Bull Volcanol (2000) 62 : 239±255
DOI 10.1007/s004450000091
RE SEARCH AR T ICLE
Eric C. Bergmanis ´ John M. Sinton
Frank A. Trusdell
Rejuvenated volcanism along the southwest rift zone,
East Maui, Hawai`i
Received: 1 July 1999 / Accepted: 21 April 2000 / Published online: 6 July 2000
 Springer-Verlag 2000
Abstract East Maui Volcano is the younger and
larger of two volcanoes that form the island of Maui,
Hawai`i. Rejuvenated stage (HaÅna volcanics) lava
flows along the southwest rift zone form a veneer
lying disconformably on top of the postshield Kula
Volcanics (0.93±~0.36 Ma). Most of the 59 doc-
umented HaÅna eruptions produced `a`aÅ flows from
large cinder cones. Fourteen new 14C ages and strati-
graphic relationships suggest that the onset of rejuve-
nated volcanism on the southwest rift zone began at
least 50 ka, showing that the quiescent period between
the postshield and rejuvenated stage on East Maui
was ~300,000 years long, the shortest yet documented
on any Hawaiian volcano. Eruption frequency on the
southwest rift zone steadily increased during the past
~4800 years; there have been at least six eruptions
within the past ~960 years. HaÅna volcanic activity on
the southwest rift zone during the past ~4800 years
may have occurred in three episodes, each lasting as
long as 1000 years separated by quiescent periods
~500±800 years long. Geochemical data, ages, and
geologic relations provide evidence for five multi-flow
sequences that were erupted during single events,
helping to define the eruptive character or style of
rejuvenation stage volcanic activity on the southwest
rift zone. Areas covered by the products of individual
eruptions vary from 0.14 to ~40 km2, and volumes
from 0.0003 to 0.40 km3. Geochemical evidence shows
Editorial responsibility: D. Swanson
E. C. Bergmanis ()) ´ J. M. Sinton
Department of Geology and Geophysics,
University of Hawai`i at MaÅnoa, Honolulu, Hawai`i 96822, USA
E-mail: ericb@soest.hawaii.edu
Fax: +1-808-956-2538
F. A. Trusdell
U.S. Geological Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory,
Hawai`i National Park, Hawai`i 96718, USA
that the HaÅna lavas are derived from a small range of
parental melts that undergo varying degrees of frac-
tional crystallization. MELTS crystallization simula-
tions suggest that HaÅna magmatic evolution occurs at
a pressure of ~3 kbar (~10±11 km depth), just above
the interface between the volcanic edifice and the
oceanic plate. The HaÅna volcanics are unique among
Hawaiian rejuvenation suites in having been erupted
along rift zones with a relatively high eruption
frequency from a quasi-steady-state, deep crustal
magma reservoir.
Keywords Rejuvenated volcanism ´ Alkalic lavas ´
Hawai`i ´ Radiocarbon dating
Introduction
The construction of Hawaiian volcanoes is dominated
by frequent eruptions of shield-building lava derived
from relatively high extents of partial melting. As the
volcano moves off the hotspot, lavas from most
Hawaiian volcanoes become increasingly alkalic (Mac-
donald and Katsura 1964; Clague and Dalrymple
1987), culminating in a thin cap of differentiated
alkalic lava flows comprising the postshield stage.
During this later stage average eruption frequency is
of the order of thousands of years. The rejuvenation
stage, one of the least understood facets of volcanism
in the Hawaiian Islands, is marked by the renewal of
volcanic activity after periods of quiescence and ero-
sion that last as long as 2.6 million years (Clague and
Dalrymple 1987). Lava erupted during this stage is
typically silica-undersaturated and ranges from alkalic
basalt to nephelinite and melilitite. Quiescent periods,
number and frequency of eruptions, lava composition,
and spatial eruption distribution of rejuvenated vol-
canics vary from one volcano to another. Rejuvenated
volcanism has occurred on both Maui volcanoes, on
Moloka`i, East O`ahu, Kaua`i, and Ni`ihau. The proc-
240
esses controlling its inception, and the nature and per-
sistence of magma reservoirs and volcanism within
this enigmatic stage, are poorly understood.
In this paper we describe the overall eruptive char-
acter of rejuvenated (HaÅna) volcanic activity on the
southwest rift zone of East Maui Volcano. HaÅna vol-
canics are the youngest rejuvenated volcanism in the
Hawaiian Islands and that closest to the presumed
center of the hotspot beneath the island of Hawai`i.
Shield and postshield stages of East Maui Volcano
East Maui Volcano is the younger and larger of the
two volcanoes that form the island of Maui (Fig. 1;
Stearns 1940, 1946; Stearns and Macdonald 1942). It
frequently is called HaleakalaÅ, although this name spe-
cifically refers to the summit crater region. It is the
only Hawaiian volcano other than those on the young-
est island of Hawai`i for which any quasi-historical
record of volcanic activity exists (Stearns and Macdon-
ald 1942; Reber 1959; Oostdam 1965). Limited expo-
sures of shield-building tholeiitic lava flows, named
the HonomanuÅ Basalt, yield K±Ar ages ranging from
1.100.05 to 0.970.04 Ma (Chen et al. 1991). Potassi-
um±argon ages from alkalic postshield Kula Volcanics
overlying the HonomanuÅ Basalt range from 0.930.33
to 0.360.07 Ma (Chen et al. 1991; Naughton et al.
1980). The Kula volcanics are dominantly hawaiite
and alkalic basalt, with lesser amounts of basanite,
mugearite, benmoreite, and phono-tephrite, and were
erupted from three major volcanic lineaments: the
north, east, and southwest rift zones (Fig. 1; Stearns
and Macdonald 1942; Macdonald and Katsura 1964).
The Kula volcanics represent the longest lived and
most voluminous postshield stage yet documented in
the Hawaiian Islands. Cessation of Kula activity, no
longer than ~360,000 years ago, was followed by a
period of quiescence long enough to develop large
erosional features such as KaupoÅ Gap, Ke`anae Val-
ley, and HaleakalaÅ Crater (Stearns and Macdonald
1942).
HaÅna volcanics
Prior to this study, the age of onset of rejuvenated
volcanic activity on East Maui, and hence the duration
of the quiescent period between Kula and HaÅna activi-
ty, was unknown. Clague and Dalrymple (1987) specu-
lated that the quiescent period might have been as
Fig. 1 Geologic map of the Island of Maui. (Modified from
Stearns and Macdonald 1942)

brief as 100,000±200,000 years, substantially shorter
than for other volcanoes in the Hawaiian Islands.
HaÅna volcanics lava flows are dominantly basanite,
with lesser amounts of ankaramitic picro-basalt. Of
the three rift zones of East Maui Volcano, only the
east (HaÅna) and southwest rifts have been reactivated
during rejuvenation volcanism (Fig. 1).
The HaÅna volcanics represent a unique example of
Hawaiian rejuvenation activity. It is the only rejuvena-
tion suite in the Hawaiian Islands where eruptions
have been localized along pre-existing rift zones devel-
oped during previous volcanic stages. Compared with
the rejuvenation suites on O`ahu, Kaua`i, and Ni`ihau,
HaÅna volcanics lavas are generally less silica undersat-
urated, with no nephelinite or melilitite (Clague and
Frey 1982; Clague and Dalrymple 1988); however,
lava compositions similar to those of the HaÅna volcan-
ics are known from those rejuvenation suites as well
as those from West Maui (Sinton et al. 1987) and East
Moloka`i (Clague et al. 1982). We show in this paper
that the total number of eruptions and eruption
frequency are greater for the HaÅna volcanics than for
rejuvenation suites elsewhere in the Hawaiian Islands.
Previous work on the HaÅna volcanics
Stearns and Macdonald (1942) distinguished the
deposits of the HonomanuÅ (shield), Kula (postshield),
and HaÅna (rejuvenated) volcanics on East Maui, and
within each series they defined the areal extent cov-
ered by cinder cones, lava flows, and ash deposits.
Brill (1975) investigated the southern flank of the
lower southwest rift zone from sea level to ~1650 m,
and Horton (1977) studied the northwest and south-
east flanks of the upper southwest rift zone from
~1650 to ~2930 m. Their work included the first lava
flow maps and stratigraphic framework for individual
eruptive events of the HaÅna volcanics on the south-
west rift zone. They also documented vent and flow
morphology as well as lithology and petrography for
individual eruptive units. Macdonald (1978) produced
a geologic map of HaleakalaÅ Crater, where he distin-
guished lava flows and pyroclastic deposits of HaÅna
eruptions and defined stratigraphic relations among
individual units. Sherrod and McGeehin (1999)
produced additional detail on individual units in
HaleakalaÅ Crater.
Crane (1956), Reber (1959), Crandell (1983), and
Sherrod and McGeehin (1999) obtained 14C ages for
HaÅna lava flows and tephra. Crandell (1983) estimated
the ages of many others by extent of weathering and
produced the first assessment of volcanic hazards for
East Maui Volcano. Compositional data for HaÅna
lavas from HaleakalaÅ Crater and elsewhere on East
Maui are in Macdonald and Powers (1968), Macdon-
ald (1968), Chen and Frey (1985), West and Leeman
(1987, 1994), and Chen et al. (1990).
241
Results
Mapping methods
The areal extent and stratigraphic relations of the
HaÅna volcanics along the southwest rift zone (Figs. 2,
3) were mapped during 11 weeks of field work from
1995 to 1998. Individual eruptive units and their strati-
graphic relations were distinguished on the basis of
lithologic variations among lava flows, superposition,
chemical variation and apparent ages from vegetative
cover and degree of weathering. Geologic units
belonging to the HaÅna volcanics in Fig. 2 are labeled
with an ªhº prefix followed by a three-letter suffix
describing its location (vent name, land division, etc.).
Lava flows and pyroclastic deposits of the Kula vol-
canics are not subdivided by individual eruptive units
and are labeled ku (Kula undifferentiated) and kc
(Kula cinder; Figs. 2, 3).
Distinction between HaÅna and Kula volcanics
The distribution of HaÅna and Kula volcanics on the
southwest rift zone presented in this study is only
slightly modified from that shown by Stearns and
Macdonald (1942). No Kula rocks have been dated
along the southwest rift zone, and there presently is
no method of distinguishing all HaÅna from all Kula
lavas on the basis of major and trace element chem-
istry. Although the major and trace element composi-
tions of HaÅna and Kula lavas overlap, Kula lavas are
generally less silica undersaturated and more differen-
tiated than HaÅna lavas; some Kula rocks contain pla-
gioclase phenocrysts. In contrast, equilibrium plagio-
clase phenocrysts have not been found in any HaÅna
lava, although some contain scattered plagioclase
xenocrysts. In this work we have separated the HaÅna
and Kula deposits primarily on the basis of weathering
extent and soil cover. Kula volcanics on the southwest
rift zone may be extensively weathered, with soil
cover ranging from a few centimeters to more than a
meter in thickness. In places Kula deposits are incised
with gullies up to 35 m deep, and outcrops are typi-
cally sparse or non-existent except in the bottoms of
stream-cut gullies. In contrast, the HaÅna volcanics typ-
ically have little or no soil cover, morphologic features
such as lava channels and levees have been little mod-
ified since emplacement, rock outcrops are plentiful,
and stream-cut gullies are almost nonexistent.
HaÅna geologic unit distribution, vents, and lava types
We identified 52 lithologically and chemically discrete
lava units within the HaÅna volcanics of the southwest
rift zone (Figs. 2, 3). Vent locations for 17 of these
units are unknown. There are seven vent structures
242
 243

u that cannot be associated with any of the 17 ªventless

Fig. 2 Lava flow map of southwest rift zone HaÅna volcanics
based on new mapping and modifications to previous work of
Stearns and Macdonald (1942), Brill (1975) and Horton (1977).
Correlation of map units is shown in Fig. 3. Latitude and longi-
tude referable to Old Hawaiian datum
Fig. 3 Stratigraphic relationships and absolute ages of HaÅna vol-
canics map units shown in Fig. 1. Absolute ages, where known,
are shown in 14C years B.P. (see Table 1). Age relationships are
interpreted by tracing the connecting lines between units as on a
flow chart (Harris 1993). For example, both hhan and hknh are
older than hgta and younger than hnae, but the stratigraphic
relationship between hhan and hknh is unknown. The depth or
approximate age of units within the chart are estimated where
not constrained by absolute age data. HaÅna pyroclastic deposits
(hc) shown in Fig. 1 are not differentiated as to source and may
be associated with many units in this figure. Units hda (debris
avalanche) and hls (landslide) are not volcanic in nature and
thus are not represented
unitsº; thus, we have evidence for a minimum of 59
separate eruptions of HaÅna volcanics along the south-
west rift zone.
The rift zone can be divided into upper and lower
segments on the basis of differences in the orientation
of volcanic lineaments and vent distribution. HaÅna
vents along the upper one half of the rift zone (be-
tween the elevations of 1650 and 2870 m above sea
level) form a sharply defined linear array trending
N65E over a length of ~8.8 km. Vents on the lower
rift zone (between 0 and 1650 m above sea level)
form a less well-defined linear array trending N51E
over a length of 10.7 km. Most of the vents of the
upper rift zone occur just south of the topographic
crest, and all but 4 of the 22 lava flows in this area
moved down the southern flank of the volcano. On
the lower rift zone, lava flows are more evenly distrib-
uted between the northwestern and southern flanks.
Twelve vents are located at distances greater than 2
km from the main rift zone axis. Nine of these 12 off-

hkol
200±15

hkan hkhh hpim

590±120
650±140

hgta
830±60

hknh hhan
920±70

hwhl

hnae
2,180±60

hheb hgab
3,000±60

hlaa
3,015±65
3,070±60

hhhb hhab hmak

3,540±40

hkam homa
hkha 3,900±60
4,070±90

hkao hu1
4,840±60

hnin hale hpue hkmh hkai hwkw hmah hhal hmol

8,190±60

hfen hpae hkno hkal hola hkae hklp

8,830±50

hnaw hkip hkea hhok hhel

10,290±50

hlan hmnh hu2 hwai hkeo

10,440±60

hpan hman hkah hlll hu3 hpaa

45,000±1800

Erosional Unconformity
ku kc
244
axis vents are broadly distributed on the southern
flank, whereas the remaining three are on the north-
western flank. Pyroclastic fall deposits are much more
prevalent on the northwestern flank; many lava flows
are separated by cinder layers ~0.5±1.5 m thick,
whereas flows on the southern flank have little or no
tephra cover. The uneven distribution of pyroclastic
fall deposits likely results from the prevailing trade
winds, which typically blow from southeast to north-
west across the rift zone axis.
Three main types of vents are found on the south-
west rift zone: cinder cones; spatter cones and ram-
parts; and lava ponds. Cinder cones are the most com-
mon vent type. They consist of unconsolidated or
slightly indurated, glassy, vesicular clasts that vary
greatly in size and shape. Lava bombs are commonly
exposed on cinder cone slopes and within the interior
where incised by erosion. The largest of these cinder
cones rises ~200 m above the surrounding topography
and is ~1 km in basal diameter. Spatter cones and
ramparts, far less common than cinder cones, are best
represented by the vents of the most recent eruptions
on the southwest rift zone (hkol and hkan). They are
composed of agglutinated spatter fragments several
centimeters to tens of centimeters across that
deformed upon impact while still partially molten.
Units hgta and one flow of unit hhan emanate from
roughly circular structures with a central depression.
We interpret these lava ponds to be vent structures
formed by entirely effusive eruptions devoid of pyro-
clastic activity. Some eruptions had compound vent
types. For example, the vent complex for unit hkam
consists of an older lava pond partially buried by a
later cinder cone.
Approximately 90% of the lava flows on the south-
west rift zone can be classified as `a`aÅ or transitional
to `a`aÅ; rough clinkery surfaces and lava channels are
ubiquitous features of these lava flows. Only approx-
imately 10% of the lava flows are paÅhoehoe, although
numerous small exposures of paÅhoehoe can be found
in the transitional lavas, especially near vents. Lava
tubes are rare in HaÅna lava flows in the southwest rift
zone; most are less than 1 km from the vent area, less
than a few meters to tens of meters long, and less
than 2 m in diameter. One tube in unit hgta, however,
is large enough to walk in; it was traced for ~300 m
and may extend considerably farther. Much larger
tubes are present in HaÅna lava flows in HaleakalaÅ
Crater.
Age constraints
14
C ages
Fourteen new 14C ages of charcoal from beneath lava
flows and within pyroclastic layers along the southwest
rift zone, combined with charcoal ages from Crane
(1956), Reber (1959), and Crandell (1983), date a total
of 15 eruptions on the southwest rift zone (Table 1).
Ages are in radiocarbon years before present (14C
years B.P.; present=1950 A.D.), except where noted as
calibrated ages (cal years B.P.).
Radiocarbon ages for southwest rift zone eruptions
range from 20015 to 45,0001800 14C years B.P. (Ta-
ble 1). Age control is best for units less than 5000
years B.P. Detailed timing of the first few tens of
thousands of years of HaÅna volcanic activity is poorly
constrained.
Youngest eruptive event on southwest rift zone
The age for the most recent eruption on the southwest
rift zone, the Kalua O Lapa event (hkol), is derived
from a combination of data types: a 20015 14C years
B.P. charcoal age (Reber 1959), estimated eruption
dates based on Hawaiian oral history (Stearns and
Macdonald 1942), and differences between the coast-
line maps made during early western expeditions to
Hawai`i commanded by La PØrouse and Vancouver
(Oostdam 1965). Estimates based on Hawaiian oral
history suggest that the eruption occurred between
1750 and 1770. Uncertainties in this method arise pri-
marily from lack of precise information on Hawaiian
generation lengths. The map of La PØrouse, made dur-
ing his visit to Maui in 1786, shows a broad, gently
curving bay between Puu O Å la`i cinder cone and Cape
Hanamanioa (Fitzpatrick 1986). Vancouver©s map
dates from 1793 and shows a conspicuous peninsula
between the two points. Oostdam (1965) concluded
from the differences between the maps that the Kalua
O Lapa eruption took place between the visits of the
two European explorers, ~1790 A.D. Although the
1786 map from La PØrouse©s expedition is too crude
to conclude with certainty that the Kalua O Lapa lava
was absent at the time of their visit, Vancouver©s map
clearly shows that Cape KõÅna`u, which consists of lava
from this eruption, was present by 1793.
Oldest southwest rift zone HaÅna eruption
The oldest 14C age for a HaÅna eruption, ~45,0001800
years B.P. for unit hu3 on the southern flank of the
upper southwest rift zone, provides a minimum age
for the onset of rejuvenated volcanism on the south-
west rift zone. Sherrod and McGeehin (1999) reported
a 14C age of 43,8001400 years B.P. for an early HaÅna
lava flow near the mouth of Ke`anae Valley. This,
however, does not preclude the possibility that rejuve-
nated volcanic activity elsewhere on East Maui began
earlier than 50,000 years ago. Because the youngest
dated Kula lava is 36070 ka (Naughton et al. 1980)
and the minimum onset age for the HaÅna volcanics is
~50 ka, the period of quiescence between postshield
and rejuvenated volcanic activity on East Maui can be
 245

Table 1 Radiocarbon ages, calibrated ages, and sample locations for charcoal collected on southwest rift zone, East Maui, Hawai`i
Sample no. Geologic Age and Maximum Calibrated Minimum Latitude Longitude Elevation
unit errora 14C of calibrated Ageb; calibrated years B.P; of calibrated (N) (W) (m)
years B.P. age ranges intercept(s) age ranges
(2s) (2s)

I-Kalua o Lapac hkol 120015 1292 282; 168; 155 1114 2036.339 15625.819 1115
FAT-96-29f hc 151060 1646 529 1472 2039.809 15639.979 1564
I-Makuac hmke 1590120 1732 621; 607; 555 1334 2039.589 15621.189 1452
I-Keonehunehunec hkhh 1650140 1907 649; 578; 572 1464 2039.259 15621.699 1300
FAT-96-24f hgta 183060 1914 732 1662 2040.379 15619.689 1903
M-361e hhan 1600300 1168 623; 604; 557 1110 2038.139 15623.809 1573
I-Kamahinac hhan 1890170 1172 789 1544 2038.309 15623.269 1765
W-4297d hhan 192070 1961 889; 864; 827; 812; 794 1686 2037.939 15623.769 1536
FAT-96-26f hnae 218060 2341 2291; 2273; 2151 1999 2041.599 15619.129 1965
FAT-96-11f hgab 300060 3358 3208; 3179; 3169 2970 2040.829 15616.429 2097
BEM-176f hlaa 301565 3376 3236; 3232; 3210 2974 2040.459 15616.729 1862
FAT-96-18f hlaa 307060 3438 3323; 3287; 3268 3080 2040.849 15616.739 2137
BEM-235b hmak 354040 3959 3831; 3785; 3783 3692 2039.959 15620.929 1262
W-4314d hkam 390060 4515 4404; 4400; 4380; 4371; 4353; 4150 2040.809 15619.809 1981
4311; 4302
W-4561d hkam 407090 4833 4566; 4562; 4529 4299 2041.589 15622.319 1855
FAT-96-16f hu1 484060 5660 5592 5468 2040.919 15615.459 2024
FAT-96-23f hale 819060 9400 9233; 9221; 9184; 9183; 9129; 9009 2040.929 15618.329 2210
9098; 9091
FAT-96-21f hc 860060 9701 9545 9491 2040.999 15618.159 2213
BEM-215f hpae 883050 10,153 9909; 9897; 9893 9688 2040.589 15621.789 1220
BEM-214f hkea 10,29050 12,740 12,103; 11,997; 11,981 11,759 2039.979 15623.189 1760
FAT-96-14f hu2 10,44060 12,854 12,597; 12,504; 12,354 11,947 2040.869 15615.989 2076
FAT-96-13f hu3 45,0001800 - ~50,000g - 2040.889 15615.929 2086
a d
Age in radiocarbon years B.P. (before present) using Libby Ages reported by Crandell (1983)
e
half-life of 5568 years. Present=1950 A.D. Error is one standard Age reported by Crane (1956)
f
deviation, in radiocarbon years New ages reported in this study. Samples processed at 14C Lab-
b
Calibrated using CALIB Radiocarbon Calibration Program ver- oratory of the U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. Radio-
sion 4.1, after Stuiver and Reimer (1993), in conjunction with carbon ages determined at the Center for Accelerator Mass
decadal atmospheric 14C database (Stuiver et al. 1998). CALIB Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Liver-
software is available on the World Wide Web at the homepage more California
g
for the University of Washington's Quaternary Isotope Lab- Age estimated by extrapolating 14C calibration curve (Stuiver
oratory (http://depts.washington.edu/qil/) and Braziunas 1993)
c
Ages reported by Reber (1959)

no longer than ~380 ka, and could be less than ~240
ka, the shortest yet documented on any Hawaiian vol-
cano.
Petrography
HaÅna lava flows range widely in lithology but can be
grouped into three lithologic types. HaÅna aphyric
rocks are fine grained, light gray to bluish in hand
specimen, with rare (<1%) olivine phenocrysts 1±4
mm in size. They contain an average of 4% olivine
microphenocrysts smaller than 1 mm in a matrix of
10% groundmass olivine, 4% groundmass clinopyrox-
ene, 45% plagioclase, 15% oxides, and 22% crypto-
crystalline material not resolvable in thin section.
Average groundmass grain size is approximately 0.4
mm. Most olivine microphenocrysts are euhedral or
skeletal, but some are embayed. Plagioclase microphe-
nocrysts occur mainly as tabular laths. Textures are
typically trachytic, and the matrix can be cryptocrys-
talline to glassy.
Olivine-phyric rocks are typically dark gray with
moderately abundant olivine phenocrysts 1±4 mm in
size and rare clinopyroxene phenocrysts commonly
larger than the olivine. Average modal percentages
are 7% olivine phenocrysts, 15% groundmass olivine,
<1% clinopyroxene phenocrysts, 11% groundmass
pyroxene, 40% microphenocryst or groundmass pla-
gioclase, 12% groundmass oxides, and 14% crypto-
crystalline or glassy material. Average groundmass
grain size is 0.4 mm. Many olivine phenocrysts have
embayed or skeletal outlines, but euhedral outlines
are moderately abundant. Clinopyroxene phenocrysts
are typically subhedral or embayed. Most groundmass
clinopyroxene is subhedral, interspersed with laths of
plagioclase and oxide grains. Groundmass textures are
mainly felty or pilotaxitic; a few samples exhibit glassy
textures.
HaÅna ankaramite is dark gray and contains abun-
dant olivine and clinopyroxene phenocrysts in sub-
equal proportions ranging in size from 1 to 10 mm.
Modal percentages average 14% olivine phenocrysts,
10% groundmass olivine, 13% clinopyroxene pheno-
246
crysts, 8% groundmass clinopyroxene, 30% microphe-
nocrysts of plagioclase, 12% groundmass oxides, and
13% microcrystalline material. Average groundmass
grain size is 0.3 mm. Many olivine and pyroxene phe-
nocrysts have embayed or resorbed margins, but euhe-
dral and skeletal olivine crystals also are common. A
few samples contain rare plagioclase xenocrysts up to
20 mm across with resorbed outlines. Clinopyroxene,
interspersed with plagioclase laths and oxides, domi-
nates the groundmass. Groundmass texture is typically
felty; a few samples are glassy.
Chemical composition
One hundred eight rock samples were analyzed for
major, minor, and trace elements using a Siemens
303AS X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer at the
University of Hawai`i (Tables 2, 3). Samples were
broken with a tungsten carbide-plated, hydraulic rock
splitter, cleaned, and then crushed for approximately
1.5 min using a tungsten carbide mill. Loss on ignition
was determined after samples were ignited for 8 h at
900C. Two fused buttons for major elements and one
pressed powder pellet for trace elements were pre-
pared for each sample following procedures slightly
modified from those of Norrish and Hutton (1969)
and Chappell (1991). Each pressed powder pellet was
analyzed twice. The chemical analyses obtained rep-
resent 49 of the 59 documented eruptions.
Based on the classification schemes of Macdonald
and Katsura (1964) and Le Bas et al. (1986), all of the
lava flows are alkalic; most are basanite with some
ankaramitic picro-basalt (Fig. 4). The CIPW norms
were calculated for all of the analyzed samples assum-
ing 90% FeO and 10% Fe2O3. All of the samples are
nepheline normative (3±17.5%). Published analyses
from HaleakalaÅ Crater and the east rift zone also are
basanite and lie within the field formed by HaÅna flows
from the southwest rift zone; thus, the available
evidence suggests that there are no systematic com-
positional differences among HaÅna lavas from differ-
ent parts of East Maui.
Southwest rift zone HaÅna compositions span a wide
range in SiO2 (42.0±48.2 wt.%) and MgO (3.3±12.1
wt.%; Fig. 5). Coherent trends on MgO variation
diagrams are consistent with the lavas being related
by varying degrees of fractional crystallization from a
small range of parental magmas. Ankaramite samples
have the highest MgO contents (>7.5 wt.%). With
decreasing MgO, contents of Al2O3, Na2O, K2O, and
P2O5 increase. The steady increase in Al2O3 and P2O5
with decreasing MgO indicates that plagioclase and
apatite were not fractionated from HaÅna magmas,
consistent with the lack of plagioclase and apatite phe-
nocrysts in thin section. CaO contents decrease with
decreasing MgO for samples with less than 8 wt.%
MgO, suggesting that Ca-rich clinopyroxene fraction-
ated from these magmas. An abrupt increase in SiO2
8
Basanite
6
Hawaiite
Na2O+K2O
Basalt
4
Foidite
lic
Alka itic
ei
Thol
2 Aphyric
Olivine phyric
Ankaramite
Picro-basalt East rift zone
0
40 42 44 46 48
SiO2
Fig. 4 Total alkalis vs SiO2 (all in weight percent) for 49 south-
west rift zone and 9 east rift zone HaÅna lava flows (Macdonald
and Powers 1968; Chen et al. 1990). Average compositions are
shown where more than one analysis exists for a single unit. All
HaÅna lava flows are alkalic (Macdonald and Katsura 1964).
Applying the classification of Le Bas et al. (1986), 53 HaÅna
flows are basanites and five are picro-basalts
(not shown) and decreases in Fe2O3* and TiO2 (not
shown) indicate that Fe±Ti oxides fractionated from
HaÅna magmas with less than ~6.5 wt.% MgO.
Comparison of HaÅna and Kula chemical compositions
Chemical compositions of lavas from the postshield
and rejuvenated stages of East Maui overlap consid-
erably. On most plots, HaÅna lava compositions define
a narrow band, largely enclosed within the broader
Kula field (Fig. 5a), suggesting that Kula magmas may
be derived from a greater range of parental composi-
tions than for HaÅna. HaÅna compositions generally plot
near the upper limit of the Kula fields for Na2O, K2O,
and Al2O3. This suggests that many Kula lavas have
been derived from slightly higher degrees of partial
melting than most HaÅna magmas, assuming that the
major element composition of the source was not sub-
stantially different during the postshield and rejuve-
nated stages. More than 90% of Kula rocks contain
less than 7 wt.% MgO, whereas HaÅna rocks show a
fairly even distribution of MgO contents from 3 to 12
wt.%, indicating that, as a group, Kula lavas have
undergone a greater degree of magmatic evolution
toward low MgO compositions than has the suite of
HaÅna lavas. In contrast to the HaÅna, some Kula rocks
contain plagioclase phenocrysts in apparent equilibri-
um.
 247

Table 2 Selected XRF analyses of HaÅna volcanics lavas

EMH-56 EMH-34 EMH-31 BEM-66 EMH-52 BEM-153 EMH-1 EMH-72 EMH-28 BEM-63 BEM-58

Unit hkhh hpaa hkai hkam hkam hpae hhab hkah hmah hpim hpue
Rock type Aph Aph Aph Aph Aph Aph Ol Ol Ol Ol Ank
Latitude 2039.199 2037.759 2037.909 2035.259 2040.119 2041.149 2042.169 2037.179 2038.019 2035.299 2038.079
Longitude 15621.709 15626.719 15622.529 15620.449 15620.279 15622.539 15616.169 15616.139 15623.419 15621.549 15619.969
SiO2 148.16 146.19 146.49 145.29 145.40 144.80 144.84 142.37 143.12 143.70 142.27
TiO2 112.52 113.05 113.06 113.39 113.38 113.26 113.32 114.21 113.33 113.36 113.34
Al2O3 118.17 117.83 117.69 117.36 117.22 116.29 115.98 114.90 114.70 115.17 114.57
Fe2O3* 111.91 112.49 112.79 113.35 113.98 114.28 114.53 116.95 115.44 115.31 115.58
MnO 110.21 110.19 110.20 110.20 110.19 110.20 110.20 110.20 110.18 110.19 110.19
MgO 113.28 114.00 114.25 114.74 115.15 115.44 115.91 116.42 116.94 117.50 117.78
CaO 117.71 118.33 118.01 118.36 118.49 118.97 119.45 110.28 111.41 110.84 111.14
Na2O 115.58 115.19 115.15 114.47 114.29 115.22 114.11 113.46 112.90 112.72 113.78
K2O 110.20 111.89 111.90 111.80 111.62 111.56 111.68 111.17 111.05 111.19 111.12
P2O5 110.87 110.83 110.81 110.73 110.61 110.65 110.71 110.45 110.43 110.49 110.49
Total 198.61 199.99 100.36 199.69 100.34 100.65 100.74 100.41 199.50 100.47 100.25
LOIa 110.27 110.61 110.18 ±0.38 110.32 ±0.60 110.28 ±0.30 110.20 ±0.50 ±0.64
Sc 117 119 112 113 115 116 119 125 123 126 125
V 185 141 139 190 197 246 251 420 364 367 386
Cr 115 114 <2 <2 115 124 155 110 138 187 204
Ni <3 <3 116 110 116 130 143 143 184 183 176
Cu 136 112 125 121 129 142 194 149 177 158 139
Zn 124 116 118 115 102 117 119 120 108 113 120
Rb 153 145 146 141 138 139 142 127 127 129 127
Sr 1081 1155 1107 1179 1035 910 962 736 678 750 738
Y 136 135 134 133 133 133 132 131 128 129 128
Zr 340 312 302 264 251 275 291 208 196 196 204
Nb 177 175 173 169 159 159 166 143 141 146 142
Ba 845 814 824 ± 760 ± 746 ± 491 ± ±

EMH-86 BEM-211 BEM-203 EMH-50 EMH-4 BEM-44 EMH-42 EMH-18 EMH-49 EMH-101 BEM-163

Unit hnae hkmh hmnh hmke hknh hgta hheb hkol hklp hu hkeo
Rock type Ank Ol Ank Ank Ank Ank Ank Ank Ank Ank Ank
Latitude 2040.979 2042.079 2039.749 2039.359 2041.459 2038.849 2040.789 2036.739 2037.449 2040.949 2038.909
Longitude 15618.769 15623.229 15623.489 15621.259 15617.669 15619.719 15618.619 15625.869 15624.779 15615.589 15625.319
SiO2 142.64 142.82 143.10 144.23 142.76 143.37 143.28 142.73 143.15 142.67 142.64
TiO2 113.49 113.09 113.14 112.92 113.26 113.17 112.86 112.95 112.78 112.75 112.53
Al2O3 114.50 114.63 113.86 113.85 113.38 113.63 112.84 112.41 112.25 111.83 111.13
Fe2O3* 115.52 114.52 115.28 114.52 115.50 115.83 115.25 115.08 114.95 115.63 114.53
MnO 110.20 110.19 110.19 110.19 110.19 110.20 110.19 110.18 110.19 110.19 110.18
MgO 118.00 118.32 118.71 119.16 119.52 119.92 110.71 111.42 111.94 112.77 113.61
CaO 111.11 111.49 112.05 111.37 111.81 111.38 111.71 111.37 110.97 111.32 111.48
Na2O 113.29 112.54 112.36 112.88 112.57 112.20 112.64 112.40 112.39 112.19 113.08
K2O 111.02 111.06 110.97 111.05 110.90 111.00 110.90 110.87 110.85 110.76 110.72
P2O5 110.49 110.49 110.36 110.41 110.41 110.43 110.38 110.34 110.35 110.36 110.31
Total 100.26 199.13 199.99 100.59 100.30 101.11 100.76 199.76 199.82 100.47 100.21
LOIa ±0.46 ±0.36 ±0.01 110.09 110.27 ±0.53 110.30 110.16 110.18 110.19 ±0.33
Sc 127 126 128 128 128 128 128 127 127 131 130
V 411 377 408 333 386 383 367 357 335 384 344
Cr 199 414 352 434 395 379 477 549 672 566 758
Ni 180 145 121 175 160 128 202 277 333 289 312
Cu 145 181 189 199 175 146 165 112 113 149 169
Zn 115 117 105 109 104 117 105 103 105 107 101
Rb 127 127 127 126 122 124 122 122 122 118 117
Sr 755 669 608 597 625 617 562 532 525 529 496
Y 128 126 125 127 126 125 125 125 124 123 121
Zr 206 184 175 190 184 187 168 165 164 159 139
Nb 142 141 137 141 137 138 135 134 134 131 128
Ba ± 502 425 445 435 ± 380 417 403 ± ±

Asterisk indicates total iron reported as Fe2O3 A complete set of 108 chemical analyses is available at
a
LOI is total loss on ignition. Condition for ignition was 900C http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/GG/HCV/DATA/MAUI
for 8 h
248

Fig. 5a Selected MgO vari- 19 19

ation diagrams (in weight per- O O
cent) for East Maui post- O
OO O
OO O Hana lavas
shield (Kula) and rejuvenation 17
OOO Al2O3 17
OOO Al2O3 1 bar-frac
OOO OOO
stage (HaÅna) lavas. Post-shield O
OOOO
O
OOOO
1 bar-eq
lavas are shown as a field. 15
O
OO
O
OO
15
O
OO
O
OO
OO OO
Kula data from Chen and O OO
OOOO O OOO
OOO 3 kbar-frac
OOO O OOO O
Frey (1985), Chen et al. OOO O
O OOO
OO
(1990), Macdonald and Kat- 13 Kula O
O O
13 O O O 3 kbar-eq
O OO O O
sura (1964), Macdonald and O O O OO

Powers (1968), Macdonald 11 11

(1968), West and Leeman
(1987), West and Leeman 13
O
(1994), and Tatsumoto et al. 13
O 12 O O O
(1987). Crosses indicate ana- Kula OO O
O
O
O
OO OO
O O O
O OO OOO O O OO
O O OO OO O
O O
lytical uncertainties (2s). b 11 OO
OO O
O
O OO
O
11 OO
OO O
O
O OO
O

Results of MELTS (Ghiorso O OO OO

O O OO O OO
and Sack 1995) simulations 9 OO
O
OO
O 10 O
O
O
OO
plotted along with HaÅna data O
O OO O
9
O
OO
(in weight percent) on MgO O OO
CaO O OO CaO
7
variation diagrams. All simula- 8 O
O
O OO
tions shown were run with 0.5
wt.% H2O. Results of simula- 5 7
tions suggest that HaÅna mag-
mas undergo evolutionary 7 20
processes at depths of ~10±11 6
km (3 kbar), suppressing the O
Na2O 18
OO O
onset of plagioclase crystalliza-
O
5 O OO
16 O O O
tion and fractionation until OO
O O
O O OO
OO O OO OO O
4 OO O O O OOO O O OO O
OO
MgO content is below ~3.5 O O OO
OO
OOOO
O O OO O O
O O O O 14
wt.%. Crosses indicate analyti- 3 O
OO
OO
OOOOOO O OO
O

cal uncertainty (2s)

O O O O O OO Fe2O3*
O OO OO
O O
12
2 Kula O O
O O

1 10
2.8 2.5
2.4
K2O 2.0 O K2O
OO
2.0 O
OO O
O O OO
O
O OO O O
OOOO
1.6 O O O
OOO
O 1.5 O
O
O O OOO O
1.2 OO
OO O OO
O OO OO O OO
O OO
O OO O OO O OO O OO
O OO O O OO
O
1.0 O OO O O OO
0.8 Kula O
O
O
O O
O O
O O O O
O O
0.4 0.5
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 2 4 6 8 10 12
a MgO b MgO

ulations (Ghiorso and Sack 1995) were run with pres-

Discussion
Conditions of magma evolution
Major element variations indicate that HaÅna magmatic
evolution occurred under conditions where plagioclase
does not fractionate from magmas with more than
~3.5 wt.% MgO. Experimental studies have shown
that, with increasing pressure, the liquidus fields of
pyroxene and spinel expand at the expense of plagio-
clase. Similarly, with the addition of H2O at constant
pressure, olivine and pyroxene fields expand, suppress-
ing the onset of plagioclase crystallization to lower
temperatures and MgO contents (Yoder and Tilley
1962; Nicholls and Ringwood 1973; Bender et al.
1978). To explore the effects of varying pressure and
H2O contents on the crystallization path, MELTS sim-
sures from 1 bar to 6 kbar and H2O contents of 0.1,
0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 wt.%, using high MgO sample
EMH-49 as a starting composition (Fig. 5b).
Simulations using 0.1 wt.% H2O (not shown)
required at least 6 kbar of pressure to suppress the
onset of plagioclase to 3.5 wt.% MgO but produced
model Al2O3 contents higher than those of the actual
HaÅna lavas for a given MgO content. Additionally,
these simulations produced trends for other major ele-
ments that are inconsistent with HaÅna data. Simula-
tions using low pressures and variable H2O contents
were equally unsuccessful in matching major element
trends. For example, simulations using atmospheric
pressure began crystallizing plagioclase around 8 wt.%
MgO regardless of H2O content. Using slightly higher
pressures of 0.5±1.0 kbar while varying H2O from 1 to
2 wt.% suppressed the onset of plagioclase to at least

3.5 wt.% MgO, but the trend of Al2O3 as well as those
of the other major elements deviate from those of
HaÅna lavas.
The best results were achieved using 3 kbar pres-
sure and 0.5 wt.% H2O (Fig. 5b). Using these param-
eters the major element trends in the HaÅna lavas can
be approximated using both equilibrium and fractional
crystallization simulations. Under these conditions
olivine begins to crystallize at approximately 1300C,
clinopyroxene between 8 and 9 wt.% MgO, and Fe±Ti
oxides around 6 wt.% MgO. Plagioclase does not
begin to fractionate until MgO contents are below 4
wt.%. Although increasing pressure and increasing
H2O content as independent variables tend to sup-
press the appearance of plagioclase on the liquid line
of descent, the combined effects of moderate pressure
and H2O contents produce the closest approximations
to the observed HaÅna major element trends.
The simulations imply that fractional crystallization
may be the dominant process in the evolution of
HaÅna lavas, but the relations in Fig. 5b suggest that
magma mixing may also play a role. The simulated
Fe2O3* trends generally match those of the southwest
rift zone samples at high and low MgO values (Fig.
5b). However, between ~8.0 and 4.5 wt.% MgO, the
Fe2O3* contents of the HaÅna lavas are substantially
lower than those produced by the simulations. In the
same range of Mgo contents, K2O values also lie on
the concave side of the simulated trends. These rela-
tions suggest that lavas with ~8.0 to 4.5 wt.% MgO
underwent mixing between primitive and evolved
magmas derived from similar parental magmas.
The results of the MELTS simulations suggest that
HaÅna magmas have undergone evolutionary processes
at a pressure of ~3 kbar, which corresponds to a depth
of ~10±11 km assuming an average crustal density of
2.9 gm/cm3. Although southwest rift zone HaÅna rocks
show a wide range of chemical compositions, they
appear to be derived from a small range of parental
magma compositions and are related by varying
degrees of fractional crystallization under generally
similar conditions. An intermittently tapped and
replenished deep crustal magma reservoir is consistent
with these observations. Such a process also accounts
for the absence of mantle-derived xenoliths, such as
those found in some rejuvenation suites elsewhere in
Hawai`i, because xenoliths would likely be segregated
from the magma while it resided in the magma
chamber (Clague 1987). Chen et al. (1990) suggested
that Kula geochemical data are consistent with evolu-
tionary processes occurring in a relatively shallow-
level magma chamber, including substantial fractiona-
tion of plagioclase feldspar. HaÅna magmas appear to
have evolved at a depth that suppresses the onset of
plagioclase, implying that the magma reservoirs
present during rejuvenation-stage magmatism are
deeper than those present during the postshield stage.
The crustal model of Moore (1987) suggests that
the boundary between the base of the volcanic edifice
249
of East Maui and the top of the oceanic crust is ~13
km deep and the boundary between the base of the
oceanic crust and the upper mantle is near 19 km. If
these models are accurate, a 10- to 11-km-deep
magma reservoir would be just above the base of the
volcanic edifice. In contrast, petrologic investigations
of magmas and xenoliths from several other rejuve-
nated suites in Hawai`i suggest that those magmas
rose rapidly from depths of 20 km or more, i.e., from
below the crust±mantle boundary (Clague and Dal-
rymple 1987). For example, small volume, infrequent
eruptions of lava containing mantle xenoliths imply
that there is no steady-state crustal magma chamber
beneath the rejuvenated parts of East O`ahu and
Kaua`i. The lack of mantle xenoliths and chemical
evidence for a long-lived, deep-crustal magma reser-
voir at East Maui further emphasize the unusual
nature of the HaÅna volcanics compared with other
Hawaiian rejuvenation suites.
Temporal and spatial variation in lava composition
Existing data suggest that there is no systematic tem-
poral or spatial variation in the composition of HaÅna
lavas from the southwest rift zone. Although limited
age data on the older geologic units does not allow a
complete assessment of temporal variation, the
sequence of eruptions within the past 5000 years is
well known. HaÅna lavas erupted in the past 5000 years
span almost the entire range of compositional vari-
ation within the HaÅna volcanics and there is no sys-
tematic variation in lava composition with time. For
HaÅna volcanics older than 5000 years, available age
and stratigraphic data show no systematic relation
between age and chemical composition.
Major and trace element compositions plotted vs
vent location with distance from the summit of East
Maui show broad scatter. The compositions of on-axis
and off-axis groups overlap considerably, although
none of the eight off-axis flows are as evolved as the
most evolved on-axis flows. Relatively unfractionated
lavas have erupted from all parts of the rift zone, but
the most evolved lavas have been erupted primarily
from the middle rift zone between 1000- and 2000-m
elevations. Taken together, the data indicate little or
no relationship between magma composition and
eruption location on the axis and flanks of the south-
west rift zone.
Co-eruptive sequences
Several multi-flow sequences were erupted during sin-
gle events. These co-eruptive sequences help define
the eruptive character or style of rejuvenation stage
volcanic activity on the southwest rift zone. Perhaps
the best example of a co-eruptive sequence is the
Hanamanioa sequence, with four members (hhan; Fig.
250

Table 3 Age and chemical

composition for individual EMH-26 EMH-27 EMH-29 EMH-30
members of the Hanamanioa 14
C no. M-361, I-Kamahina W-4297 ± ±
co-eruptive sequence (unit
Rock type Ank Ank Ank Ank
hhan)
Age and error 14C years B.P.a 600300, 890170 92070 ± ±
Latitude (N) 2038.3519 2038.0579 2038.1239 2038.0639
Longitude (W) 15623.7319 15623.6699 15622.9339 15622.7369
SiO2 142.60 142.85 143.06 142.93
TiO2 113.60 113.61 113.67 113.65
Al2O3 112.84 113.00 113.08 113.03
Fe2O3* 114.87 114.91 115.06 114.93
MnO 110.20 110.19 110.19 110.19
MgO 118.15 118.04 118.34 118.28
CaO 112.48 112.50 112.41 112.59
Na2O 113.05 113.26 113.06 113.31
K2O 111.25 111.28 111.28 111.30
P2O5 110.51 110.53 110.52 110.52
Total 199.56 100.17 100.68 100.73
H2O 110.20 110.11 110.19 110.14
CO2 110.16 110.12 110.14 110.03
Sc 131 131 127 128
V 406 406 380 389
Cr 305 283 196 277
Ni 135 129 119 133
Cu 166 173 129 122
Zn 111 110 109 110
Rb 129 129 130 129
Sr 762 770 758 761
Y 126 127 127 126
Zr 232 234 237 233
Nb 149 150 150 150
Ba 528 519 521 505

Asterisk indicates total iron reported as Fe2O3

a
See Table 1

2). The flows are essentially identical chemically (Ta-
ble 3), and all are moderately olivine-phyric, almost
indistinguishable in hand sample. Radiocarbon ages
for two members show that they could have been
erupted simultaneously (Tables 1, 3), and the vents
from which the flows were erupted fall on a straight
line. These data strongly suggest that the four flows
erupted from separate vents are the products of a sin-
gle eruptive event from a discontinuous fissure ~3.3
km long.
The correlation of individual members of a co-
eruptive sequence is not made solely on the basis of
similar chemical composition and petrography. Lava
flows erupted in unrelated events, but derived from
similar parental magmas and conditions of magmatic
evolution, should have similar chemical compositions.
Although the lavas within four of the co-eruptive
sequences identified in this study are compositionally
similar, other examples contain compositionally dis-
tinct lava, yet spatial and age information support the
interpretation that they could be co-eruptive. For
example, the lava flows of units hmke and hkhh are
only approximately 0.5 km apart and appear to
emanate from a single continuous fissure that cuts
across a cinder cone formed by a previous eruption.
Radiocarbon ages of ~550120 years B.P. for unit
hmke and ~600140 years B.P. for unit hkhh (Table
1) do not preclude the two lava flows being erupted
simultaneously. However, the chemical compositions
of the two lava flows are extremely different, with
MgO contents differing by ~6.0 wt.% (Table 2).
In total, we have confidently identified four co-
eruptive sequences along the southwest rift zone that
are essentially chemically identical and one other
sequence in which the relationships are less clear.
Total number of HaÅna eruptions
On the axis and flanks of the southwest rift zone, the
HaÅna volcanics form a veneer of lavas, in most places
probably only one to three flows thick, lying on top of
the Kula volcanics. Along the northern flank of the
central and upper southwest rift zone, HaÅna lava and
cinder deposits are widely separated by large kõÅpuka
of weathered Kula flows. Despite the fact that HaÅna
lava flows have preferentially traveled down the
southern flank of the southwest rift zone, there are
three widely separated kõÅpuka of older Kula volcanics
on the southern flank. These observations indicate
that the HaÅna section is thin along the upper flanks of
the rift zone. Although the northern flank of the lower
rift zone has been completely covered by HaÅna lava
flows, much of this lava appears to be very old and
may represent some of the earliest rejuvenated vol-
canic activity on southwest Maui. Only on the south-
 251

ern flank of the lower rift zone, where the area has 60
been completely covered by HaÅna flows and volcanic
activity has continued into the last millennium, is the Cumulative number of eruptions
section of rejuvenated flows likely to be more than a
50
few flows thick. Thus, it is unlikely that many addi-
tional HaÅna flows lie buried beneath the mapped 40
units. The 59 identified units probably represent the
great majority of the rejuvenated volcanic activity that 30 ?
has taken place along the southwest rift zone (Fig. 2).
The total number of HaÅna eruptions on East Maui 20
is unknown. Stearns and Macdonald (1942) suggested
that the section of HaÅna volcanics on the east rift 10 ?
zone might be somewhat thicker than that on the a
southwest rift zone based on the lack of kõÅpuka of 0
older Kula lavas. A simple count of vents using the
map of HaleakalaÅ Crater and aerial photographs of 2.5
the east rift zone reveals roughly the same concentra-
tion of vents per unit length of rift zone. Because at
Cumulative volume erupted (km3)
least 59 eruptions have occurred along ~40% of the
2.0
subaerial southwest rift zone of East Maui, we esti-
mate that there may have been an additional 80±90 1.5
eruptions along the east rift zone including that part
within HaleakalaÅ Crater. The estimated total of ?
140±150 HaÅna volcanics eruptions is at least three 1.0
times greater than the total number of eruptions for
each of the Honolulu and KoÅloa volcanics rejuvena-
tion suites on O`ahu and Kaua`i (Lanphere and Dal- 0.5 ?
rymple 1980; Clague and Dalrymple 1988). b
0.0
50 40 30 20 10 0
Eruption frequency Calibrated yrs B.P. (ka)
We have identified a minimum of 59 eruptive events Fig. 6a Cumulative number of eruptions from the southwest rift
during the 650,000 year duration of southwest rift zone throughout the duration of HaÅna volcanic activity. Erup-
zone HaÅna activity, or a minimum mean eruption tion frequency within the past ~4800 years has increased steadily
frequency of one event per 847 years (Table 4). How- relative to the average eruption frequency during the first
~46,000 years of rejuvenated volcanic activity. b Cumulative vol-
ever, 14C dates and stratigraphic relationships show ume of lava produced from the southwest rift zone throughout
that, of these 59 eruptions, at least 15 were erupted in the duration of HaÅna volcanic activity. Total volume estimate of
the past ~4800 years, and of these, at least six were 2.4 km3 is based on 10-m average thickness for southwest rift
erupted between ~960 and 160 cal years B.P.; thus, zone HaÅna volcanics. Approximately 31% of the total volume of
average eruption frequency on the southwest rift zone HaÅna volcanics from the southwest rift zone has erupted in the
past ~5000 years, or ~10% of our estimated total duration for
apparently has progressively increased toward the southwest rift zone HaÅna activity
present (Fig. 6a; Table 4). Because we are confident
that rejuvenated volcanism from the southwest rift
zone began at least ~50,000 years ago, the trend of we consider this possibility highly unlikely. However,
more frequent eruptions toward the present can be it is possible that, during the first few tens of thou-
offset only if we have not documented some 60 erup- sands of years of rejuvenated activity, there may have
tive events that occurred during the first ~45,200 years been periods when eruption frequency was similar to
of HaÅna volcanic activity. In view of the field evidence that of the past ~4800 years interspersed with periods
for a relatively thin veneer of HaÅna lavas in the area, of relative quiescence.

Table 4 Estimates of eruption

Period Duration No. of eruptions Mean frequency
frequency for individual peri-
(years)a (years)
ods and entire duration of
southwest rift zone HaÅna vol- Entire duration of HaÅna Volcanics 650,000 ~59 6847
canics Onset of HaÅna Volcanics -hkam 645,167 44 61026
hkam-hhan 3743405 19 41645
hhan-hkol 1644157 16 10726

a
See Table 1
252
Our estimates of eruption frequency are for the
southwest rift zone alone. Estimates of eruption
frequency for the entire HaÅna volcanics are not possi-
ble, because the total number of HaÅna eruptions that
have taken place outside of the southwest rift zone is
unknown. However, existing age data do show that
HaÅna eruptions on the east rift zone have occurred
within the same period known for the southwest rift
zone, and there have been at least six eruptions in the
past ~1000 years outside the southwest rift zone
(Crandell 1983; Sherrod and McGeehin 1999). If HaÅna
eruptions along the east rift zone have occurred with
similar frequency as those on the southwest rift zone,
our estimate of the average frequency of eruptions for
East Maui would be doubled, 61/430 years for the
entire span of rejuvenated activity. This estimated
frequency is more than an order of magnitude greater
than estimates of eruption frequency for the Honolulu
and KoÅloa rejuvenation suites on the Ko`olau and
Kaua`i volcanoes (Lanphere and Dalrymple 1980;
Clague and Dalrymple 1988).
Evidence for episodic volcanism
Limited age data on the older eruptive events along
the southwest rift zone preclude a complete assess-
ment of eruptive frequency for the entire span of
HaÅna rejuvenated volcanic activity; however, the rec-
ord of eruptive events from ~4800 cal years B.P. to
the present is almost complete. Of the 15 events
placed within this time interval, ages for nine are con-
strained by 14C or quasi-historical reference, four are
in part constrained by stratigraphic relationships with
14
C-dated units, and one age estimate is based on
extent of weathering and vegetative cover in close
proximity to 14C-dated units. These age constraints
Fig. 7 Age ranges for 15
southwest rift zone lavas less
than 5000 years old (cal years
B.P.). Black lines represent 2s
calibrated age ranges for 14C-
dated units (Table 1). Tick-
marks on age ranges are cal-
ibrated 14C intercepts (Table
Cumulative No. of eruptions
1). Gray lines are estimated
age ranges for undated units,
based on stratigraphic rela-
tions with 14C-dated units,
and degree of weathering
and vegetative cover. Dashed
lines indicate decreasing
confidence
suggest that southwest rift zone volcanic activity dur-
ing the past ~5000 years may have been episodic.
A diagram showing the age ranges of dated and
undated eruptions over the past 5000 years (Fig. 7)
suggests three periods of 1000 years or less in which at
least four eruptions took place along the southwest
rift zone. Times of relatively high eruption frequency
are separated by inactive periods lasting at least 300
years. The products of each individual episode may or
may not be spatially restricted to local areas of the
southwest rift zone (Fig. 8). The oldest period of high
eruption frequency occurred ~3960±2970 cal years
B.P. when four eruptions produced lava flows from
the central and upper southwest rift zone. Although it
is possible that unit hhhb may be older than 3600 cal
years B.P., the extent of weathering and vegetative
cover observed on this lava flow suggests that it was
erupted during approximately the same period as units
hmak, hlaa, and hgab. The episode occurring
~2500±1800 cal years B.P. also was comprised of four
eruptions, all producing ankaramite lavas from vents
restricted to a ~3-km segment of the upper rift zone.
After a quiescent period that lasted at least 800 years,
volcanic activity resumed no earlier than ~960 cal
years B.P. Six eruptions took place over ~506±801
years, the most recent being the Kalua O Lapa erup-
tive event. These recent eruptions were broadly dis-
tributed along the central and lower rift zone axis
with one off-axis eruption. The average time interval
between eruptions during the most recent episode of
volcanic activity was ~100±160 years. Thus, volcanic
activity on the southwest rift zone over the past 5000
years may have occurred in three episodes lasting as
much as 1000 years separated by quiescent periods
~500±800 years long.
Although the timing of eruptions outside of the
southwest rift zone during the past 5000 years is not
16
hkol
14 hkhh
hgta
12 hkan
Period of high
hpim
eruptive frequency
10 hhan
hknh
8 hwhl
Period of high
eruptive frequency
hnae
6 hheb
hmak
4 hgab
hlaa
2 hhhb
Period of high
eruptive frequency hkam
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Calibrated yr B.P.

Fig. 8 Maps showing the areal distribution of southwest rift
zone lava erupted within discrete volcanic episodes during the
past 3960 years (see Fig. 7). Dated lavas are shown in black,
undated lavas are shown in gray
well known, ages for several 14C-dated lavas from the
east rift zone in the past 5000 years fall approximately
within the same periods of high eruption frequency as
those defined on the southwest rift zone. Of the nine
14
C-dated lavas and tephra layers from the east rift
zone, calibrated ages for six fall between 1060 and 520
cal years B.P., and another yields an age of 1821 cal
years B.P. (Crandell 1983; Sherrod and McGeehin
1999). Ages for two other east rift zone eruptions fall
between 4566 and 4091 cal years B.P. (Sherrod and
McGeehin 1999). These two ages, along with the age
for unit hkam (4566±4353 cal years B.P.), indicate that
there was another period of high eruptive activity
253
between ~4600 and 4100 cal years B.P. Charcoal col-
lected from an ash deposited north of HaleakalaÅ
Crater yields an age of 2713 cal years B.P. (Crandell
1983), between our high eruption frequency episodes
on the southwest rift zone. Taken together, these data
suggest that episodes of high eruptive activity may
have characterized the entire volcano, not just one
part of the volcanic system.
Lava flow areas and volumes
Reliable estimates of lava flow areas are limited to
those geologic units with complete or nearly complete
subaerial exposure; thus, the 21 eruptive units with
estimated area and volume are those that lie at or
near the top of the stratigraphic sequence (Table 5).
Subaerial lava flow lengths range from 0.5 to 13 km
254

Table 5 Areas, estimated minimum volumes, and mean thick- to the time-averaged output for early rejuvenated
nesses for selected southwest rift zone lava flows activity (Fig. 6b). According to our estimates, approx-
Unit Area Minimum volume Minimum mean imately 31% (~0.75 km3) of the total volume of HaÅna
(km2) (km3)a thickness (m) volcanics from the southwest rift zone has been
erupted in the past ~5000 years, ~10% of the esti-
hmke 10.14 0.0003 12
hkha 10.21 0.0006 13 mated total duration for southwest rift zone HaÅna
hkhh 10.35 0.0007 12 activity.
hgab 10.60 0.0024 14
hkanb 12.0 0.0078 14
hlaab 12.7 0.011 14
hkolb 14.1 0.012 13
Conclusion
hhab 14.6 0.023 15
hpimb 16.3 0.025 14 Rejuvenated (HaÅna) volcanism along the southwest
hgtab 15.3 0.027 15 rift zone of East Maui began at least 50,000 years B.P.
hkeab 17.0 0.028 14
hhhb 15.7 0.028 15
This ~50,000 minimum onset age implies that the
hhanb 17.6 0.030 13 period of quiescence between postshield and rejuve-
hknh 15.6 0.034 16 nated stages on East Maui is no longer than 380,000
hnae 18.4 0.038 15 years and may be less than 240,000 years, the shortest
hpae 11.6 0.046 14 yet documented on any Hawaiian volcano. Southwest
hpanb 16.7 0.047 17
hwhl 19.9 0.050 15 rift zone HaÅna lavas appear to be derived from similar
hkaib 18.4 0.050 16 parental magmas and related by varying degrees of
hmak 19.5 0.076 18 fractional crystallization. Crystallization simulations
hkamb 40.4 0.40 10 suggest that evolutionary processes are occurring at a
a
Volumes calculated using minimum mean thickness values from
pressure of ~3 kbar, corresponding to a depth of
column three. True mean thickness could be up to two times ~10±11 km. Overall eruption frequency and erupted
greater volume of the HaÅna volcanics along the southwest rift
b
Areas and volumes shown are minima because lava flow zone have increased dramatically in the past ~4800
entered the sea years relative to the time-averaged output for early
rejuvenated volcanism. Volcanic activity on the south-
and widths from a few tens of meters to 3 km. At west rift zone in the last ~4800 years may have
least 44 lava flows reached elevations of 400 m or low- occurred in discrete episodes, with episodes lasting as
er, and at least 28 reached the ocean. Where flows much as 1000 years. Volcanic events within these epi-
entered the ocean, areas and volumes are given as sodes may or may not be spatially restricted to a local-
minima based on subaerial exposures. Accurate esti- ized area on the rift zone.
mates of lava flow thickness are hampered by a lack
of knowledge of pre-eruption topography. Most esti- Acknowledgements We are indebted to D.R. Sherrod and D.A.
Swanson, U.S. Geological Survey, whose critical reviews greatly
mates of lava flow thickness were made at flow mar- improved this article. We thank J.P. McGeehin, U.S. Geological
gins, but the edges of kõÅpuka and rare erosional gullies Survey, for 14C ages. The Hawai`i Space Grant College and the
provide opportunities for thickness measurements in H.T. Stearns Memorial Fund provided partial financial support
the central parts of flows. Despite the uncertainties, for this project. We thank colleagues at the University of
our thickness estimates, and therefore our volume Hawai`i Department of Geology and Geophysics for positive
criticism, especially M.O. Garcia and S.K. Rowland. We are
estimates, probably are accurate within a factor of grateful to the people at the Department of Hawaiian Home
two. Volume estimates are most accurate for thin, Lands, `Ulupalakua Ranch, HaleakalaÅ Ranch, and J. Oka for
small-area flows whose ratio of exposed margin-to- help and hospitality while conducting field research on private
flow area is large, and least accurate for thick, large- lands. Thanks are extended to J. Sinton for making rock thin
sections. This is SOEST contribution no. 4893.
area flows. The total volume of HaÅna lavas erupted
from the southwest rift zone (~2.4 km3) is estimated
by calculating the total subaerial area of HaÅna lavas
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