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f (x+dx)=2(x+dx)3 =2(x+dx)(x2 +2xdx+dx2)

=2(x3 +3x2dx+3xdx2 +dx3)
=2x3 +6x2dx+6xdx2 +2dx3
dy
dx
=f (x)= limit
dx?0
#
f (x+dx)-f (x)
dx
#
= limit
dx?0
#
(2x3 +6x2dx+6xdx2 +2dx3)-(2x3)
dx
#
= limit
dx?0
#
6x2dx+6xdx2 +2dx3
dx
#
= limit
dx?0

6x2 +6xdx+2dx2!
Hence f #(x)=6x2, i.e. the differential coefficient of 2x3 is 6x2.
Problem 7. Find the differential coefficient of y=
4x2 +5x-3 and determine the gradient of the curve at
x=-3
y= f (x)=4x2 +5x-3
f (x+dx)=4(x+dx)2 +5(x+dx)-3
=4(x2 +2xdx+dx2)+5x+5dx-3
=4x2 +8xdx+4dx2 +5x+5dx-3
dy
dx
= f (x)= limit
dx?0
#
f (x+dx)-f (x)
dx
#
= limit
dx?0
????
???
(4x2 +8xdx+4dx2 +5x+5dx-3)
-(4x2 +5x-3)
dx
????
???
= limit
dx?0
#
8xdx+4dx2 +5dx
dx
#
= limit
dx?0
{8x+4dx+5}
i.e.
dy
dx
= f #(x)=8x +5
At x=-3, the gradient of the curve
= dy
dx
= f #(x) = 8(-3) + 5 = -19
Now try the following exercise
hi chfdh dgsdgExercise 120 Further problems on differentiation
from
first principles (Answers on page 283)
In Problems 1 to 12, differentiate from first principles.
1. y=x 2. y=7x
3. y=4x2 4. y=5x3
5. y=-2x2 +3x-12 6. y=23
7. f (x)=9x 8. f (x)= 2x
3
9. f (x)=9x2 10. f (x)=-7x3
11. f (x)=x2 +15x-4 12. f (x)=4
13. Determine
dszfzsfc
dx
(4x3 -1) from first principles
14. Find
dx
dx
(3x2 +5) from first principles
33.5 Differentiation of y=axn by
the general rule
From differentiation by first principles, a general rule for differentiating
axn emerges where a and n are any constants.
This rule is:
if
or, if
y=axn then
dycvx
dx
=anxn-1
f (x)=axn then f #(x)=anxn-1
(Each of the results obtained in worked problems 3 and 7 may be
deduced by using this general rule).
When differentiating, results can be expressed in a number
of ways.