Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Introduction
What is a fluid?
Three common states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas.
A fluid is either a liquid or a gas.
If surface effects are not present, flow behaves similarly in all
common fluids, whether gases or liquids.
Formal definition of a fluid - A fluid is a substance which deforms
continuously under the application of a shear stress.
Definition of stress - A stress is defined as a force per unit area,
acting on an infinitesimal surface element.
Stresses have both magnitude (force per unit area) and direction,
and the direction is relative to the surface on which the stress acts.
There are normal stresses and tangential stresses.
Normal stress σn=Fn /dA
Shear stress σt = Ft / dA
1
What is Mechanics?
So, putting it all together, there are two branches of fluid mechanics:
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
Specific weight (γ) = force exerted by the earth's gravity upon a unit
volume of the substance
γ = ρg where m/v=ρ
2
[γ] = [ML-2T-2].
Viscosity
Kinematic viscosity, n
3
Definition: is the ratio of the viscosity to the density;
n m/
• Will be found to be important in cases in which significant viscous
and gravitational forces exist.
Units: m2/s
Typical values:
Water = 1.14x10-6 m2/s; Air = 1.46x10-5 m2/s;
In general,
viscosity of liquids ↓ with ↑ temperature, whereas
Viscosity of gases ↑ with ↓ in temperature.
Unit Table
4
Newton classified fluids on the basis of their viscosity as
Newtonian fluids and non-Newtonian fluids
obey refer
Fluid Newton’s law Newtonian fluids
of viscosity
Example:
du
Newton’s law of viscosity tm Air
dy Water
o t = shear stress Oil
o m = viscosity of fluid Gasoline
Alcohol
o du/dy = shear rate, rate of strain or velocity gradient Kerosene
For Newtonian fluids Shear stress in directly proportional to Benzene
shear strain
Glycerine
a linear relationship between shear stress and the velocity
gradient (rate of shear),
the slope is constant
the viscosity is constant
Do not obey
Fluid Newton’s law Non- Newtonian
of viscosity fluids
5
Ideal Fluid
That fluid which offers no resistance to its flow.
So viscosity of such a fluid is zero and there are no energy loses.
In reality such fluid does not exists.
Bulk modulus
The bulk modulus (K) of a substance measures the substance's
resistance to uniform compression.
It is defined as the pressure increase needed to decrease the volume by a
factor of 1/e . Its base unit is the pascal