LITREATURE REVIEW

 According to S.E.Thomas, “Labour consists of all human effort of body or of mind,

which is undertaken in the expectation of reward”. Therefore, the term labour as is
‘generally’ used to refers either to those persons who live by selling their services
directly to the employers or to the services that they sell.

 Assaf Razin and Efraim Sadka (2000) studied impact of skilled migration in a welfare
state and found that if the economy has a good access to the capital markets; migration
is beneficial to all.

 Stalker (2000) he examines that the skilled workers are well- paid comparatively
unskilled workers. The employers pay higher wages to skilled workers to do the
pleasant jobs because they want to keep wage differentials between the two segments
of jobs. It pays them more income.

 Alexander Betts (2011) he examines governance of high skilled labour migration. He

argues that governance in this area is predominantly characterized by unilateralism and
bilateralism. The costs and benefits of high-skilled labour migration are largely
confined to the sending state, the receiving state, and the migrant. high-skilled migration
is likely to be a private good, implying that one would expect unilateralism and bilateralism
rather than multilateralism.

 As per Francis Cherunilam “Internal migration refers to migration from one place to
another place within a country. The terms ‘in-migration’ and ‘out-migration’ are related
to internal migration. In-migration’ refers to migration into a place from another place
within the same country and ‘out-migration’ refers to migration out of a place to another
place within the same country. Thus, the term ‘out-migration’ is used with reference to
the area of origin (departure) of the migrant and the term ‘in-migration’ is used with
reference to the area of destination (arrival) of the migrant. However, sometimes the
terms ‘immigration’ and ‘in-migration are used as synonymous. So are terms
‘emigration’ and ‘out-migration”

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 Harris & Todaro (1970) said the neo-classical economics theory is probably the oldest
and best-known theory of migration, which gives explanation of skilled labour
migration in economic development According to this theory, migration is a result of
the uneven geographical distribution of skilled labour and capital. Formulated a two-
sector model of rural-urban migration. Migration proceeds in response to urban-rural
differences in expected earnings with the urban employment rate acting as equilibrium
force on such migration. The resulting differentials in wages cause workers to move
from low wage areas to high wage areas. It has the advantage of combining a micro
perspective of individual decision-making and a macro-counterpart of structural
determinants. At a macro level, it is a theory about the spatial redistribution of the
factors of production responding to different relative prices.

 The migrant’s intention of permanent change in residence distinguishes permanent

skilled labour migration from temporary skilled labour migration (Zelinsky, 1971). In
permanent skilled labour migration, the usual place of residence of the migrants is
changed and their chances of returning home are weak. In contrast, in temporary labour
migration, migrants continue to remain a usual member of the household and they tend
to move circularly between the places of origin and destination.

 Skeldon (1993) has built upon the work of Zelinsky by being more specific about the
processes in development that generate clear patterns of migration over time. He
described the mobility transition as a systematic sequence of change in the spatial
patterns of mobility over time. He argued that movement shifts from local short-
distance migration, to massive rural-to-urban migration (mainly to the largest cities)
but still temporary, to a situation where mobility becomes more permanent. Later,
commuting becomes dominant and there is some decentralization of urban areas with
migration to smaller urban areas. The mobility transition is linked to transformations in
production relations (Guest, 1999).

 Temporary skilled labour migrants refer to individuals whose place of residence differs
from their place of registration. Permanent migrants, in contrast, refer to migrants who
have changed them registration to the place of residence (Goldstein & Goldstein,
1991).
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 Jisuk Chun (1996), in his study of the causal relationship between migration and
employment changes, causes and consequences of migration, found that both
employment and migration affect each other, but the effect of employment on net
migration is stronger than that of the vice versa. According to him, economic factors
like employment and investment opportunities are the most important determinants of
migration and migration is a means of achieving economic efficiency and equality.

 Lakshmana Rao, G. (1973) studied political and trade union attachment of migrant
workers and found that migrants must face new social and occupational environment at
destination, including with new friends and neighbours. They must undertake new
occupation hitherto unknown to them but, friends and relatives help the new one in
getting job and accommodation facilities. Similarly, depending upon his occupation and
friendship, he must join a skilled labour union or professional or trade association.

 Nair (1986) has analysed the positive and negative impact of emigration at the
household level. The social and psychological stresses faced by the emigrant families
were showed some important negative effects while the attitudinal changes were the
important positive effects of migration. The study also regarded that the emigrants
became more positively inclined towards the education of their children, both boys and
girls, but the freedom granted to daughters in matters of education, career and marriages
was much more limited than that granted to sons.

 Sekhar (1998) has examined the impact of male migration on the family at home. He
saw that the emigration of male exposed the traditional village woman to an entirely
different situation. He also found that the women left behind adjusted very well to the
challenges in life brought on by the male migration. Women in the absence of males
from migrant households gained self-confidence, self-esteem and better status within
the family. He also seen that the male migration has triggered a manifold empowerment
of rural women which has a significant impact on the conservative rural set up.

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 REFRRENCE
I. Quoted in Tyagi B.P, Labour Economics and Social Welfare, Second Edition, P.1
(A.D offset printers, Meerut).
II. Assaf Razin and Efiaim Sadka, Unskilled Migration: A Burden or a Boon for the
Welfare State? Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Vo1.102 (3), 2000, pp 463-479.
III. Stalker, (2000): Workers without Frontiers”, World Labour Report, International
Labour Organization, Geneva, p. 132.
IV. Alexander Betts(2011):Global Migration Governance, Oxford Scholarship Online,
p.10-19
V. Francis Cherunilam, Migration: Causes, Correlates, Consequences, Trends and
Policies, P.3 (Himalaya Publishing House, Delhi,1987)
VI. Harris, J., & Todaro, M. P. (1970). Migration, unemployment, and development: A two
sector analysis. American Economic Review, 60, 126-42.
VII. Zelinsky, W. (1971). The hypothesis of the mobility transition. Geographical Review,
61, 219-249.
VIII. Skeldon, R. (1993). Population mobility in developing countries: A reinterpretation.
London: Belhaven.
IX. Goldstein, A., Goldstein, S., & Guo, S. (1991). Temporary migrants in Shanghai
households, 1984. Demography, 28, 275-291.
X. Jisuk Chun, Inter-regional Migration and Regional Development, Avebury, Ashgate
Publishing Ltd., Hants, England. 1996
XI. Lakshmana Rao. G, Internal Migration and Political Change in India. National
Publishing House. New Delhi. 1973.
XII. Maritsa V Poros, The Role Of Network In Linking Local Skilled labour Market: The
Case Of Asian Migration To New York And London, Global Networks, Vol. 1,
N0.3,2001, pp. 43-259
XIII. Nair, P.R. Gopinathan, (1986): Asian Migration to the Arab World: Migration from
Kerala (India), U.N. University Press,Tokyo.
XIV. Sekhar,T.V, (1998): “Social Effects of Gulf Migration: Impact of male Emigration on
Women and Family”, in Prakash B A (ed.), op.cit, pp.135-150