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Directorate General
Environment, Soil and Coast Defence
Concise planning manual for the recovery of aggregate quarries
Editors
C.Marasmi (1), S.Segadelli (1)
Authors
P.Boggio Tomasaz (2), C.Marasmi (1), F.Ricciardelli (1), A.R.Rizzati (1), M.Romagnoli (1), A.Pelosio (2)
Reviewers
Z.Agioutantis (3), F.Chalkiopoulou (4), S.Solar (5)
SARMa Coordination
Project Coordination S.Solar (5)
Italian Coordination U.Cibin (1), S.Peri (2)
Editing
C.Marasmi (1), S.Segadelli (1)
Printing
Press Centre of Emilia Romagna-Region, Bologna, Italy
1) Directorate General Environment, Soil and Coast Defence, Emilia-Romagna Region, Italy
2) Territorial Planning Survey, Parma Province, Italy
3) Technical University of Crete, Greece
4) Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration, Greece
5) Mineral Resource Geologist at Geological Survey of Slovenia
INTRODUCTION 2
OBJECTIVES 4
GENERAL CRITERIA 4
CONCLUSIONS 22
GLOSSARY 22
Mining plays a very important role in the construction, infrastructu-
re and industrial fields; yet it is characterized as a high-impact busi-
ness due to the extensive modifications it causes to the environment
and the landscape and due to the consumption of non-renewable
resources that it requires. Therefore, accounting for environmental
considerations related to the correct identification and handling of
mining operations is a compulsory choice, especially in the case of
2 INTRODUCTION operations aimed at the natural and vegetation recovery of the quar-
ries. This also implies the necessity to clarify early in the planning
phases the type of final layout of the quarry, in compliance with the
urban and territorial of the area: in this sense, in this manual, under
the term recovery from mining operations we refer to both a final
layout aiming at the creation of new biological habitats (normally de-
fined as “natural recovery”) and to the morphological restoration of
the mining area for productive ends (referred to as “restoration” in
the following).
3
GENERAL CRITERIA
In the past, the “traditional” approach to mining operations focused
on the exploitation plan, while the recovery plan came into conside-
ration only at the end of the quarry’s lifetime. This practice often led
to insurmountable difficulties in the recovery operations. In the pre-
vailing approach: “first we mine and then we restore”, the rules were
only dictated by production requirements, which often overlooked
the issues of minimizing the environmental impact and permitting
sustainable recovery of the affected area.
To date, an integrated approach is applied: “first we study the reco-
very and then we mine”. This approach is based on the following con-
ditions (figure 1):
1. a sustainable mining operation must be founded on the conti-
nuous interaction between the economical – productivity com-
ponent and the environmental component;
2. the planning and design team of the quarry must include profes-
sionals specializing in environmental matters;
3. the exploitation plan must be defined in a simultaneous and in-
tegrated way with the recovery plan. The goal is to making co-
exist the part of the quarry that is exploited with the recovered
one. In fact, the recovery should not be considered as the final
layout and closing phase of the productive operation, but it must
be kept in focus from the early planning and design phases. This
GENERAL REFERENCE
OUTLINE
5
Definition of the Definition of the Definiton of the Definition of the
objective desired complexity level restoriation characteristic work intensity
THE PROJECT
Maintenance
Restoring times
and management
Recovery
costs
Microclimate
Morphological Classification
Flora census
In an ideal situation, this study should be carried out at least for two
years, with collections of samples on the field, repeated passages
along the same paths, etc. In the end, a flora list is compiled that sy-
stematically lists names and orders, based on the most recent flo-
ristic knowledge. If carried out correctly, the flora census allows to
“photograph” the environmental quality aspects of the site; in fact,
many species can be considered (based on the knowledge acquired
during many years of studies) as good ecological indicators. There-
fore, besides characterizing the current condition of the site, the list
suggests suitable species for the subsequent recovery operations. In
fact, we will try to use, as much as possible, species that grow locally
and in particular those with special “bio-technical qualities”, such as
resistance to mechanical stress, high speed of propagation, coloni-
zing ability also by vegetation, ability to improve the soil (e.g. legu-
minous plant), market availability, etc.
Landscape classification
If the study area has land level surface, networks and matrices can
be used. Networks consist of grids which (superimposed on the basic
map) subdivide the land into “small blocks”, i.e., elementary areas
whose size typically is a few hectares; these blocks are given quanti-
It is important to know the normal usage of the site area and its sur-
roundings. From this information we can obtain very strong indica-
tions or restrictions for the restoration process, in particular for rein-
tegrating the site to the surrounding land during the recovery phase.
As for the vegetation, lithology and soil, in this case it is also neces-
sary to support the analysis with appropriate thematic maps, using
the existing information (territorial and urban, vegetation plans etc.)
obtained from specific in situ surveys.
13
Territorial planning
Methods of exploitation
The recovery plan comes into action at the end of a mining operation.
Therefore, the design of the deposit exploitation represents essential
information. It enables us to define the surfaces (mining lots) and the
final substratum upon which to operate and thus defines precisely
the final morphological and geotechnical conditions of the site.
Furthermore, from knowledge of the mining methods we can define
ways and times of possible recovery phases.
Often, decisions concerning final recovery of the site are not based
on planning or ecological or landscape restrictions nor but on econo-
mical or legal expectations tied to the ownership and management
of the area. Therefore all the juridical relations between the owner
and the quarry operator as well as the restrictions caused thereby
should be carefully defined. In order to precisely verify the feasibility
of the proposed choices, it is necessary to specify who will carry out
the restoration operations as well as who will use the site and for how
long.
It is necessary to precisely define the ownership regulations of the
soils involved in the mining operations and of all the neighbouring
areas. Everything has to be defined by means of cadastral maps,
usually on a scale of 1:2000. This enables identifying the owners and
defining the present and future expectations that will determine the
final destination of the area. It is also important to define the party
that will manage the area at the end of the mining operation. This
party may or may not coincide with the owners: this is an essential
piece of information, as the objectives and operations for the area
These and other spatial relations among the various entities are cal-
led topological relations. They are essential for carrying out a series
of spatial and statistical analysis operations that constitute one of
the most important aspects of GIS. To the geographical elements,
one can associate symbols that are managed by a database and
which can be either numerical or descriptive. The ability to associate
descriptive symbols to every element, (stored in a record of fields), is
one of the biggest advantages of Geographic Information Systems.
The vector structure is extremely useful for describing discreet phe-
nomena, e.g., the layout of various cadastral parcels of a land area.
In contrast, the raster data are filed away in a series of cells or pixels,
which are laid out according to a regular grid. Each cell represents a
portion of the land area and is assigned a symbol based on the theme
that we want to represent. The raster structure is suitable for descri-
bing continuous variables, such as temperature, altitude, inclination,
i.e., variables that represent only one magnitude varying continuou-
sly in space. An example of raster data is the “Digital Terrain Model”
(DTM), which is a digital representation of the continuous variation
of the Earth’s relief in space. This is very useful for land management,
16
because it enables visibility analyses, the generation of longitudinal
profiles and level curves, as well as carrying out inclination and expo-
sure analyses. Both of these structures for the storage of geographi-
cal data have advantages and disadvantages. Finally, the functions
that GIS can perform, understandable from its own definition, invol-
ve the acquisition, the analysis and the output (visualization) of data.
The GIS technology shows all of its potential when it is used for the
analysis of geographical data. The main operations that GIS can per-
form are proximity analyses, such as buffering (creation of observan-
ce areas around the geographical areas) and overlay analyses.
18
Quarry recovered as geolo- The quality and the result of the recovery process depend on varying
gical park (Ravenna). Source: conditions, at least in the short and medium term. Natural recovery
“Guidelines for the environ-
is an ambitious objective, which is difficult to accomplish, requires a
mental recovery“, ER, Italy.
good knowledge of the area and the ecological relations present, as
well as long implementation times. A good working organization is
required both during the phases of topsoil removal and of the site
recovery, as well as careful handling of the pedological and biologi-
cal material present. For soil management it is very important, besi-
des having good quality material at one’s disposal, to reconstruct a
succession of layers that do not slow down or impede the evolution
processes foreseen for the specific type of landscape unit.
Agricultural destination
In this case, we assume that an agricultural type of productive de-
velopment (both extensive and intensive) is favourable. This must
establish itself stably both in biological and economical terms and
the area, in order to be returned to its original use, must not have
particular limits for agricultural production, such as the following:
a) Natural constraints: they represent an ensemble of micro–environ-
mental factors that impede the agricultural production and include: 19
• chemical restrictions: presence of microelements that are toxic
for both plants and animals;
• high presence of salts;
• presence of extreme pH, both low and high;
• physical constraints;
• high inclinations;
• abnormal stoniness and texture;
• limited layer thickness;
• limited ability for water supply accumulation.
CONCLUSIONS
This manual aims at assisting the operators in this field to transform
problems and difficulties into opportunities, based on the awareness
that an effective quarry recovery plan must not aim to restore the
original conditions, which are often impossible to recover, but rather
to reach a new condition of aesthetic and ecological balance.
In extreme cases, the recovery can lead to landscaping that is socially
useful albeit unknown in the original natural form of the area. Reco-
very is therefore a complex operation that requires multidisciplinary
skills together with a remarkable dose of flexibility and creativity.
This manual aims to ensure that all the operations carried out in a
mining field are conducted in a way that in the long term will be eco-
22 logically compatible and self-sustainable.
GLOSSARY
Best practices: methods and techniques that have consistently
shown results superior to those achieved with other means, and
which are used as benchmarks to strive for. Nevertheless, there is no
practice that is best for everyone or in every situation, and no best
practice remains best for very long as better methods and technolo-
gies are constantly being discovered.
Biotic: relating, produced or caused by life, or living organisms; it re-
fers to the living components of the biosphere or of an ecosystem;
compare with “abiotic”.
Climax: the final and stable community resulting from a series of
development stages. In theory, the climax community is self-perpe-
tuating, because it is in equilibrium with itself and with the natural
environment.
1. glossary: http://www.businessdictionary.com/
2. glossary:http://www.allbusiness.com/4967379-1.
html?spi=profb&query=management
3. glossary:http://www.goodquarry.com/glossary.
aspx?mode=showaz&az_id=19
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