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padOS
2019 Proposal
Ty Booyzen
Table of Contents
!2
padOS Philosophy
!3
Very different.
Much the same.
While the distinction between iOS and padOS should be
made in out-bound marketing and internal teams, the
overall management of padOS and its development
should remain tightly linked with those of iOS to ensure Effectively, designing large-scale, powerful apps will open
continued familiarity, harmonic progression and a flow of developers to two of the most vibrant platforms in the
innovation between the platforms. In fact, padOS should world. Mac users will get access to more apps, and iPad
continue to share the same fundamental building blocks users will get access to the most advanced features.
of iOS by maintaining use of UIKit for app developers to By maintaining parity of core frameworks used for iOS and
build their apps. padOS, and further developing these for macOS,
Designing for iPad with UIKit would also become more developers would be able to easily bundle their iPad,
attractive as Apple brings UIKit frameworks to macOS. iPhone and even their Mac apps together on the App Store.
!4
Benefits
Customers and members of the press will take another look at iPad Pro when confronted with a new OS and
1 productivity-focused features. It would indicate Apple’s confidence in iPad as a long-term answer to personal
computing for the masses. One worth investment and differentiation.
Internal teams who work on padOS will be more easily held accountable for the pace of innovation of the
2 platform. Software innovations on iPad would become an annual event rather than the bi-annual progression as
was seen with iOS 9 and iOS 11.
Distinguishing iPhone and iPad software will liberate UX designers and developers to build experiences specific
3 to iPad without the concern of designing comparable experiences for smaller displays.
Developers will feel liberated to build groundbreaking experiences for padOS without feeling obligated to
4 designate resources to building smaller-screen versions. They’ll also have an added incentive to make their app
full-featured as their padOS app is easily ported over to macOS using common UIKit frameworks.
!5
Mission Control
!6
Philosophy
iPad has always offered an incredible step forward in UX
design: full-screen working environments. However, to
enable more efficient workflows, Slide Over, Split View
and Drag and Drop were introduced. While many have
called for this to be extended into a window-based
desktop UI like on macOS, this would remove much of the
simplicity that makes iPad magical. Instead, the current
Multitasking experience should be made more easily
managed with Mission Control.
!7
Execution
When padOS is introduced, Mission Control should
work immediately without the need for developers to
update their apps.
!8
User Guide
Open Mission Control
To open Mission Control, swipe up and pause in the
middle of the screen to see and switch between
recent apps and app windows.
!9
User Guide
Place Two App Windows in Split View
To open a new app window in a Split View from
Mission Control:
4. Release the app icon on the side that you want the
new app window to be on in the Split View.
!10
User Guide
Place Two App Windows in Split View
To place two full-screen windows that are already
open into a Split View together:
!11
User Guide
Close a Split View and Make Both Windows Full-Screen
To close a Split View and make both windows in the Split
View full-screen:
2. Touch and hold one finger on the first app app window
and another on the second app window in the Split View
you want to separate.
Alternatively:
3. Drag this app window out of the Split View and over the
background of Mission Control and release.
!12
User Guide
Change the Slide Over App to a New App Window
The Slide Over app is an app window that can be
summoned over other windows at any time when you
swipe left from the right edge of the display.
4. Drag the app icon over the current Slide Over app
window and release.
!13
User Guide
Move an App Window from one Split View to
Another
To move an app window from one Split View into
another:
The app window that is moved will retain its size. The
app window that remains in the destination Split View
will resize to fit.
!14
App Windows
!15
Philosophy
With Split View, iPad is able to run two apps side-by-side.
Many apps, though, are containers for documents,
projects or web views. Sometimes two of the same types
of files or views need to be worked on at the same time.
Sometimes they even need to be placed side-by-side like
when you want to move content between documents.
!16
Execution
Window Management
Windows and tabs of a specific app would be viewable by invoking its If a window with multiple tabs is selected from the window manager, it
own window manager with a long press on its icon on the Home would be expanded and options to split the tabbed window into
screen or Dock. The window manager would have options to open a separate windows and an option to close those tabs would be
new window, merge all windows, or close all windows — effectively available.
quitting the app. An app that does not support windows or tabs would If the app icon is tapped on the Home screen or Dock, the most
simply not present a window manager.
recent window or tab of the app would open; helping ensure that the
simplicity currently found with iOS persists.
!17
Execution
App Exposé
Each app’s window manager would also
have the option to “Show More” which
would open an app-specific version of
Mission Control called App Exposé.
!18
Execution
Developer Support
An app would not automatically allow multiple windows or tabs. If
developers wish to support multiple instances of their app, they
would designate this with new keys in the app’s Info.plist file:
UISupportsWindows and UISupportsTabs. A developer could
support either or both of these.
!19
Guide
Open the First or Most Recent App Window
To open the first or most recent app window:
2. Touch and hold the app icon until the window manager
appears.
!20
Guide
Open a New App Window in Split View
To open a new app window in Split View:
1. Open an app.
4. Drag the app icon off the dock and over to the left
or right side of the window and release.
!21
Guide
Open an Existing App Window in Split View
To open an existing app window in Split View:
!22
Guide
Open a New Tab
To open a new tab in an existing app:
3. On the Dock, touch and hold the app icon of the same app
that you already have open.
4. Drag the app icon over the app’s top title bar or tab bar
and release.
Close a Tab
To close a specific app tab just tap the button on the tab
you wish to close.
!23
Guide
Merge Two App Windows Into a Tabbed Window
To merge two app windows into one window with tabs:
3. On the Dock, touch and hold the app icon of the app that you
already have open until the window manager appears.
4. In the window manager, touch and hold the app window you wish
to make a tab.
5. Drag the app window over the current app window’s top title bar
or tab bar, and release.
Alternatively:
2. Touch and hold the first window you wish to make a tab.
!24
Mouse & Trackpad Support
!25
State of Affairs
Since the beginning, iPad has been a magical pane of glass that allows users to touch and
directly interact with their content offering the most versatile computing experience. As
iPad has evolved to handle more tasks for more people, its ability to be used in a vertical
position with the Smart Keyboard has become increasingly popular.
Working with a vertical touch display in this mode for prolonged periods when precision is
needed is ergonomically troublesome — requiring the user to move their hands up to the
display to engage with the content (usually text) that they’re working with.
While touch should never be replaced as the primary input method on iPad in any instance,
in some circumstances users might benefit from an additional, indirect input method that
allows them to interact with their content with precision without lifting their hands from
their desk and keyboard. The solution is a decades old one:
A pointer.
!26
Philosophy
Implementing a pointing system — especially a point-
and-click system — that extends to every part of the iPad
user interface would go deeply against the very nature of
the iPad experience. So, while pointing devices may be
useful, the way they work should be fundamentally
altered for iPad, and their use should be limited to only a
handful instances.
!27
Execution
When a user interacts with a connected Objects that could initially accept input from UIScrollView
mouse or trackpad, padOS will interpret a trackpad or mouse would include those of UIScrollView objects accept scrolling and
these inputs. If the input is recognized as a the following classes: zooming assuming the appropriate
system-wide gesture such as those for UITextField UIScrollView delegates, and maximum and
switching between apps, going to the home minimum zoom scales are set.
UITextField objects accept movement of the
screen, or opening notification center,
text insertion point, selection and a SFSafariViewController & WKWebView
padOS will enact the expected changes at a
secondary click. SFSafariViewController and WKWebView
system level.
UITextView objects accept scrolling and zooming based
If padOS detects any other type of input, it
on associated UIScrollView delegates.
UITextView objects accept movement of the
will check for an object designated as a first
text insertion point, selection and a UIGestureRecognizer
responder by the firstResponder() method.
secondary click. They also accepts scrolling UIGestureRecognizer class objects will
If there is such an object and it supports
and zooming assuming the appropriate recognize some input from a trackpad for
trackpad or mouse input, it will handle the
UIScrollView delegates have been inherited.
use within applications. This includes
input appropriately for its view.
swiping left and right for navigating a view
hierarchy.
!28
User Guide
Move Your Text Insertion Point
Magic Trackpad
Pinch in or out on your
trackpad to zoom in or out.
!33
User Guide
Open Notification Center
Magic Trackpad
Slide two fingers from the
top edge of your trackpad.
!34
User Guide
View the Slide Over App
Magic Trackpad
While in another app window, slide two
fingers from the right edge of your trackpad.
!35
User Guide
Move Between Apps
Magic Trackpad
To see all the windows of your current app,
swipe four fingers down on your trackpad.
!38
User Guide
Return to Your Home Screen
Magic Trackpad
To go to your Home screen, pinch closed
four fingers on your trackpad.
!39
Files
allow users to move large files easily from one Philosophy __________________________________41
Arguments _________________________________42
device to another, and even make local backups.
Execution___________________________________43
And with iCloud Drive Sharing, collaborating with
iCloud Drive Sharing___________________________________44
others on shared files and folders would be easy.
Philosophy _________________________________44
Execution ___________________________________45
!40
External File Storage Support
Philosophy
With the introduction of USB-C on iPad Pro in 2018,
many were left wondering why external file storage
support wasn’t included. This is an especially
important feature for professionals and creatives who
need to transfer large files over to their local or
iCloud storage.
!41
External File Storage Support
Arguments
Two potential arguments that need to be considered include:
Opening iPad up to external storage options may expose users to additional security risk. However, through
1 sandboxing and a lack of support for running apps from an external disk, file transfers can be handled safely
and securely much the same as how online file storage locations are already managed by the Files app.
Customers may view this feature as a reason to forgo larger storage options which offer higher profit margins.
However, not adding this feature for the sake of up-selling would be user-hostile and antithetical to Apple’s
2 values. For most, it probably wouldn’t reduce the value of larger internal and iCloud storage either given the
additional convenience these offer. In fact, iPad may become more like a digital hub for some users which will
make larger internal storage even more attractive.
!42
External File Storage Support
Execution
The elements needed to execute this feature are already mostly present. The
iOS Files app provides the perfect environment for handling external storage.
The deeply-ingrained sandboxing principles of iOS and the inability to run
from an external disk without importing first, ensure the integrity of the
security of iPad and padOS.
The necessary drivers and support for file formats such as exFAT and FAT32
are already built into macOS, and read-only support for NTFS is also
available. These could be ported to padOS much the same as how drivers for
microphones, keyboards, etc. have already made their way to iOS.
!43
iCloud Drive Sharing
Philosophy
In a world where inter-personal computing has become as important as
personal computing, teams in education and enterprise have come to
collaborate on their projects almost entirely through online sharing.
Currently, Google’s GSuite is the primary way teams accomplish this
giving Google a stronghold in both segments — especially education.
This is particularly concerning given Google’s reluctance to extend a
good experience with these services to iPad and iOS.
!44
iCloud Drive Sharing
Execution
Currently, users can share any file with an iCloud link. With padOS and updates to iOS and
macOS, users would also be able to select any iCloud folder, and share it and all of its contents
through a single link.
When a user receives a shared iCloud Drive link, their Apple device would add the folder or file
to a location of the user’s choosing in their iCloud Drive through either the Files or Finder app.
This shared file or folder will sit alongside their own content but be designated as shared.
The file or folder will be hosted by the original sharer who can control access to it, including
designating read or write privileges. If the original sharer deletes the file or folder, they will be
able to transfer control or remove it entirely.
Developers will have access to new methods in the UIDocument class that will allow them to
add additional features for documents that are shared with iCloud. This would include live-
updating.
Each user who has access to the file or folder will be visible to others under the name they
choose for their iCloud account. If a link is sent to someone not on one of Apple’s platforms,
they will be able to sign up for a free iCloud account. They can then access it through
iCloud.com or their iCloud folder managed using iCloud for Windows.
!45
Multiple Users
!46
Philosophy
iOS already supports multiple users for education customers with
education profiles. However, offering this feature to everyone using
padOS would have far-reaching benefits.
With such a strong reliance on iCloud, sharing iOS devices has become
increasingly difficult for families when individuals want to protect their
own private data. Having the ability to create multiple user accounts
would facilitate this sharing more easily and securely. The same would
be true for businesses who have iPad that are shared with multiple
employees who need different apps or who have different business
accounts.
!47
Execution
Account Types Account States
User accounts would be managed through a new section in User accounts can exist in 4 states:
Settings. Accounts can be designated as: Logged Out — the user has not logged in, and their account has
Administrator — able to make changes across the entire system not been loaded. This is equivalent to a single user having their
including to other user accounts, administrators can force users iPad turned off.
to log out, can update the device, can share a data plan with other Logged In — once logged in, a user’s apps and services load
users, and add or delete users. Administrators can also adjust much like when a single user turns on their iPad.
Screen Time and parental control settings for standard users.
Locked — when an account is locked but still logged into, apps
Standard User — able to make changes to only their own and notifications will continue to refresh in the background.
account, standard users cannot update padOS, change data plan Depending on the user’s settings, notifications will be available on
settings or edit other users. their lock screen.
Guest Account — an ephemeral account, guest accounts will lose Unlocked — An unlocked account is an account that is logged in
all data upon logging out. Administrators can choose which apps and currently active.
to make available on the guest account based on what they have
already downloaded. Guest accounts cannot access Settings.
!48
Execution
When a standard user account is If a user logs out, the Touch ID and A passcode will be required for all
created, it is assigned a unique Data Face ID subsystems discard their users if iPad is in any of the
Protection key in the Secure keys, requiring the user to log back following states:
Enclave. This key is then wrapped in with their password.
• The iPad has just been turned on
Security with the keys that are assigned to
A passcode will be required for a or restarted.
administrators’ accounts and
Each user account is assigned a specific user if iPad is in any of the
encrypted using their own Data • The iPad has received a remote
unique key for the highest class of following states:
Protection key. These keys are not lock command.
Data Protection. These keys, held
lost at any time giving • The user account hasn’t been
in the Secure Enclave, are used to • After initiating power off/
administrators access to and control unlocked for more than 48
unlock files and Keychain items for Emergency SOS.
over standard users’ accounts. hours.
each individual user. They are only
Memory Control
available to the system until the When a user logs in for the first time • The passcode hasn’t been used
When an account is locked but still
user inputs their password. When a with their password, the Secure to unlock the account in the last
logged in, and another user account
device with Touch ID or Face ID Enclave provides the Data 156 hours and the account
is logged into and unlocked, the
enabled locks, these keys are not Protection Key. When the device hasn’t been unlocked by
second user account will be loaded
discarded but are wrapped with a sleeps or the user locks their biometric authentication in the
into memory and the first account’s
key that’s given to the Touch ID or account, this key is not lost but last four hours.
state will be relegated to storage.
Face ID subsystem inside the wrapped with a key given to the • After five unsuccessful biometric
Secure Enclave. When these biometric authentication system. During times of low memory and
match attempts.
systems detect a successful match, This remains true if another user CPU use, the system will pull the
they provide the key for logs in to their account. The locked but logged in accounts’
unwrapping the Data Protection authentication subsystems can wrap states from storage and refresh for
keys and the account is unlocked. multiple keys. notifications.
!49
Xcode for iPad Beta
!50
Philosophy
For iPad to truly represent the future of personal computing, apps
used in this future on iPad and iPhone need to be buildable on iPad.
Xcode for iPad would enable existing developers to do this but it
would also spur millions more users (especially younger users) to
learn to code, build an app, and share it with the world.
!51
Conclusion