PHYSICS

Aakash
STUDY PACKAGE – 02
For – JEE / NEET
 Magnetic Effects of Current
AIEEE Syllabus
Biot - Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop. Ampere’s
law and its applications to infinitely long current carrying straight wire and
CHAPTER
3
solenoid. Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields.
Cyclotron. Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field.
Force between two parallel current-carrying conductors-definition of ampere.
Torque experienced by a current loop in uniform magnetic field; Moving coil
galvanometer, its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and
voltmeter

BIOT-SAVART LAW THIS CHAPTER

Magnetic field due to current carrying wire is given by COVERS :
dB  Biot-Savart Law

r P
  Straight Current
dl Carrying Conductor

 Ampere Circuital Law

i
 Circular Loop
 0 idl sin 
dB   Solenoid
4 r 2

 0 i (dl  r )  Motion of Charged

dB 
4 r3 Particle in Magnetic
Field
Magnetic Field Due to Straight Current Carrying Wire
Magnetic field at P  Force and Torque on
Current Carrying Loop
0i 2
B (cos 1  cos  2 )
4 r  Moving Coil
i r  Galvanometer
 P
 i
or B  0 (sin   sin  )  Conversion to
4r
1 Ammeter and
1. For an infinite long wire Voltmeter

  i
1 = 2 = 0 or     , B  0 ‘r’
2 2π r

2. For semi infinite long wire

0 i
1 = 0°, 2 = 90°, B 
4r

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CIRCULAR LOOP
1. At the centre of a current loop
 0 idl sin 90
dB 
4r 2 dl
0i r
B
4r 2  dl i
0i
  2r
4r 2

0i
B (Outward)
2r
i i

(Outward field) (Inward field)

2. On the axis of a loop

R
I B (towards
x right)

 0 2  I  R 2  2M
B  0
4 (R 2  x 2 )3 / 2 4 (R 2  x 2 )3 / 2

 0 2M
For x >> R, B  [Current carrying loop acts as an magnetic dipole]
4 x 3
where M = I × R2 is called magnetic moment

M  I A units (A-m2)

outwards for anticlockwise current

inwards for clockwise current

Applications

I I

1. 2.
 
P 
r
r P
 0I  0I
B0  [sin ] BP  [sin   sin ]
4 r 4r
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to  b
r P
3. I  4. a O I

 0I 8 0I a2  b 2
BP  [sin   1] B0 
4r 4r ab
8 2  0I
when a = b B0 
4a

r
i i
5. 6.
O O
i
 0i
B0 
Magnetic field at O 4r

3 0 i
B0 
a

i
i i1
b
7.
a 8. O
O i
 0i  1 1 
B0     i2
4  a b
B0 = 0
i
i 3
i/3
i
O
3 i r r i
9. i 10.

At the centre of
cube, B = 0 At O, B = 0

i1 r1 O r2 i2
11. 12.
r
 r

O
At O, B = 0, such that
 0I 
i i r B0  
r1  1 r ; r2  2 2r 2
i1  i 2 i1  i 2
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I I
r r
13. O I 14. O I
I I

 0I  0I  0I
B0   B0 
2r 4r 4r

AMPERE CIRCUITAL LAW

Upward Inward
It states that the line integral of magnetic field over Current Current
a closed path is equal 0 the times the algebraic
sum of the current threading the closed path in free
space. Ampere's circuital law has the form

 B.dl   i 0 enc i1 i2
dl
Here  B. dl implies the integration of scalar B
product B. dl around a closed loop called an
Amperian loop. The current ienc is the net
current encircled by the loop.
 B .d i   0 ( i1  i 2 )

Applications of Ampere's Circuital Law

(1) Magnetic field due to a long thin current carrying wire i
0i Amperian loop
or B  dl
2r
B B

(2) Magnetic field inside a long straight current carrying conductor

i R

r Amperian loop
Amperian loop r
dl , B dl
R
B

 0 ir
 B i.e. Bin  r
2R 2

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Graphical variation of magnetic field

i y-axis
 – i
0 ˆ
At a point in x-y plane, B  K for | x |  R
2x
 –  ix x-axis
B 0
Kˆ for | x |  R
2R 2

–R
x
R

SOLENOID
A long solenoid having number of turns/length ‘n’ carries a current I.

The magnetic field B is given by,

BP = 0nI (in between)

 0 nI
Bend  (near one end)
2

Force on a Moving Charge in Magnetic Field

B


F  q (v  B )
F = qvB sin

F is perpendicular to both v & B .

Note : If there are electric field E and magnetic field B both present in a region, then Lorentz force is
given by F  q [E  (v  B )] .When E   (v  B ) , net force because zero. In this situation, the
particle can pass undeviated through the region.

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MOTION OF CHARGED PARTICLE IN A UNIFORM MAGNETIC FIELD B.

Case 1 : v  B ×v × × ×
F v
× ×
r
× ×
O
× × ×F ×
F
× × × v×

mv 2 r 
mv

2mE
F  qvB   (E is kinetic energy)
r qB qB
Results
1. Speed is constant
2. Kinetic energy is constant
3. Work done by the magnetic force is zero
4. Velocity and momentum change continuously in direction, not in magnitude.

2r 2m
5. T   (Independent of speed and radius)
v qB

6. Frequency f  qB (Cyclotron frequency)

2m

Case 2 : v is not perpendicular to B . Let be the ‘’ is angle between v and B .

v
The particle moves in a helical path such that
v sin 
r

mv sin  2m B
r  ,T  , Pitch = v cos  × T
qB qB v cos 
pitch
Case 3 : If charge particle is moving parallel or antiparallel to field B then force is zero and it moves in a straight
line

Applications × × ×

× × ×
mv
1. r 
qB 2r O × × ×

Time spent in magnetic field × × ×

v
q × × ×
m
t × × ×
qB

mv × × ×
2. r  v
qB × × ×
Time spent in magnetic field × × ×
O
2m r
t × × ×
qB
× × ×
q, v  × × ×

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mv (2  2) m
3. r  ,t 
qB qB r
q, v  O
2
v

4. To prevent the charge from hitting the screen, O × × ×

r
× × ×
d > r where ‘r’ is radius of circular path
r × × × Screen
mv mv
i.e., d  or B  × × ×
qB qd q v
× d× ×

d dqB
5. sin    × × ×
r mv
O × × ×
Deflection y = r – r cos  = r (1 – cos ) r v

× × ×

× × × y
q 
v d
× × ×
Cyclotron
The cyclotron is a machine used to accelerate charge particle (like proton, deutron, -particle). It uses both
electric & magnetic field. Speed of particle is increased by electric field.

qB
Cyclotron frequency 
2m

q 2B 2 Rmax
2
K max 
2m

To accelerate electron Betatron and Synchrom are used.

Force on a current carrying conductor in uniform field


l

Bsin

F  IBl sin 

F  I ( l  B)

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Some Important Cases

F = BI(2R)
BI(2R)
× × × × × × × ×
× × × × F = BIl I I
L
×
i × × × × × × × × × O × ×
(1) (2) (3) R (4) T
I O R
× × × × l
L × × × × × × × ×
× × i × ×

× × × × × × × × ×
BI(2R)
Net F = 0
T = BIR
(tension)
( F  2iBL )

Torque on a Current Carrying Loop

  B
Case 1 : M  IA M
 
Here M  B
I
   I
  M  B  MB (maximum)
 
Potential energy U   M . B  0
  (a)
Case 2 : Here M || B
  
  M  B  0 (minimum)

Potential energy = –MB (minimum) B

M
(a) If  = 0° (Stable equilibrium)
(b) If  = 180° Potential energy = MB (maximum)
 Unstable equilibrium (b)
M
 
(c) Here angle between M and B is  I 
B
 = MBsin, U = –MBcos
Work done in rotating from 1 to 2 I

is W = MB (cos1 – cos2)
(c)
FORCE BETWEEN TWO CURRENT CARRYING WIRES
F (force/unit length) is given by

 0I1I 2 to 
F  .
2r
F F
The force on a segment of length ‘l’ is I1 I2 I1 I2
Attraction Repulsion
r
 II to 
 0 1 2 l
2r

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MOVING COIL GALVANOMETER

Principle
When a current carrying coil is placed in a magnetic field, torque acts on it. In moving coil galvanometer radial
field is used which is obtained from magnet having concave shape poles. In this type of field plane of the
coil is always parallel to the magnetic field so maximum torque acts on it.

Pointer Scale

g
p rin
S
N Coil
S

Soft iron
core

Cylinder
 = NIAB [ = 90° due to radial field]

= C

where  is angle formed by the pointer and C is restoring

torque/twist in the suspension wire.

C  NBA
I ,  current sensitivity
NBA I C

 NBA
current sensitivity 
I C

  NBA
voltage sensitivity  
V IR CR

Conversion to Ammeter
A small resistance called shunt S is connected in parallel with the galvanometer.

ig Full scale deflection current

i ig
ig × G = (i – ig) S G

i – ig
 S 
ig   i S
S G 

Ammeter
G
S
 i 
  1
 ig 
 

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Conversion to Voltmeter
A high resistance R is connected in series with
the galvanometer. Voltmeter
ig R
V = ig (G + R) G

V
R G
ig V

Some Important Points :

1. An ideal ammeter has zero resistance.
2. An ideal voltmeter has infinite resistance.
3. An ammeter is connected in series in an electric circuit
4. A voltmeter is connected in parallel across the device whose potential difference is to be measured.

  

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