Pipe
Source Model. There are eleven different types of Model in total: five can be used in the
risk calculations, while the other six calculate consequence results but cannot be used
in the risk calculations.
You define a given hazardous event that you want to analyse by selecting the most
suitable Model from the list of the eleven Models. When you select the Model from the
list, the program will insert an icon for that Model into the Models tab section. The icon
represents an “instance” of that Model and will have its own set of values for the input
data, and you can define any number of instances of a given Model in your Study
Folder, each with its own set of input data to represent a particular hazardous event.
As shown in the illustration, the Phast Risk Example Study Study Folder contains eight
instances of one Model (the Vessel/Pipe Source Model), one instance of a second
Model (the Pool Fire Model), and one instance of a third Model (the Fireball Model).
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“Model”: one instance of a particular type of calculation Model

In practice, people rarely use the term “instance” to refer to a given use of a particular
Model, and instead refer to the instance directly as a “Model”, so it would be more
typical to say that the Phast Risk Example Study Study Folder contains eight Vessel/Pipe
Source Models, one Pool Fire Model and one Fireball Model.
The Model icons are organised in a tree structure. The top level represents the entire
Study Folder, with the name Phast Risk Example Study, the next level is the Study (named
example), the third level contains several Folders, and the fourth level contains the
Models themselves. You can create any number of Studies or Folders, depending on
how you want to organise your analysis.
Inserting a Model
You cannot place a Model icon under the Study Folder itself,
but only under a Study or Folder. To add a Model at a
particular point in the structure, select the Study or Folder, and
then select the appropriate Model from the Insert menu as
shown. You can also insert a Model by selecting the Model from
the Insert cascade at the top of the right-click menu, or by
selecting the icon for the Model from the toolbar.
The five Models in the first section of the menu are those that
can be used in the risk calculations, and the six Models in the
second section are those that can only be used for consequence
calculations.
The Weather Tab Section
The Weather tab section contains two folders: one
containing two Weathers that are representative of day
conditions, and one containing two Weathers that are
representative of night conditions. The name of each
Weather gives the atmospheric stability category and
the windspeed that are set for it.
In the illustration, the night weather folder appears with
black text while the day weather folder is greyed out – and
this shows that the night weather folder and its two
Weathers are selected for the Night Run Row, which is
the Row selected as the current Run Row. When you
perform the calculations for this Run Row, the program
will run the dispersion, effects and risk calculations
twice for each Model, with a separate run and set of results for each of the two weather
conditions.
The concept of “the Current Run Row”
In Phast Risk Micro, “the current Run Row” is the Run Row that is selected from the
drop-down list above the Study Tree pane.
In the illustration above, the Night Run Row is selected as the
current Run Row, and the night weather Weather folder is shown
with black text. If you change the current Run Row to the Day Run
Row, you will see that the black text moves to the day weather folder.
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The Parameters Tab Section

In Phast Risk Micro, Parameters are background
inputs that are applied to all calculations and are
not specific to a particular Model.
Parameters are organised in Parameter Set
folders. Each Study Folder is created with a
default Set, but you can create additional Sets if
you want to process some Run Rows with
different values for the Parameters. In the Phast
Risk Example Study Study Folder, there is a single
set called example parameters, which is used by
both Day and Night Rows.
Green border to icon: shows use of default values
All of the icons in the example parameters Set have
green borders. The program uses this border to
show that all of the Parameters under that icon
are using the default values that are supplied with the program. If you change the
value of any of the Parameters then the green border around the icon will disappear.
This allows you to see at a glance which aspects of an analysis are using all-default
values, and which are using changed values.
The Materials Tab Section
The program is supplied with a set of System
Materials that contains full property data for more
than sixty materials. However, the Materials tab
section does not show icons for all of these materials,
but only for materials that have been selected in the
input data for the various Models in the Study Folder,
or for materials that you have added yourself while
working in the Material tab section.
There are three Materials icons in the Phast Risk Example
Study Study Folder, all for materials that are selected for Models in the analysis. Each
icon has a green border, which shows that all of the input fields for the material have
the values set for that material in the System Materials. You can change the values if
you wish - e.g. to enter different probit values for a toxic material – and if you make
changes the green border will disappear.
All of the icons in the Phast Risk Example Study Study Folder are for pure materials that
are supplied in the System Materials, but the program also allows you to add your own
materials and to define mixtures.
Each Study Folder is created with a default Materials Set, but you can create additional
sets if you want to process some Run Rows with different values for the Materials.
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The Map Tab Section

The Map tab section allows you to set up map image and geographic data so that you
can view the regions and features affected by consequence results and risk results.
The map image is defined by the powerstation raster image, and you view the image by
selecting Map from the View menu. The Map Window will open in the area to the right
of the Study Tree pane, and you can use the options in the Map menu, the right-click
menu and the Map toolbar to zoom in and out, to move around in the Map Window,
and to control the display of the features of the window such as the scale bar and the
legend.
The Map tab section and the Map Window
You can close the Map Window by selecting Close All

from the Window menu.
The Risk Tab Section
You use the Risk tab section to define populated areas,
sources of ignition, and population categories.
Population categories allow you to define different
colours and shadings for distinguishing between
populations on the Map (e.g. between residential,
commercial or industrial populations).
In the Phast Risk Example Study, there are separate sets of
population and ignition data for day and night. The sets
contain many of the same items, but the number of
people in each population is different for day and night,
and the frequency of traffic on the road in also different.
The tab section also contains a Risk Ranking Points
folder, but this feature is not relevant to Phast Risk
Micro.
6
Viewing Input Data

The section above introduced the main types of input data and their organisation, and
this section describes how to work on the details of the input data.
Opening the Input Dialog for the Chlorine Rupture Model
Move to the Models tab section and double-click on the icon for the Model named
Chlorine Rupture. The Vessel/Pipe input dialog will open as shown below.
The dialog contains a large number of input fields organised over seventeen tab
sections, but many of these fields are relevant only to advanced modelling options (e.g.
for a sensitivity analysis), and you will typically only need to supply a small set of
input data when defining a Model for use in a risk analysis, as you will see in the next
chapter.
Input Dialog for the Chlorine Rupture Model
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Getting Help on the Input Data

This tutorial does not attempt to describe every item on input data, but the program is
supplied with comprehensive online Help.
Every input dialog contains a Help button at the bottom right. When you click on this
button, the online Help will appear in a separate window, as shown.
The Help Window
The Help Window will be displaying a description of the current tab section, but you
can use the links inside the topic and the Contents, Index and Search tabs to reach any
topic in the Help system and gain a full understanding of the way that the input data
will be used in the calculations and the appropriate values that you should set for the
hazardous events that you want to model.
There are some tab sections that appear in the input dialog for more than one Model.
For example, the Material tab section is used for both the Vessel/Pipe Source Model,
the User-Defined Source Model and the Bleve Blast Model. The Help is written in order
to give full guidance for either Model, so there may be references in the Help to
features that are not currently relevant to you.
After you have finished exploring the input dialog, click on Cancel to close the input
dialog without saving any changes you might have made. If you wish, you can move
to the other tab sections and explore the input dialogs for other types of data.
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The Consequence Calculations and Results

The program divides the calculations in two stages: consequence calculations, followed
by risk calculations. The consequence calculations determine the effect distances for the
various hazardous effects associated with the hazardous event, and the risk
calculations determines the risk that these effects will have a fatal impact on people in
the surrounding area.
If you wish, you can run both calculations in a single operation, but this is not good
practice. Instead, you should first run the consequence calculations on their own, and
then look at the consequence results in detail and decide whether they are realistic or
whether you should adjust some of the input data to give a better representation of the
hazardous event (e.g. changing the bund data, or the release height or direction). This
assessment will require some experience, both of typical consequence results and of the
relevant input data in the program, but you will only gain this experience through
practice in reading the consequence results and in experimenting with input data (with
guidance from the online Help). If you do not have a thorough understanding of the
consequence results for your analysis, you will not be able to interpret the risk results
properly or make sound decisions on the basis of the results.
Running the Calculations
Move to the Run Row tab section, select Consequence only from the
Calculation Mode toolbar as shown, then select the Run Rows icon
and select Models from the Run menu.
The program will process the calculations for the ten Models and two Weathers that
are selected for the two Run Rows, showing the
progress through the calculations.
The calculations will take several minutes to complete,
and when they are complete you will see that the names
of the Run Rows are shown in blue. This is the colour-
coding that the program uses to show that a Run Row or
Model has run successfully and has a complete set of
results.
You can also run the consequence calculations from the
Models tab section, and you should do this if you want to run individual Models.
When you perform the calculations in this way, the program will use the set of
Weathers and the set of Parameters that are selected for the current Run Row
Viewing the Consequence Results
To view the consequence results, you must move to the
Models tab. Set the current Run Row to Night; the night
weather folder contains the Weather with the most stable
conditions (F 1.5 m/s), and this is likely to produce the
longest effect distances.
Viewing the Graphs for the Chlorine Rupture Model
Select the icon for the Model, and then select Graph from
the View menu or from the right-click menu or the
toolbars. A dialog will appear as shown, prompting you
to chose the weather conditions whose results you want
to view.
9
It can be useful to compare the results for several weathers, although there are some
features of the graphs that are only available if you are viewing the results for a single
weather. You can also compare results for different Models for a given Weather, either
by using the View Graph option on a Folder or a Study that contains the Models you
want to compare, or by moving to the Weather tab section in the Study Tree and using
the View Graph option on the Weather.
For this example, check the box by the night weather folder, which is the quickest way of
selecting both Weathers, and then click on OK. After a pause of a few seconds, the
Graph Window will open in the space to the right of the Study Tree pane.
The Graph Window
The Graph Window will usually contain many tab sections, each with a different type
of graph. The tab sections included for a particular Model will depend on the type of
Model (e.g. Vessel/Pipe Source Model or Fireball Model), on the type of material (toxic
or flammable), and on the details of the dispersion and effect behaviour (e.g. whether
or not liquid rainout occurs). The Chlorine Rupture Model has graphs for cloud
concentration and for toxic effects.
The first graph is of centreline concentration. This will be showing the results at the
time at which the cloud footprint covers the greatest area, which occurs at a different
time for each weather.
The graph will initially appear to be showing that the concentration is zero, but this is
an effect of the scaling. You can change the
scaling by selecting Scale and Labels… from the
Graph menu or the right-click menu; a dialog
will appear, and if you turn off the automatic
scaling and change the maximum
concentration from the default value to, say,
1000 ppm you will get a better view of the
concentration results.
The first six tab sections all show the results in terms of concentration, but the Map and
Toxic tab sections allow you to view the results in terms of toxic effect.
When you first move to the Map tab section, the Map graph will be displaying
concentration results, but you can select Properties from the Graph menu or the right-click
menu to open the Graph Properties dialog and change the selection of the type of
results to display on the map; choose either the Outdoor Toxic Lethality or the Indoor Toxic
Lethality results to view the effect distances that will be modelled in the risk calculations.
10
The Map graph initially shows the effect zone with a northerly wind, but you can
choose Wind Direction from the Graph menu or the right-click menu to change the wind
direction.
In the Toxic tab section, the most informative graph is usually the Lethality graph as
shown, which shows the lethality level along the centreline of the cloud, plotted
against downwind distance.
Toxic Lethality Results
For each Weather, the graph shows separate effects for a person outdoors and for a
person indoors. When calculating the effects indoors, the program models the buildup
of concentration inside the building, using representative ventilation data set in the
Toxic parameters tab section for the Model. The program uses these results in
performing separate toxic risk calculations for people outdoors and people indoors.
Viewing the Reports for the Chlorine Rupture Model
Select the icon for the Model, and then select Report from the View menu or from the
right-click menu or the toolbars. After a pause of a few seconds, the Report Window
will open to the right of the Study Tree pane as shown. The Report Window will
probably hide the Graph Window, but you can use the options in the Window menu to
move between the windows.
The Report Window
11
As with the Graph Window, the Report Window will normally contain several types of
results, presented in different tab sections. A given tab section will present the results
for all of the weather conditions that have been processed for the Model and that are
selected for the current Run Row.
For the Chlorine Rupture Model, the first tab section is the Input tab section, which lists
the input data. The most important reports for understanding the behaviour of the
event are usually the Dispersion report and Commentary report. The Hazard Zones
report summarises the size of the various flammable effect zones, as they will be
modelled in the risk calculations, and the Outdoor Toxic and Indoor Toxic reports
summarise the toxic effect zones.
You can have any number of Graph Windows and Report Windows open at the same
time. After you have finished examining the results, you can use Close All from the
Window menu to close the windows.
Consequence Results for Flammable Models
If you view the results for one of the flammable releases (e.g. Butadiene Rupture), you will
not see separate results for outdoors and indoors. The modelling of indoor
concentration buildup is performed only for toxic effects, and the radiation calculations
do not take account of obstruction or shielding from buildings. When modelling the
risk produced by flammable releases, the program applies the same effect-zones to
people outdoors and to people indoors.
The Risk Calculations and Results

When you have finished examining the consequence results for the Models, you can
proceed to the risk calculations.
Running the Calculations
Move to the Run Row tab section and select either Risk only or Consequence and Risk from
the Calculation Mode toolbar. The names of the Run Rows will change from blue to
black, showing that the Run Rows do not have risk results. Select the Run Rows icon and
select Models from the Run menu or the toolbar. The risk calculations will run very
quickly, in a matter of seconds.
If you select Consequence and Risk as the Calculation Mode, the program will not repeat
the consequence calculations; it already has up-to-date results for all of the Models,
and will proceed immediately to the risk calculations.
You can only run risk calculations from the Run Row tab, not from the Models tab.
When you run risk calculations, you must process all of the Models that are selected for
the Run Row and cannot run the calculations for individual Models inside the
Selection.
The Risk Contour Plot for Individual Risk
Select the Run Rows icon, and then select Risk Contours from the View menu. The Risk
Contour Window will open, as shown on the next page.
When it first opens, the risk contour plot will always be showing the risk to an
individual outdoors, as shown by the line Outdoor contours in the Legend for the plot.
The level of risk to an individual out of doors in the Sewage Works is shown as just
below 10-5 per year, and the level of risk at the hospital is around 10-5 per year.
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The Risk Contours
To view the risk to an individual indoors, turn on

the Indoor option in the Risk cascade of the Map
menu or the right-click menu. For toxic releases,
this risk is calculated using the indoor effect
results, and since these have shorter effect
distances than for the outdoor effects the risk contours will move in slightly. For
flammable releases, the risk is calculated using the same effect results for indoor and
outdoor; if the contours were showing the results only for flammable releases, you
would see no difference between the two types of contour.
The Results for Societal Risk
The results for societal risk show the risk-distribution for the number of fatalities
caused by the hazardous events. They are presented in the form of a graph and of a
risk ranking report.
The FN Curve
Select the Run Rows icon and then select FN Curves from the View menu. The results will
be displayed in a Graph Window, as shown.
The Combined FN Curve
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The Graph Window contains two tab sections. The Combined FN Graph shows the
combined risk for all selected Run Rows, with factors applied to the risk that describe
the proportion of the year for which the conditions represented by the Run Row are
present. In the Phast Risk Example Study Study Folder, the factor for the Day Rows is set to
40%, and this has been used in calculating the frequencies for the Combined FN Graph.
The F-N Curve Graph, on the other hand, shows the full, unfactored results for each
selected Run Row.
The risk is very high, with some outcomes producing more than a thousand fatalities.
Most of these fatalities are experienced at the hospital, which has a day-time
population of over 3,000 and a night-time population of about 1,500, and which is well
within the effect zone of the chlorine releases.
The factors are set in the Run Row dialog, which will be described in more detail in a
later chapter.
The Societal Risk Ranking Report
Select the Run Rows icon, and then select Societal Risk Ranking Report from the View menu. A
dialog will appear, prompting you to set the options for the report, and you should
click on OK to take the default settings.
The report shows the contribution that each Model makes to the societal risk. All of the
releases make some contribution to the risk, but the risk is dominated by the toxic
liquid leak and rupture.
You have now seen the main features of Phast Risk Micro. When you are ready you
should proceed to Chapter 2, which takes you through the stages in setting up your
own analysis.
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Chapter 2:Setting up your own Analysis
Chapter 2
Setting up your own Analysis
The Form of the Analysis

The next three chapters will guide you through the process of setting up a Study Folder
for performing risk calculations. The tutorial supplies all of the input values that you
will need to complete the analysis.
The Models Defined in the Analysis
The main aim of the analysis is to show you how you can define Models to represent
the most common types of hazardous event, and how to take into account the main
variables. The types of hazardous event that are considered in the analysis are as
follows:
• A rupture of a vessel containing a toxic material
• A pipework leak from the liquid side of a vessel containing a toxic material
• A pipework leak from the gas side of a vessel containing a toxic material
• The equivalent three releases for a vessel containing a flammable material
• The rupture of a propane tank wagon under normal operating conditions.
• A fireball or BLEVE of the propane tank wagon as a result of fire impingement.
• A liquid leak from the body of the propane tank wagon.
If you wish, you can omit events, define different events, or change the input values in
order to define conditions that are more typical of your facility. However, if you do this
you will obtain results that are different from those that will be shown in this manual.
The Structure of the Analysis
The analysis is divided over three chapters. This chapter describes the process of
creating a new Study Folder and of setting up the Map data and the Weather data,
Chapter 3 describes the process of defining the Models and running the consequence
calculations, and Chapter 4 describes the process of defining population and ignition
data and running the risk calculations.
15
Creating a new Study Folder

To create a new Study Folder, select New from the File menu or the Toolbar. The
program will close the Phast Risk Example Study Study Folder and a new Study Folder will
open, with a name shown as “Untitled”.
Saving the Study Folder
You cannot save the Study Folder with the name “Untitled” and should save it with a
real name immediately.
Select Save As… from the File menu. The File Save dialog will appear and
you should locate the DNVuser folder (the default location for saving
Study Folder files), use the Create New Folder option to create a folder with
your name, and then save the new file to this folder with the name Tutorial and the
default file format of *.psu.
The Contents of a new Study Folder
New Study Folder files are not empty but will have some default data set up:
Two Run Rows
The default new Study Folder contains two Run Rows with the names Day and Night, as
with the Phast Risk Example Study Study Folder.
A Weather Folder containing three Weathers
The weathers are the same as those in the Phast Risk Example Study Study Folder,
combined in a single folder.
A Set of Default Parameters
As with the Phast Risk Example Study Study Folder, there is a set of parameters, all of
which are using the default values.
Auto Save
Phast and Phast Risk contain an auto save feature, which is switched off by default. It
is advisable to switch this utility on in order to recover work in the event of software or
operating system crashes.
With the Tutorial.psu study file open, from the menu choose Options > Preferences >
Installation and click to view the Autosave tab. Check the Autosave On box to activate the
auto save feature. Other options can be left default.
Setting up the Map Data

The tutorial uses a map of an area near two rivers, in a country which has a national
grid system. The image for this map is supplied with the program the form of a *.tif file.
If you have an image file for the area around your facility, you might prefer to use that
instead.
Inserting the Raster Image
Image files that contain a description of each pixel in the image are known as raster
images, and most common image files are in this form, e.g. *.tif, *.bmp, *.gif files. The
program can also display map data taken from a GIS Database, where an image is
defined by describing the lines that form the image.
The process of inserting a raster image into a Study Folder is very different from the
process of inserting a connection to a GIS Database. This tutorial deals only with raster
16
images, and you should refer to the online Help for details of working with GIS
Databases.
The process of inserting the raster images involves several stages.
Ensure that there is a Raster Image Set in the Map tab section
If the Map tab section does not already contain a Raster Image Set icon, select the Tutorial
icon at the top of the tab section, and use the Insert menu to insert a Set.
The Set is a folder for raster images, and you have to insert raster images inside such a
folder.
Insert a Raster Image inside the Set
Select the Set, then select Raster Image from the Insert menu. A dialog will appear as
shown, and you must browse to locate the image file. The tutorial.tif file is located in the
Examples folder for the installation of the program (which is typically under Program
Files\DNVS\PHAST_6_6\Examples\maps). When you first browse to this folder you will not
see any files, since the list of File types is not set to *.tif by default.
When you have selected a valid raster image file, the Placement Mode fields will
become enabled; these are options for specifying the map co-ordinates covered by the
image. Some files contain georeference data or header data that you can use to set the
co-ordinate data for the image, but the tutorial.tif file does not and the only option
available is the Interactive option, which is available for any raster image file.
Selecting a Co-ordinate System for the Map
When you click on OK in the Place dialog, a dialog called the “Co-ordinate system
wizard” will open; this is the first step in selecting a co-ordinate system for the
analysis. It is only essential to select a system if the Placement Mode is set to
Georeferenced or to By Header, or if you want to use a GIS database in the analysis.
When you are using the Interactive Placement Mode and will not be connecting to a
GIS database – which is the situation in this tutorial - you can click on Default in the
Wizard dialog and leave the co-ordinate system undefined.
The Wizard dialog contains a Help button, and this gives you a quick way of viewing an
overview of the use and definition
of co-ordinate systems in Phast Risk
Micro.
Placing the Image in the Map Window
When you click on Default in the
Wizard dialog, there will be brief
pause and the Map Window will
then open to the right of the Study
Tree pane.
The cursor will be in the form of crosshairs, and with your mouse you must click, drag
and release to place the image in the window. This sets the initial values for the map
co-ordinates for the images, which you will set to the correct values in the next step.
17
Setting the Co-ordinates and Size of the Image

Double-click on the tutorial icon to open the input dialog
for the image, move to the Geometry tab section, and
set the values shown. The origin for a map image is the
top-left corner, and the values are in the national co-
ordinate system for the country.
When you click on OK the image will probably
disappear from the Map Window because it has
moved to a location beyond the scope of the window. Select Fit > All from the Map menu,
and the Map Window will change to display the image covered by the image; if the
menu bar does not include a Map option, click on the Map Window to make sure it is
selected, and the Map menu will appear in the menu bar.
Setting a Large Number of Significant Figures for Edit Dialogs
The co-ordinate values for the image will be in the national co-ordinate system for the
country, and the values for the area covered by the map are six-digit numbers. By
default, input dialogs display only four significant figures of any number that you are
editing, and with this setting you will find it difficult to be sure that you have entered
the co-ordinates.
To change the setting for the number of significant figures, select Preferences > General
from the Options menu and move to the Miscellaneous tab. The first field in the tab
section is the Number of significant figures for edit windows, and you should make
sure that this is set to six or more.
Click on OK to close the General Preferences dialog and return to the Map tab section. If
you open the dialog for the raster image again, you will be able to see that the values
that you entered were stored in full.
The Location of the Site on the Map
For the tutorial, the
facility occupies the
long, narrow section
of land to the north
and west of The
Village, between the
east bank of the river
and the road that
runs parallel to the
river, shown shaded
yellow in the
illustration.
All locations within
this site are given relative to the south-west corner of the facility, which is at 198938,
434101 in the national co-ordinate system, using a local co-ordinate system that is
rotated 50 degrees anti-clockwise from north, as shown by the blue-shaded rectangle in
the illustration.
18
Setting up Weather Data for Day and Night

For this analysis, you will be performing separate calculations for day and night, as in
the Phast Risk Example Study Study Folder, and you will define and use separate Weather
folders for the two times of day.
Creating a Second Weather Folder
In the Weather tab section, select the Default Weathers folder, use the copy function, and
then select the Tutorial icon and use the paste function to create a copy of the folder.
The program will give the copy the name Default Weathers(1), and you should use the
Rename option in the right-click menu to change the name to Night, and then change the
name of the first folder to Day.
Defining Representative Daytime Weathers
All of the Weathers in the Night folder are suitable for night-time conditions so there are
no changes needed to that folder. However, for the Day Weathers you will replace the
highly-stable F 1.5m/s Weather with an unstable B 3m/s Weather, since conditions are
less stable during the day than during the night.
Rename the F 1.5m/s Weather to B 3m/s, then double-click on the icon to open the input
dialog and set the values shown in the Weather Data tab section. The other tab sections
take default values from the Parameters, and you can leave them with these default
values for this tutorial.
Click on OK to close the dialog.
19
Selecting the Night Weather for the Night Run Row

Move to the Run Rows tab, and double-click on the Run
Rows icon to open the Run Rows dialog. In the
Consequence tab section inside the dialog, make the appropriate selection for
Weathers for each Row, as shown.
Next, click on the Night Run Row in the Name column. This will make sure that the
Row is selected, and that the Weathers tab section of the Tree pane at the right of the
Run Row dialog is displaying the Night Weathers folder, as shown.
Move to the Weathers tab section, where you should see
that the box beside each Weather is not checked,
meaning that none of the Weathers is currently selecting
for running. Check the box beside each Weather so that
they are all selected as shown in the illustration.
20
Saving the Settings You Have Made

Click on OK to close the Run Row dialog, and then choose Save from the File menu or
the toolbar to save your work on the Map data and the Run Row selections.
When you are ready you can proceed to the next chapter, which describes the process
of setting up the Models and performing the consequence analysis.
21
Chapter 3:Performing the Consequence Analysis
Chapter 3
Performing the Consequence Analysis
Defining the First Model: for a Toxic Rupture

In the Tutorial.psu Study Folder, move to the Models tab section. The first Model you will
define represents the rupture of a vessel containing a toxic material, which is one of
several Models dealing with a toxic material.
The vessel is a sphere with a radius of 3.37 m and volume of 120 m3 and a maximum
fill-level of 85%, containing chlorine at saturation conditions and ambient temperature.
The sphere is located near the centre of the site and is elevated 4 m above the ground.
There is no bund surrounding the sphere.
Insert a Folder to Group Toxic Releases
Select the Study icon, then select Folder from the Insert menu or the toolbar to insert a
folder. Use Rename from the Edit menu or the right-click menu (or press the F2 key), and
give the folder the name “Toxic”. You will place all of the Models that represent toxic
releases in this folder.
Turn on the Option to Insert Models on the Map
In the Options menu, select the option to Insert Models on Map. By default this option is
turned off, and when you insert a Model the icon will appear immediately in the Study
Tree. If you turn the option on, then the Model icon will not appear in the Study Tree
until you have clicked on the Map to set the location for the Model.
In this tutorial you will insert the Models on the Map in approximately the correct
location, and then correct the location as necessary in the input dialog.
Insert a Vessel/Pipe Source Model
Select the Toxic folder, then select Vessel or Pipe
Source from the Insert menu or the right-click
menu. The Map window will open if it is not
already open and the cursor will turn to
crosshairs., and you should click at a point near
the centre of the site as shown to place the
Model.
After you have clicked, an icon will be added to
the Study Tree, and a dot will appear on the
Map to show the location of the Model. Rename
the icon to Cl2 Rupture.
The icon will have a red border around it, showing that it does not have a full set of
input data. You will not be able to run the consequence calculations for the Model until
you have supplied values for all of the mandatory input fields, as will be described
below.
You use the Vessel/Pipe Source Model when you want to perform dispersion and
effects calculations for a release from containment and you want to use the program’s
in-built discharge calculations to determine the state of the material after expansion to
atmospheric pressure, which is the state required for the start of the dispersion
calculations.
22
The program contains a second Source Model which is called the “User Defined Source
Model”. This Model does not perform discharge calculations, but instead allows you to
specify directly the state of the material after expansion to atmospheric pressure. You
use it if you want greater control over the inputs to the dispersion and effect
calculations, as will be described later in this chapter.
Setting the Input Data
Double-click on the icon for the Model to open the input dialog.
All of the fields in the first tab section are blank, and those that are enabled have red
borders . A field with a red border is a mandatory field: you must supply a value for
such a field, and you will not be able to run the calculations for a Model that has any
mandatory fields unset.
This section describes each tab section in turn, including those that are not relevant to
this particular hazardous event. Click on the Help button to open the online Help if you
want further information at any point.
The Material Tab Section
To set the Discharge Material, click on the button with three dots to the right of the
Discharge Material field, and select CHLORINE from the list that appears. The list
contains all of the materials that are defined in the System Materials.
The vessel is a sphere with a volume of 120 m3. This Model will represent the vessel
with the maximum degree of filling, which is 85%. Select Volume as the method of
specifying the Inventory, and enter a value of 102 m3.
The chlorine is held under saturation conditions at atmospheric temperature. The
temperature will vary depending on the
season and time of day, but for this Model
a value of 10oC will be used as
representative. To set these Process
Conditions, choose Saturated Liquid from the
first or second dropdown list and Temperature from the other dropdown list, and set the
Temperature to 10 degC, as shown. When you move the cursor away from the
Temperature field the program will calculate the saturation pressure for this
temperature and display it in the Pressure field.
To define the process conditions for a material that is not held under saturation
conditions (e.g. a gas or a padded liquid), you must select both Temperature and Pressure
from the lists and give values for both.
23
The Risk Data Tab Section

This tab section contains data that are used in the risk calculations but not in the
consequence calculations. If the
Calculation Mode is set to
Consequence only this tab section
will not appear in the dialog, and
you will be able to run the
consequence calculations even if
these values are unset. However,
it is more efficient to enter all of
the data for a Model in a single
operation, rather than returning to
supply the risk data after you
have run the consequence
calculations.
Set the Event Frequency to
0.00001 per year. You can use
scientific notion when entering
values.
The other fields in the tab section
are all disabled for this Model
because they are not applicable to
a material that has only toxic
properties and no flammable
properties.
The Scenario Tab Section

You use this tab section to
specify the type of hazardous
event you want to model. The
range of types available will
depend on the process
conditions you have specified.
There is only one Scenario
Type available for modelling
the rupture of a pressurised
vessel; this is Catastrophic
Rupture, which is selected by default. The other scenarios are either longer-duration
releases, or applicable only to insulated tanks.
The vessel is out of doors, so you can leave the Outdoor / In-Building fields with the
default selection of Outdoor. If you select In-Building Release, the program will
model the build-up of concentration inside the building and the dispersion calculations
will start with the state of the plume as it is released from the ventilation system.
The other fields in the tab section are not relevant to a rupture scenario. You can take
the default settings for all of the fields in this tab section.
The Pipe Tab Section
24
All of the fields in this tab section are disabled when the scenario is set to Rupture.
They are relevant only to the Line Rupture, Disc Rupture, Relief Valve and Long
Pipeline scenarios, as you will see later.
The Vessel Tab Section
All of the fields in this tab section are disabled when the scenario is set to Rupture. For
all of the other scenarios, some of the fields in the tab section will be enabled, with the
combination depending on the scenario as you will see later.
The Location Tab Section
There are no mandatory fields in this tab section. The Elevation has a default value of 1
m, taken from the System Parameters, but you should set this to 7.37 m, which is the
elevation of the centre of the sphere above the ground.
If there are particular locations that you are interested in, you can enter values for the
Distances; these results for these distances appear in the Summary Report. For this
tutorial, you only need to set the Elevation in this tab section.
The Bund Data Tab Section
If there is a bund around the vessel and you want to take this into account in the
modelling of pool-spreading and evaporation, you can check the Bund exists box and
enter a description of the bund. For this sphere there is no bund, so you can leave the
tab section with the default values.
The Indoor/Outdoor Tab Section
All of the fields in this tab section are disabled when the scenario is a catastrophic
rupture outdoors. Some of the fields are enabled for the continuous scenarios as you
will see later, while others are enabled for in-building releases.
Flammable Tab Section
The fields in this tab section are disabled when the material is toxic only. For a
flammable release, they allow you to set variables for jet fire and explosion modelling.
The Toxic Parameters Tab Section
The fields in this tab section are used in modelling the buildup of toxic concentration
inside buildings located downwind from the release, and the exposure of people inside
the buildings. For this tutorial, you can leave all of the fields with default values.
The TNT, Multi Energy and Baker Strehlow Tab Sections
The fields in these tab section are disabled when the material is toxic only, and are not
used in the explosion modelling for a Source Model.
The Discharge Parameters Tab Section
The fields in this tab section are always enabled, and take their default values from the
System Parameters. They are used in the discharge modelling for the Line Rupture,
Disc Rupture and Relief Valve scenarios, so are not relevant to this Model.
A Summary of the Input Data
The input process involves examining a large number of input fields, but the number
of values that you have to enter in order to complete the data for this Model is small, as
shown in the table below:
Tab Section Input Field Value
Material Discharge Material Chlorine
Inventory 102 m3
25
Process Conditions Saturated Liquid at 10oC.

Risk Data Event Frequency 10-5 per year
Location Elevation 7.37 m
Geometry East Co-ordinate 198492 m
North Co-ordinate 435063 m 7.37 m
Note, that as you placed your model on the map your geometry values may differ.
Enter the values above on the Geometry tab of the Cl2 Rupture input dialog
The default scenario for a Vessel/Pipe Source Model is a catastrophic rupture out of
doors, so there is no need to change any settings in the Scenario tab section for this
particular Model.
If you have made all of these settings, the input data for the Model are now complete,
and you can click on OK to close the dialog. You should see that the icon no longer has
a red border, showing that it has a full set of input data.
Run the Calculations and View the Results
Set the current Run Row to the Night Run Row, since this has
the most stable weather conditions and will give the longest
dispersion distances. Then select the Model and select Run Model from either the Run
menu or the toolbar.
When the calculations are complete, view the graphs for all of the weathers.
You will see that there is no Pool Vaporisation tab in the Graph Window, which means
that the liquid in the release did not rain out; if you want more information about the
behaviour of the liquid droplets in the cloud, you should view either the Commentary
Report or the Dispersion Report.
To see the effect distances that will be used in the risk calculations, move to the Toxic
tab and then view the Lethality graph. The greatest effect distances are for the F 1.5
m/s weather, with a distance of about 2.5 km to an outdoor lethality level of 10%. The
shortest downwind effect distances are for D 5 m/s indoors, which reaches
approximately 60% of the distance of F 1.5 m/s for a lethality level of 10%.
Defining the Second Release: Toxic Liquid from Pipework

The second release is from the same chlorine sphere, but the hazardous event is the
rupture of a one-inch liquid line attached to the bottom of the sphere, where the initial
liquid head will be 4.6 m. The line runs 4 m vertically downwards to 10 cm from the
ground, then 5 m horizontally to an isolation valve; the rupture is assumed to occur
just before the isolation valve.
Copy the First Model
Much of the input data for the vessel rupture is also applicable to the pipework failure,
so you can use copy and paste from the Edit menu or the right-click menu to create a
copy of the Rupture Model, also in the Toxic folder. Give the copy the name Cl2 Liquid
Pipework.
26

Open the input dialog and set the input data as follows:
Material and Risk Data Tab Sections
Leave these tab sections with the same values as for the rupture.
The material and process conditions are the same as for the rupture, and for this
tutorial the location and event frequency will be taken as being the same. For pipework
failures, the frequency represents a specific length of pipework, e.g. the length between
the sphere and an isolation value.
In reality, the release-location would be offset by a few metres from the centre of the
sphere. However, this difference is insignificant compared with the effect distances for
chlorine and can be ignored.
Scenario Tab Section
Set the Scenario Type to Line Rupture, and the Phase to be Released to Liquid.
The line rupture scenario models the full-bore rupture of pipework attached to a
vessel, and the discharge calculations take into account the effect of friction in the flow
from the vessel to the point of rupture. To model a release from the body of the vessel,
with no frictional losses in the discharge, you would choose the Leak scenario.
When the vessel contains saturated liquid, you will be offered a choice of release-phase
for the line rupture scenario: a vapour release from the top of the vessel, or a liquid
release from the bottom of the vessel. The list of phases includes “two-phase”, but this
is only enabled for the disc rupture and relief valve scenarios, for modelling over-
filling of the vessel.
Pipe Tab Section
The Pipe Length is the length of
pipework between the vessel
and the point of rupture, and
you should set it to 9 m as
shown.
To set the Internal Diameter to one inch, click on “mm”
to the right of the field, and then select “in” from the list
of units that appears as shown. You can then enter the
diameter directly in inches, rather than having to
perform the conversion yourself into the default unit of
mm.
Leave the pipe roughness with the default value taken from the System Parameters.
The number of valves is used in the modelling of frictional losses, and you can leave
them as zero.
The other fields in the tab section are relevant only to the long pipeline scenario, and
are all disabled for the line rupture scenario.
27
Vessel Tab Section

For the line rupture scenario and most of the
other scenarios that involve a continuous
release, the Time Varying Release option can
be enabled in the Vessel tab section.
If you do not check this option, then the
release will be modelled with the initial
release rate, and the duration will be the time
required to drain the inventory at this initial
rate. This will normally give conservative
results in the consequence and risk
calculations.
If you select the time-varying option, then you
must supply information about the
dimensions of the vessel. The discharge
calculations will model the effect of the release
on conditions in the vessel and the way that
these conditions and the release rate change
over time, and will represent these time-
varying results either with a single rate (e.g. an average rate, or a rate at a particular
time) or with a series of rates, depending on your selection for the Rates versus time.
For this release, you will perform an initial run of the discharge calculations with the
time-varying modelling selected, then examine the results and decide on the most
appropriate way to represent the behaviour for the purposes of the risk analysis.
Set the Time Varying Release option, set the Tank Type to Spherical, the Height of
Discharge to zero, and the Diameter to 6.74 m. Leave the Rates versus time set to the
default selection of Average rate with a duration of interest of 3600s; you can return to
make a final selection after you have viewed the discharge results.
Location Tab Section
Set the Elevation to 0.1 m. With this setting, the liquid droplets will probably not
evaporate inside the cloud, and will probably rain out and form a vaporising pool.
Geometry Tab Section
Leave this unchanged, as the line rupture case represents the same vessel location
Bund Data Tab Section
Leave this unchanged, with no bund specified.
Indoor/Outdoor Tab Section
For a continuous release scenario such as line rupture you must specify the Direction
of the release. Choose Horizontal from the list, which is the correct setting for this type of
unobstructed rupture of horizontal pipework.
The list of directions includes a second horizontal option: Horizontal Impingement. You
should select this option if the release is in a congested area and the release is likely to
impinge on a wall or other equipment; the program will reduce the momentum of the
release, which will reduce the amount of air mixed into the jet during the initial stages.
Discharge Parameters
There is one bend in the 9 m of pipework, so you can set the Frequency of Bends to
0.11 per m.
28
This completes the input data for this stage, and you can click on OK to close the input
dialog.
Running the Discharge Calculations

Select the Model and then select Run Discharge from the Run menu, the right-click menu
or the toolbar. This will run the discharge calculations alone, without performing the
dispersion and effects calculations.
The calculations may take several minutes, depending on the speed of your machine.
Time-varying discharge calculations can be quite time-consuming, and it is usually
best not to perform these calculations during the risk analysis itself, but to perform
initial calculations and then choose representative discharge results.
When the results are complete, view the reports and move to the TV Discharge Report.
The rate drops by less than 3% in two hours of release, so the time-varying behaviour
can be ignored for this release. There are two options for bypassing the time-varying
discharge modelling in this situation:
1: Use the Averaged Discharge Results to Create a User-Defined Source Model
When you performed the discharge calculations,
the program calculated the average rate over the
first 3600 s, and this is the representative rate given
in the Discharge Report. If you decide that you
want to use this average rate rather than the initial
rate, you should select the Model, then select Create
Source from the Edit menu or the right-click menu.
The program will show a list of the weather
conditions for which you performed the discharge
calculations and for which it has results, and when you select one of these weathers the
program will create a User-Defined Source Model with the name Calculated Discharge, as
shown.
The User-Defined Source Model has many of the same tab sections as the Vessel/Pipe
Model, but instead of the Scenario, Vessel and Pipe tab sections it has a Discharge tab
section in which you specify the discharge rate and conditions directly, since the User-
Defined Source Model does not perform any discharge modelling itself. The Calculated
Discharge Model will be created with Discharge data taken from the averaged results
from the Liquid Pipework Model, but you can edit these values if you choose.
29
2: Edit the Model and Deselect Time-Varying Release

This is the simplest
method for bypassing the
time-varying discharge
modelling if you decide
that you want to use the
initial rate to represent the
entire release, and this is the method that will be used for this tutorial. The discharge
calculations for this Model will run much more quickly with the time-varying option
turned off.
After this adjustment, the final set of input data for this Model can be summarised as
follows, not including the values that are the same as those for the rupture model:
Scenario Scenario Type Line Rupture
Phase Released Liquid
Pipe Pipe Length 9m
Internal Diameter 1 inch
Vessel Time-Varying Release? Not selected
Tank Head 4.6 m
Discharge Parameters Frequency of Bends 0.11 per m
The default direction for a line rupture scenario is Horizontal, so there is no need to
change any settings in the Indoor/Outdoor tab section for this particular Model.
Run the Consequence Calculations and View the Results
Set the current Run Row to the Night Run Row, since this has the most stable weather
conditions and will give the longest dispersion distances. Then select the Model and
select Run Model from either the Run menu or the toolbar.
When the calculations are complete, view the graphs for all of the weathers. You will
see that there is a Pool Vaporisation tab in the Graph Window, which means that the
liquid in the release did rain out. If you view the reports and look at the Commentary
Report, you will see that rainout fraction is only about 1%, so the formation and
behaviour of the pool will have little effect on the dispersion or toxic effects.
To see the effect distances that will be used in the risk calculations, move to the Toxic
tab and then view the Lethality graph. The greatest effect distances are for the F 1.5
m/s weather outdoors, with a distance of 900 m to a lethality level of 10%, which is
approximately a third of the distance reached by the catastrophic rupture. The least
stable night-time condition, D 5 m/s, reaches only 350 m for 10% lethality outdoors.
Defining the Third Model: Toxic Vapour from Pipework

The vapour release is the rupture of a two-inch pipe attached to the top of the sphere.
The line runs 3.4 m horizontally, then vertically downwards, and the rupture is
assumed to occur 1 m from the ground.
Create the Model as a copy of the Liquid Pipework Model, rename the copy to Cl2 Vapor
Pipework, and change the input data as follows:
Scenario Phase Released Vapour
Pipe Pipe Length 13 m
30
Internal Diameter 2 inch

Location Elevation 1m
Indoor/Outdoor Direction Down – Impinging on the Ground
Discharge Parameters Frequency of Bends 0.08 per m
When the phase is set to Vapour in the Scenario tab section, the Building Wake Effect
fields will become enabled. The sphere is in an open area so building-wake effects are
not relevant to this release, and you can leave these options unchecked.
The release rate from the two-inch vapour line is similar to that from the one-inch
liquid line, and the two pipework releases give very similar effect distances.
Defining Three Flammable Releases

There is a propane sphere at the far north of the site. The propane sphere has the same
dimensions as the chlorine sphere and the same design of pipework, and is also
operating under saturation conditions at atmospheric temperature.
You can define the rupture and the two pipework failures by copying the three toxic
Models and simply changing the selection of discharge material and the eastern co-
ordinates.
Copying the Models
Select the Toxic folder, copy and paste it, and name the copy Flammable. In the name for
each Model, change Cl2 to C3.
Changing the Material Selection
Open the input dialog, click on the button with three dots to the right of the Discharge
Material field, and change the selection from CHLORINE to PROPANE. The list of
materials is arranged alphabetically, and you can move quickly to PROPANE by clicking
in the list and then typing “P”, which will take you to the first material with this initial
letter.
When you return to the Materials tab section you will see that the program has
recalculated the saturation pressure at 10oC and also the mass for the inventory.
Risk Tab Section
You will see that some fields are enabled in the Risk Data tab section that were
disabled for the equivalent toxic Model, all dealing with the modelling of flammable
effects in the risk calculations.
One of the most important of these fields is the
Probability of immediate ignition. There are
several options available as shown for setting
the immediate ignition probability, including
the option to specify a value directly.
The program is supplied with three sets of probabilities from the Dutch Purple Book:
one set for stationary equipment such as the propane sphere, and separate sets for road
tankers and rail tank wagons. The default method is Stationary – use material reactivity, so
you do not need to make any changes to this setting for the three releases from the
propane sphere.
Changing the Location
In the Geometry tab section, change the co-ordinates to the values shown.
31
C3 Model’s Geometry Tab Section
Running the Consequence Calculations and viewing the Results

You can run the consequence calculations for all
three flammable Models at once: set the Run
Row to Night, then select the Flammable folder and
use the Run Models option.
You can also view the results for all three Models
at once. Select the Flammable folder and then
select View Graphs. A Plot Setup dialog will
appear, prompting you for the Weather for
which you want to view results. When you are
viewing results for multiple Models you can only
choose a single Weather, so the Weathers have
radio buttons beside them, whereas they have
check boxes beside them when you are viewing
results for a single Model. Select the F 1.5 m/s
Weather, which should give the greatest effect
distances for dispersion.
The Graph Window contains tab sections for Concentration Graphs, as with the toxic
Models, but it contains Jet Fire, Fireball and Flash Fire tab sections instead of the Toxic
tab section. The propane releases do not produce any liquid rainout, so there are no
Pool Fire tab sections.
The main features of the graphs are described below.
Jet Fire Graphs
The Jet Fire tab section contains three graphs, which are presenting results for the two
pipework failures. One graph shows Jet Fire radiation intensity versus distance, the
second shows Intensity Radii to a radiation level set in the System Parameters, and the
third graph shows Lethality Radii to a lethality level of 1%. The maximum downwind
effect distance shown in these graphs is about 28 m, which is the distance for 1%
lethality for the liquid release.
Fireball Graphs
The Fireball tab section also contains three Graphs, which are presenting results only
for the rupture. The maximum downwind effect distance is 290 m, to a lethality level of
1%.
The Fireball Lethality Radii Graph shows the results for a range of lethality levels
between 100% and 1%, which is different from the Jet Fire Lethality Radii Graph which
32
showed results for a single lethality level for the two pipework releases. This difference
illustrates an important aspect of the way that graphs work in the program: if a given
graph is displaying results for more than one Weather or Model, then it will give
results for a single effect-level, whereas if the graph is displaying results for a single
Weather and Model, then it will be able to give results for more than one effect level (if
more than one level has been calculated). This means that if you want to view graphs
that show the full set of effect levels for a given Model, you must view the graphs for a
single Weather at a time.
Flash Fire Graph
The Flash Fire Graph shows the zone for the cloud at the time that it covers the
maximum area. For the rupture, this gives a maximum downwind effect distance of
about 350 m to 10,000 ppm, whereas for the two pipework releases this gives a distance
of 75 m to the same concentration. 10,000 ppm is 50% of the LFL, which is the fraction
set by default in the Flammable Parameters as the boundary of the flash fire effect
zone. Note that the effect zone conists of the dispersion envelope rotated through all
wind directions.
33
Flammable Releases from a Rail Tank Wagon

The propane is delivered to the facility by tank wagon from a marshalling yard 10 km
to the north. The deliveries take place once a week, involving two tank wagons, and
are always during the day and never at night. The wagons are 10.6 m in length, 2.6 m
in diameter with a volume of 54 m3, are raised 0.5 m above the ground, and are
delivered with a fill-level of 80%. The propane is under the same conditions as in the
sphere: under saturation conditions at atmospheric temperature (taken as 10oC).
There are many hazardous events that could be modelled for the tank wagons,
including leaks during the unloading process. This tutorial will consider only the
rupture of a wagon under normal operating conditions, a leak from the liquid side of a
wagon, and a fireball produced by catastrophic rupture of a wagon under flame
impingement. All events are assumed to occur while the wagons are at the unloading
point 100 m south of the propane sphere.
Defining the Rupture of the Wagon
First, create a folder and name it Tank Wagon, and then copy the Rupture Model from the
Flammable folder, which you will use as the starting point for defining the release. Name
the Model Wagon Rupture.
Open the input dialog and set the data as follows:
Material Inventory 43.2 m3
Geometry North co-ordinate 435581 m
Defining the Leak from the Liquid Side of a Wagon

Copy the Rupture Model and name the copy Wagon Liquid Leak, and then open the input
dialog and set the data as follows:
Scenario Scenario Type Leak
Hole Diameter 1 inch
Vessel Tank Head 1.95 m
Indoor/Outdoor Direction Down – Impinging on the
Ground
For a release from the body of a vessel rather than from attached pipework, you should
set the Scenario Type to Leak. This will give a larger discharge rate since there are no
frictional losses during the flow to the leak-location. For the leak scenario, you specify
the leak-size in the Scenario tab section.
The leak is assumed to be at the bottom of the tank, which is the most conservative
assumption for the tank head and the duration.
34
Defining the Fireball Failure under Flame Impingement

The program allows you to model immediate-ignition effects from fireballs and
poolfires on their own, separated from any modelling of dispersion and delayed-
ignition effects, and you do this by using the Fireball Model or Poolfire Model rather
than the Source Models.
Select the Tank Wagon folder, select the option to insert a Fireball Model, and click on the
Map on the dot at the north of the site that represents the tank wagon. Then open the
input dialog and set the data as follows:
Material Material PROPANE
Burst Pressure 8.57 barg
Risk Data Event Frequency 10-5 per year
Geometry East Location 197327 m
North Location 435581 m
Fireball Shape Released Mass 22.2e3 kg
Mass Vapour Fraction 0.25
The Burst Pressure is 60% greater than the normal operating pressure and is used in
calculating the surface emissive power of the fireball.
The Fireball Shape tab section gives you the choice between using a correlation to
obtain the radius, duration and emissive power, or entering your own values.
The dialog contains two other further tab sections: the Radiation Data and Contour
Data tab sections. The program always calculates the effect distances for one value of
radiation intensity and a range of values of radiation lethality – as for the fire
modelling performed for a Source Model – and these are the effects that are used in the
risk calculations. However, if you want to obtain the radiation level at a particular
point or along a particular line or on a particular plane, you can define the point or line
or plane in these two tab sections; the results will appear in the consequence results
only, and will not be used in the risk calculations.
Running the Calculations and Viewing the Results
Set the current Run Row to Day – since the transport takes place only during the
daytime – and run the calculations for all three Models. When the calculations are
complete, view the graphs for all three Models, select the D 5m/s Weather, and then
examine the Fireball results.
The Fireball Model gives slightly larger effect distances than the Wagon Rupture Model,
with a distance of about 205 m for 1% lethality compared with 190 m. This shows the
effect of the higher vessel pressure used in the Fireball Model to model failure under
flame impingement, whereas the Wagon Rupture Model considers a rupture under
normal operating conditions which then has a probability of igniting immediately and
giving fireball effects.
Proceeding to the Risk Calculations

You have now completed your work in the Models tab section of the Study Tree, which
completes this chapter of the tutorial. You should save the Study Folder at this point,
and proceed to the next chapter whenever you are ready. In the next chapter you will
work in other tab sections to set up the input data for the individual risk calculations
and then run the calculations.
35
Chapter 4:Performing the -Risk Calculations
Chapter 4
Performing the Risk Calculations
Work Required on Several Types of Input Data

For the consequence analysis you were able to work entirely in the Models tab section,
but to perform the risk calculations you will need to work in several tab sections:
The Run Row tab section
The default new Study Folder is set up with most of the Run Row selections relevant to
this tutorial already defined. However, you will need to define different model
selections for day and night since the propane deliveries by tank wagon do not take
place at night.
You will work in the Run Row tab section when running the calculations and viewing
the results.
The Weather tab section
You work in the Weather tab section to define windrose probability data for each set of
weather data. The default new Study Folder is supplied with some dummy windrose
data which you will use for this tutorial, but you should always check the data before
starting the calculations.
The Risk tab section
For this tutorial, you will set up some simple population data for day and night and
define an ignition source.
The sections below describe the work for each tab section in turn.
Defining Model Selections for Day and Night Run Rows

Each new Study Folder is created with a Model Selection called “Default” already
defined, and set as the selection for every Run Row. Whenever you add a Model to the
Study Folder, the Model is automatically added to the Default selection.
For this tutorial, you need to rename the Default selection to “Day”, for clarity, and
create a second selection called “Night” that will not include the Tank Wagon Models.
Move to the Run Row tab section and double-click on the Run Rows icon to open the
Run Row dialog. The Models column in the list of Run Rows shows the setting for
Model Selection for each Run Row, and you can see that this is set to Default for both
Run Rows.
36
The Run Rows dialog
Setting up the Names for the Selections

To rename the Default selection to Day and
create the Night selection, click on the Manage
Model Selections button below the tree pane at
the right of the dialog. A dialog will appear
as shown.
Make sure Default is selected in the list and
then click on Rename and enter “Day” in the
prompt dialog that appears. When you click
on OK to close the prompt dialog you will see
that the name has changed in the list.
To add the Night selection, click on Add, and
enter “Night” in the prompt dialog, and the
name will be added to the list.
You have now finished your work on the list of names for the selections, and can click
on OK to return to the Run Row dialog. You will see that the name of the selection in
the Models column has changed to Day.
Selecting the Night Selection for the Night Run Rows
Set the width of the Name column so that you can see the full
name of each Run Row and distinguish the day Row from the
night Row. For the night Row, change the selection for Models from Day to Night, as
shown.
Defining the Selection of Models for Night
Place the cursor in the night Row, which will make the
tree pane display the current selection for Night, and
check the box by the Toxic and Flammable folders, leaving
the Tank Wagon folder unselected.
This completes the work on the Model Selections, and you can click on OK to close the
Run Rows dialog.
37
Viewing the Windrose Data

Move to the Weather tab section, and double-click on the folder for the set of day
weathers. The Windrose dialog will open as shown below.
The Windrose Data for a Set of Weathers
The dialog gives a table of weathers and wind directions, with a probability for each
combination. You can scan the table to see the predominant weather condition and the
prevailing wind direction.
In the Example Study Folder, the windrose data are dummy data, with the same
probability set for each weather. The B 3m/s weather has a full set of data because you
set it up by editing the existing F 1.5m/s weather; if you had inserted B 3m/s as a new,
blank weather, the probabilities would initially have been set to zero.
You do not need to make any changes for this tutorial so can click on Cancel to close the
dialog.
Setting up the Population Data

For this tutorial, the information for residential population is assumed to be taken from
census data, and the census-numbers are assumed to describe the situation at night-
time, when all of the people are at home. You will set up the night population first, as
the “base” population, and then later copy and modify it for day.
Defining the Night Population Data
Move to the Risk tab section, and rename the Default Population Set to Night Population.
For this tutorial, you will only define population around The Village, to the east and
south of the site. You will define the population nearest to the facility in some detail,
identifying individual houses or groups of houses, but represent the main village,
further from the site, with a single shape.
38
Drawing the Shapes

Draw all of the shapes first, as shown in the table below. The exact location and shape
are not important for this tutorial.
Name Description Type of Shape
Four Nearest The group of four houses nearest to the site. Rotated rectangle
West House The house immediately to the east of the four Point
houses.
East House The house further to the east of the four houses. Point
Short Street The street of about eight houses immediately to Rotated rectangle
the south of West House and East House
Long Street The street of about 20 houses to the north-west of Rotated rectangle
the main village
The Village The areas of the village that have a fairly uniform Polygon
density of buildings.
• To insert a point shape, simply click once on the map.

• To insert a rotated rectangle, click once to place a corner, click again to set the
orientation, and click a third time to place the corner opposite the first.
• To insert a polygon, move around the shape in a consistent direction (i.e. either
clockwise or anticlockwise), clicking to insert each corner. Double-click when
you have completed the shape, to finish the drawing operation.
The Six Population Shapes on the Map
If you want the names of the shapes to be displayed on the Map as shown in the
illustration above, select the Population folder and then select Labels from the View
menu.
When the icons for the shapes are added to the Study Tree, you will see that the icons
for the two point shapes have red borders, while the icons for the rectangle and
polygon shapes do not. The program has a default value for population density (set in
the Risk Preferences under the Options menu), and it uses this to calculate a default
population for shapes that have an area.
For point shapes, however, there is no default population, and the icons for these
shapes have a red border because they are created with the population value unset.
Setting the Population Values
39
If you wish, you can open the input dialog for each shape in turn, but it is easier to
open the dialog for the Population Set folder, since this allows you to work on all of the
shapes at the same time, as shown.
The Table of Population Data
When the dialog first opens, the rectangle and polygon shapes will have the default
values based on the area and default density, but the population for the point shapes
will be unset. Do not use the default values, and instead enter the values shown above.
On average, 95% of people are assumed to be indoors during the night, and for this
tutorial this percentage is assumed to apply to all of the populations. You can copy and
paste the Fraction Indoors values between cells; when you are doing this, you should
be careful to click on a blank part of each cell, since this will select the entire cell -
whereas if you click on the number itself, the program will place an insertion point
inside the number.
The Category field allows you to choose a category for
each population out of a list, e.g. Residential, Industial,
Commercial, Town. The category is not used in the
calculations, but does determine the colour and style used
to display the shape on the map, and you can define
categories and their styles yourself using the Population
Category Set folder in the Risk tab section. For this tutorial,
you can leave all of the populations with the default
category [None].
The Population Set dialog only shows the
population data for each shape, not the geometry. If
you want to set an exact location for a shape, you
must open the input dialog for the shape itself,
which contains a Geometry tab.
Click on OK to close the Population Set dialog.
40
Defining the Day Population Data

For the night population, it was assumed that everyone was at home, with 95% of
people indoors. For the day population, you will assume that half of the people are at
home, with 80% indoors, that 40 are at the local school, with 70% indoors, and that the
remainder are at work outside the area.
Copy and Paste the Night Set
Copy and paste the Night Population folder, and name the copy Day Population.
Select the Day Set for the Day Run Row
Before you can add the shape for the school, you must select the Day Population Set for
the Day Run Row. If a Set is not selected for a Run Row, the options to insert population
shapes are not be available for that Set.
Move to the Run Row tab section, open the Run Rows dialog, move to the Risk tab
section inside the dialog, and make the appropriate selection for the Day Row. After
you have closed the dialog, return to the Risk tab section.
Adding the Shape for the School
Make sure that the Day Run Row is selected as the current Run Row, then select the Day
Population folder and add a shape for the school to the folder.
The school is a large building on the south-west outskirts of the
village, and you should draw it as a rotated rectangle as shown.
Setting the Population Values
Open the dialog for the Population Set, set the
population for the school to 40. Halve the values for
the residential shapes as shown, and set the fraction
indoors to 80%.
It is possible to copy and paste data between the
table in the dialog and a spreadsheet, and you can
use this for applying night-to-day factors when you have a large number of population
shapes (e.g. from census data). To do this, copy the data from the night table to a
spreadsheet, calculate the factored values inside the spreadsheet, and then copy the
factored values to the day table.
Setting up the Ignition Data

The new, blank Study Folder is created with a single set of ignition data called the
“Default” set. The pattern of ignition sources might be different for day and night, but
for this tutorial you will define a single set of ignition sources.
For this tutorial, you will define a single onsite ignition source: a
flare located just inside the north-west corner of the site and to the
north of the propane sphere, as shown.
Insert the flare as a Point Ignition Source, then open the input
dialog and set the ignition values as shown.
41
The Risk Calculations and Results

Move to the Run Rows tab, select the Run Rows icon, and then select the Run Models
option. For each Run Row in turn, the program will run the consequence calculations
for any combinations of Models, Weathers and Parameters that have not yet been run,
and will then proceed to the risk calculations. The calculations will probably take 10-15
minutes, depending on the speed of your machine.
Setting Combination Factors for the Run Rows
Before you view the risk results, there is a final setting that you must make in the Run
Rows dialog.
In the dialog, move to the Factors tab section. You use this tab section to set factors that
will be used when combining results for different Run Rows, where the combination
will typically be intended to represent the average risk over a given period (e.g. a year).
In the new, blank Study Folder the factor is set to 1 for both rows as
shown.
If you view the results with these factors set, the risk levels will be too
high, i.e. approximately double the genuine average levels over a year.
Before viewing the results, you must set factors that describe the proportion of the year
for which day conditions apply, and the proportion for which night conditions apply.
For this tutorial you will set a factor of 0.4 for day and 0.6 for night, as
shown. The factor is larger for night to account for weekends and
holidays, when the population will be closer to the night distribution
than to the day population.
You can change the settings for factors at any time, i.e. before or after performing the
risk calculations. They do not affect the calculations themselves, but only the method of
combining the results.
If you view the risk results with a single Run Row selected rather than the Run Rows
icon, the program will use a factor of 1 for that row. The factors are used only for
presenting the results for multiple rows.
42
Viewing the Risk Contour Plot

Select the Run Rows icon and then view the risk contour plot.
The Risk Contour Plot
The risk over a year is dominated by the chlorine releases, but you can see the
contribution made by the propane releases to the onsite risk.
The default display is of the outdoor risk. If you change to viewing the indoor risk
(select Indoor from the Risk cascade of the right-click menu), you will see that that the
risk from the chlorine releases is lower.
Viewing the FN Curve
Select the Run Rows icon and
then view the FN Curve.
The risk is high, with some
outcomes causing more than 200
fatalities.
If you move to the F-N Curve
tab section, which shows the
contribution for the two run
rows separately, you will see
that the risk is greater for night;
this is due to the stable night-
time weather conditions and
their long dispersion distances.
Viewing the Societal Risk
Ranking Results
Select the Run Rows icon and then select Societal Risk Ranking Report from the View menu.
The report confirms that the risk is dominated by the rupture of the chlorine sphere,
with some minor contribution from the toxic pipework failures.
Saving the Study Folder with the Risk Results
You have now completed the parts of this tutorial that deal with the task involved in
performing the most common type of analysis: one for calculating the individual risk.
You should save the Study Folder in order to save the changes you have made.
43
By default, the program will only save the input data, which means that the next time
you open the Study Folder, you will have to rerun the calculations in order to view the
full results. However, if you select the Save with results from the File menu, the program
will save the full set of consequence and risk results and you will be able to view the
results immediately the next time you open the Study Folder – although you should be
aware that the file may be large, e.g. 100 MB or more.
44
Getting Help on Results

This section aims to give the user directions on where to find information, description,
etc… of graphs and reports. As already mentioned in the “Getting Help on the input
data”, under the Help menu > Contents and Index a window will appear and you will be
able to see a list of topics under the Contents tab.
The Help Window – Contents tab
Red boxes around the topics in the screenshot

to the left indicate items which are worth
reading. Explanation on how to work with
graphs and maps (e.g. changing scale and
graph properties, viewing dynamic plotting of
clouds), as well as a descriptions of the results
can be found here. The Help section also
describes ways to view the reports, how to
export them into other programs such as MS
Excel, Word etc. If you are interested to know
more about detailed contents of reports for
models, click on “Reports: for details of
results”. You will observe that help on results
for both consequence and risk analysis are
covered within the topics.
You may also want to use the two other search
tabs (Index and Search tab) to find a particular
information of interest.
45
What Next?
This tutorial has not covered every feature of the program, but you should now have
enough of an understanding of the approach and methods used in the program to be
able to explore the remaining features yourself, with the assistance of the online Help.
If you need further details on any aspect of the program, or if you need guidance on
how to model a particular situation for your facility, you should contact product
support using the details given under Product Support in the Help menu.
46

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Phast Risk Micro

© Copyright Det Norske Veritas. All Rights Reserved.

Chapter 1 Introduction to Phast Risk Micro 1

Chapter 2 Setting up your own Analysis 15

Chapter 3 Performing the Consequence Analysis 22

Chapter 4 Performing the Risk Calculations 36

What to Expect of this Tutorial

Starting the Program Running

The Main Window

The Main Window on Startup

Opening the Phast Risk Example Study Folder

The Main Window with a Study Folder Open

The Study Tree Pane

“Model”: one instance of a particular type of calculation Model

The Parameters Tab Section

The Map Tab Section

The Map tab section and the Map Window

You can close the Map Window by selecting Close All

Viewing Input Data

Input Dialog for the Chlorine Rupture Model

Getting Help on the Input Data

The Help Window

The Consequence Calculations and Results

The Graph Window

Toxic Lethality Results

The Report Window

The Risk Calculations and Results

The Risk Contours

To view the risk to an individual indoors, turn on

The Combined FN Curve

The Form of the Analysis

Creating a new Study Folder

Setting up the Map Data

Setting the Co-ordinates and Size of the Image

Setting up Weather Data for Day and Night

Click on OK to close the dialog.

Selecting the Night Weather for the Night Run Row

Saving the Settings You Have Made

Defining the First Model: for a Toxic Rupture

The Risk Data Tab Section

The Scenario Tab Section

Process Conditions Saturated Liquid at 10oC.

Defining the Second Release: Toxic Liquid from Pipework

Setting the Input Data

Vessel Tab Section

Running the Discharge Calculations

2: Edit the Model and Deselect Time-Varying Release

Defining the Third Model: Toxic Vapour from Pipework

Internal Diameter 2 inch

Defining Three Flammable Releases

C3 Model’s Geometry Tab Section

Running the Consequence Calculations and viewing the Results

Flammable Releases from a Rail Tank Wagon

Defining the Leak from the Liquid Side of a Wagon

Defining the Fireball Failure under Flame Impingement

Proceeding to the Risk Calculations

Work Required on Several Types of Input Data

Defining Model Selections for Day and Night Run Rows

The Run Rows dialog

Setting up the Names for the Selections

Viewing the Windrose Data

The Windrose Data for a Set of Weathers

Setting up the Population Data