Electrical Power and Energy Systems 55 (2014) 554–561

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Electrical Power and Energy Systems

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijepes

Intelligent control of a grid-connected wind-photovoltaic hybrid power

systems
Chih-Ming Hong, Chiung-Hsing Chen ⇑
Department of Electronic Communication Engineering, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan, ROC

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: A grid-connected wind-photovoltaic (PV) hybrid power system is proposed, and the steady-state model
Received 18 July 2013 analysis and the control strategy of the system are presented in this paper. The system consists of the PV
Received in revised form 21 September power, wind power, and an intelligent power controller. The General Regression Neural Network (GRNN)
2013
algorithm applied to PV generation system which has non-linear characteristic and analyzed perfor-
Accepted 12 October 2013
mance. A high-performance on-line training radial basis function network-sliding mode (RBFNSM) algo-
rithm is designed to derive the turbine speed to extract maximum power from the wind. To achieve a fast
and stable response for the power control, the intelligent controller consists of a RBFNSM and a GRNN for
Keywords:
Photovoltaic (PV)
maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control. The pitch angle of wind turbine is controlled by RBFNSM,
Wind turbine and the PV system uses GRNN, where the output signal is used to control the boost converters to achieve
Hybrid power system the MPPT. The simulation results confirm that the proposed hybrid generation system can provide high
Radial basis function network-sliding model efficiency with the use of MPPT.
(RBFNSM) Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
General Regression Neural Network (GRNN)
Maximum power point tracking (MPPT)

1. Introduction
Today renewable power systems are becoming more and more
popular, with the increase of energy demand and the concern of
environmental pollution around the world. Wind energy and pho-
tovoltaic energy have complementary characters. Combining wind
energy and photovoltaic in one system (hybrid system) increases
the reliability of this system and reduces the storage batteries
[1]. The major advantage of the system is that it meets the basic
power requirements of non-electrified remote areas, where grid
power has not yet reached. The power generated from both wind
and solar components is stored in a battery bank for use whenever
required. A hybrid renewable energy system utilizes two or more
energy production methods, usually solar and wind power. The
main advantage of solar/wind hybrid system is that when solar
and wind power production is used together, the reliability of
the system is enhanced. Additionally, the size of battery storage
can be reduced slightly as there is less reliance on one method of
power production. Often, when there is no sun, there is plenty of
wind. Wind speeds are often low in periods (summer, eventually)
when the sun resources are at their best. On the other hand, the
wind is often stronger in seasons (the winter, in many cases) when
there are less sun resources. Even during the same day, in many re-
⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +886 7 3617141x3318; fax: +886 7 3650833.
E-mail address: chiung@webmail.nkmu.edu.tw (C.-H. Chen).
gions worldwide or in some periods of the year, there are different
and opposite patterns in terms of wind and solar resources. And
those different patterns can make the hybrid systems the best op-
tion in electricity production. A hybrid wind–solar electric system
demands a higher initial investment than single larger systems:
large wind and solar PV systems are proportionally cheaper than
smaller systems.
For PV power generation, it usually consists of an array of PV
panels and a power converter. By regulating the converter, the
maximum power point of PV panels can be tracked. Over the years,
different MPPT techniques have been proposed for PV power gen-
eration. These methods mainly include the perturbation and obser-
vation method (P&O) [2], the power matching, the incremental
conductance, the hill-climbing search, the power differential feed-
back control, the curve fitting, the dc-link capacitor droop control,
the intelligent control, and some other special control methods.
Among them, the P&O method is adopted by most researchers be-
cause of its simplicity and system independence. Novel methods
are developed with higher accuracy but complex process, such as
optimum gradient method, fuzzy logic control (FLC) and neural
networks (NN). These technique could also be costly, difficult to
implement, and may not be stable enough. General Regression
Neural Network (GRNN) has been applied in a number of applica-
tions for system control and identification. This algorithm has a
number of advantages over competing algorithm. GRNN is non-
parametric and a one-pass learning algorithm with a highly paral-

0142-0615/$ - see front matter Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2013.10.024
 C.-M. Hong, C.-H. Chen / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 55 (2014) 554–561 555

lel structure. It makes no assumptions concerning the form of the 2.1. Wind turbine
underlying distribution. GRNN is simpler than other existing algo-
rithms. The advantage of the proposed algorithm is that it is very In order to capture the maximal wind energy, it is necessary to
simple to implement, neither the trial-and-error process nor prior install the power electronic devices between the wind turbine gen-
knowledge about the parameters is required. erator (WTG) and the grid where the frequency is constant. The in-
Previous research has focused on three types of maximum wind put of a wind turbine is the wind and the output is the mechanical
power extraction methods, namely tip speed ratio (TSR) control, power turning the generator rotor [8]. For a variable speed wind
power signal feedback (PSF) control and hill-climb searching turbine, the output mechanical power available from a wind tur-
(HCS) control. TSR control regulates the wind turbine rotor speed bine could be expressed as
to maintain an optimal TSR. PSF control requires the knowledge
1
of the wind turbine’s maximum power curve, and tracks this curve Pm ¼ qAC p ðk; bÞV 3x ð1Þ
through its control mechanisms. Among previously developed 2
wind turbine MPPT strategies, the TSR direction control method where q and A are air density and the area swept by blades, respec-
is limited by the difficulty in wind speed and turbine speed mea- tively. Vx is the wind velocity (m/s), and Cp is called the power coef-
surements [3]. Radial Basis Function Network (RBFN) not only ficient, and is given as a nonlinear function of the tip speed ratio
has the ability of parallel computing, learning and fault tolerance (TSR) k defined by
but also be able to approximate any complicated nonlinearity infi-
xr r
nitely. Sliding mode variable structure control is a special discon- k¼ ð2Þ
Vx
tinuous nonlinear control strategy, which has strong robustness
against parameter variations, load disturbances and uncertainty where r is wind turbine blade radius, and xr is the turbine speed. Cp
of system, with the advantage of rapidness and easy realization. is a function of k and the blade pitch angle b.
Combining neural network with sliding mode variable control A variable-speed pitch-regulated wind turbine is considered in
not only has strong robustness which can resist system perturba- this paper, where the pitch angle controller plays an important
tion and outer interference but also be able to eliminate the buffet- role. Fig. 2 shows the groups of C p  k curves of the wind turbine
ing. In this paper, a RBFNSM-based with TSR MPPT strategy is used in this study at different pitch angles [9]. It is noted from
proposed for wind turbine generator. the figure that Cp can be changed by adjusting the pitch angle
There are some works on hybrid systems. In [4], the dynamic (b). In other words, the output power of the wind turbine can be
performance of a stand-alone wind–solar system with battery stor- regulated by pitch angle control.
age was analyzed, where a wind turbine system model was devel-
oped and compared with a real system. Methodologies for optimal 2.2. PV cell conventional model
design or unit sizing of stand-alone or grid-connected hybrid sys-
tems have been proposed using steady-state analysis [5–7], where Fig. 3 shows the circuit equivalent of a PV cell. The equivalent
the steady-state performance of a grid-connected wind and PV sys- equation of the PV cell is as follows [6]:
tem with battery storage was analyzed. For wind-PV hybrid power  
generation, it has two branches-namely, the wind power genera- nKT Iph
V PV ¼ ln þ1 ð3Þ
tion and the PV power generation. Since the wind power and PV q IPV
power can compensate each other to some extent during the day
   
and night, the development of the wind-PV hybrid power genera- qðV PV þ IPV Rs Þ V PV þ Rs IPV
tion is attractive. For the grid-connected system, the interface be- IPV ¼ Iph  IPVO exp 1  ð4Þ
nKT Rsh
tween the hybrid generation system and the power grid has to
be specially designed which involves costly hardware and complex where Rs and Rsh are series and shunt resistances (X), respectively.
control. For the stand-alone off-grid system, the hybrid generation Iph is photocurrent of the PV Cell (A), n is the ideality factor of p–n
system can easily be set up in remote and isolated areas where a junction, IPVO is the reverse saturation current (A), K is Boltzmann
connection to the utility network is either impossible or unduly constant (1.38  1023 J/K), q is the electronic charge
expensive. (1.602  1019 C), and T is temperature of cell (K).

2. System component characteristic

The proposed wind and PV hybrid system is shown in Fig. 1. Dy-

namic models of the main components were developed using
MATLAB/Simulink, consisting of wind energy conversion systems
(WECS), PV generation systems, load, and grid.

Bus
PV1 Photovoltaic WT1 Wind
4.8kW Turbine 4kW

PV2 Photovoltaic WT2 Wind

2.4kW Turbine 2kW

Grid Load

Fig. 1. Proposed hybrid micro-grid power system. Fig. 2. C p  k characteristics of the WECS at different pitch angles.
556 C.-M. Hong, C.-H. Chen / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 55 (2014) 554–561
PV Cell
Ipv
Rs
Ipvo
Rsh
Iph
Vpv
Fig. 3. Equivalent circuit of PV cell.
To maximize the fill factor is to maximize the ratio of photocur-
rent to reverse saturation current while minimize series resistance
Rs and maximum shunt resistance Rsh within the PV cell. Hence, we
could assume that series resistance Rs is close to zero and shunt
resistance Rsh is close to infinite, thus, Eq. (4) can be simplified to
be rewritten by ignoring Rs and Rsh as shown below [7]:
   
qðV PV þ IPV Rs Þ
IPV ¼ Iph  IPVO exp 1
nKT
3. MPPT Control for PV systems
With the cost of PV cell, it is necessary to implement MPPT to
have the voltage operating close to the maximum power point un-
der the changing environment. The proposed PV systems are com-
posed of an array of 4  3 and 4  6 panels, dc/dc converter, dc/ac
inverter and control algorithm, generally performed by a micro-
controller to track the maximum power continuously. MPPT is also
used to provide a constant voltage to the required load [10].
3.1. Perturbation and Observation (P&O) method
The most common method in this field is the P&O method [2]. It
periodically increases or decreases the PV cell’s voltage as men-
tioned before to seek the maximum power point. In this paper, a
variable step method is proposed to search for the maximum
power point, where the step lengths is adjusted according to the
distances to the maximum power point (MPP). The ratio of the var-
iation of power (P) to voltage (V) is considered as the step length of
duty ratio D, which is actually the slope of each operating point un-
der very short sampling time. Fig. 4 shows the control block of the
P&O method.
3.2. General Regression Neural Network (GRNN)
3.2.1. Generalized regression
The GRNN was proposed by Specht as an alternative to the well
known back-error propagation training algorithm for feed-forward
neural network. This neural network like other probabilistic neural
networks needs only a fraction of the training samples a backprop-
agation neural network would need [11,12]. The data available
from measurements of an operating system is generally never en-
DC /DC
Converter DC /AC
I pv Vpv
PV
P& O PWM
Fig. 4. Block diagram of P&O Method.
ough for a backpropagation neural network. Therefore the use of a
probabilistic neural network is especially advantageous due to its
ability to converge to the underlying function of the data with only
few training samples available. The additional knowledge needed
+ to get the fit in a satisfying way is relatively small and can be done
without additional input by user.
The probability density function used in GRNN is the normal
distribution. Each training sample, Xj, is used as the mean of a nor-
- mal distribution.
Pn h i
D2
i¼1 Y i
exp  2ri 2
YðXÞ ¼ P h i ð6Þ
n D2i
i¼1 exp  2r2
D2i ¼ ðX  X i ÞT ðX  X i Þ ð7Þ
The distance Dj between the training sample and the point of pre-
diction, is used as a measure of how well the each training sample
can represent the position of prediction X. If the Distance Dj, be-
tween the training sample and the point of prediction is small,
expðD2j =2r2 Þ, becomes big. For Dj = 0, expðD2j =2r2 Þ becomes
ð5Þ one and the point of evaluation is represented best by this training
sample. The distance to all the other training samples is bigger. A
bigger distance Dj, causes the term expðD2j =2r2 Þ to become smal-
ler and therefore the contribution of the other training samples to
the prediction is relatively small. The term Y j  expðD2j =2r2 Þ for
the jth training sample is the biggest one and contributes very much
to the prediction. The standard deviation or the smoothness param-
eter r, as it is named in [11], is subject to a search. For a bigger
smoothness parameter, the possible representation of the point of
evaluation by the training sample is possible for a wideer range of
X. For a small value of the smoothness parameter the representation
is limited to a narrow range of X, respectively.
3.2.2. Architecture
A four-layer GRNN with a boost converter shown in Fig. 5 is
adopted to implement the controller where the control law VMPPT
is generated, and x11 ¼ V PV , x12 ¼ IPV and x13 ¼ Temperature. The
PWM module is used to generate PWM pulses to control the duty
cycle of the switch. A general structure of the GRNN can be illus-
trated as in Fig. 6. The calculations performed in each pattern neu-
ron of GRNN are expðD2j =2r2 Þ, the normal distribution centered
at each training sample. The signals of the pattern neuron i, going
into the Denominator neuron are weighted with the corresponding
values of the training samples Yi. The weights on the signals going
into the Numerator neuron are one. Each sample from the training
data influences every point that is being predicted by GRNN. Input
layer will simply channel in the input vector to the GRNN, and its
distance to the recorded patterns are then calculated in each of the
pattern nodes at pattern layer. The summation layer will perform
the summing operation as for the upper and lower parts of (9),
and the final network’s output is obtained at the output layer
which performs the normalization function [13,14]. The two sum-
mation units Denominator and Numerator to output layer, which is
given by:
PV
DC/DC
DC/AC Load
Load Ipv V pv Converter Vdc
V MPPT
GRNN PWM
Temperature
Fig. 5. Block diagram of Intelligent MPPT Method.
 C.-M. Hong, C.-H. Chen / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 55 (2014) 554–561 557

V dc Pitch Servo
-
max
Pout
+ - + 1
V MPPT PI Controller WECS
Pref
+ +
τs
Supercised
PV
learning Pout min
System
law

Y (X )
Output
Neuron
(a)
σ
Online

Numerator Denominator learning

Summation Pitch Servo
Neurons
max
Pout
Y1 - RBFNSM + 1
Yi Yj WECS
Pref
Yp
Pattern +
Controller
+
τs
Neurons Pout min

(b)
Input
Neurons

Fig. 7. Pitch control for WECS (a) PI controller and (b) RBFNSM controller.
X1 X2 X3

Fig. 6. Structure of the four-layer GRNN.

" #
Xn
D2i
Denominator ¼ Y i exp  2 ; k ¼ 1; 2 ð8Þ
i¼1
2r

" #
X
n
D2i
Numerator ¼ exp  ð9Þ
i¼1
2r 2

4. MPPT control for wind energy systems

The wind power generation system studied in this paper is

shown in Fig. 7, and the proposed pitch angle control system using
PI and RBFNSM is explained in this section.

4.1. RBFNSM controller design

Suppose switching function is RBFN input, the sliding mode con-

troller is taken as the output of neural network, and the RBFNSM
control can be built by utilizing the ability of self-learning [15–
17]. The structure of RBFNSM controller can be illustrated in Fig. 8. Fig. 8. Architecture of the RBFNSM.
We can defined the sliding surface as:
_
sðtÞ ¼ ceðtÞ þ eðtÞ ð10Þ xj  cij
Dbij ¼ ½yðtÞ  ym ðtÞwj 2
ð14Þ
where Pout and Pref represent the actual output power and the refer- bj
ence output power of the generator, respectively. e denotes the
tracking error. cij ðtÞ ¼ cij ðt  1Þ þ gDcij þ a½cij ðt  1Þ  cij ðt  2Þ ð15Þ
Based on gradient descent algorithm, the iterative algorithm of
output weight, central vector of mode and base width constant can where g is adaptive rate, a is momentum factor.
be expressed as: The sliding mode controller is designed as the output of RBFN,
and the signal propagation and the basic function in each layer
wj ðtÞ ¼ wj ðt  1Þ þ g½yðtÞ  ym ðtÞhj þ a½wj ðt  1Þ  wj ðt  2Þ
are introduced in the following.
ð11Þ
4.1.1. Layer 1: Input layer
kX  cj k2 In the input layer, the node is defined by
Dbj ¼ ½yðtÞ  ym ðtÞwj hj 3
ð12Þ
bj
net11 ¼ s11 ðkÞ
ð16Þ
bj ðtÞ ¼ bj ðt  1Þ þ gDbj þ a½bj ðt  1Þ  bj ðt  2Þ ð13Þ y11 ðkÞ ¼ f11 ðnet11 ðkÞÞ ¼ net 11 ðkÞ

where k represents the kth iteration, s11 ðkÞ is switching surface.

558 C.-M. Hong, C.-H. Chen / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 55 (2014) 554–561

4.1.2. Layer 2: Hidden layer The base width b1j is updated according to the following equation
In the hidden layer, the node is defined by that
ks21  cj k2 b1j ðt þ 1Þ ¼ b1j þ gb Db1j ð26Þ
net 2j ðkÞ ¼  2
bj ð17Þ where gb is the learning rate.
   
y2j ¼ fj2 net2j ðkÞ ¼ exp net2j ðkÞ ; j ¼ 1; 2; . . . ; m
5. Simulation results
where cj is the central vector of jth mode. bj is the base width con-
stant of jth mode and bj > 0. The hybrid system shown in Fig. 1 is implemented in the Mat-
lab/Simpower environment. Parameters of the WECS, and the PV
4.1.3. Layer 3: Output layer array used in the simulation are shown in Table 1. Many tests were
In the output layer, the node input and output are represented as conducted to show performance of the model under various condi-
X
net 3o ¼ wj y2j ðkÞ tions, with the comparison of various MPPT schemes [20–24]
j ð18Þ including the typical PI and P&O method .

y3o ðkÞ ¼ fo3 net3o ðkÞ ¼ net3o ðkÞ ¼ bc
5.1. MPPT system performance
ð3Þ
where yo ðkÞ is the output of the RBFNSM and also the pitch angle
command of the proposed controller. 5.1.1. Wind power MPPT
Once the RBFNSM has been initialized, a supervised learning is Time domain simulation was run for the hybrid power system
used to train this system based on gradient descent. The derivation with constant load under sufficient wind and irradiance. The out-
is the same as that of the back-propagation algorithm [18,19]. It is put power from WECS is shown in Fig. 9. From Fig. 9, it can be seen
employed to adjust the parameters wj, c1j, and b1j of the RBFNSM by that the RBFNSM controller provides a better control performance
using the training patterns. By recursive application of the chain than PI with less transient and smaller vibrations. The transient re-
rule, the error term for each layer is calculated, and updated. We sponse at the starting point can be seen clearly that PI fluctuates
choose sðtÞs_ ðtÞ ! 0 as the control objective, the target of weight more, while RBFNSM oscillates only slightly. The average power
adjustment of RBFN is is 1.86 kW. Compared with that of the PI control, it increases by
E ¼ sðtÞs_ ðtÞ ð19Þ 5.7%.

The learning algorithm is described below. 5.1.2. PV power MPPT

The output power from PV is shown in Fig. 10. From Fig. 10, we
4.1.4. Layer 4: Update weight wj can see that the GRNN controller provides a better performance
The error term to be propagated is given by than P&O, both in the transient and the stability. The average
" #
@E @E @y3o power is 2.3 kW. Compared with that of P&O, it increases by 15%.
do ¼  ¼ ð20Þ The GRNN method can quickly and accurately track the maximum
@net3o @y3o @net 3o
power output for PV array.
Then the weight wj is adjusted by the amount
" #  5.2. MPPT with load change
@E @E @y3o @net3o
Dwj ¼  ¼  3 ¼ do y2j ð21Þ
@wj @yo @net 3o @wj With sufficient wind and irradiance, Figs. 11 and 12 shows the
comparison of the proposed algorithms with PI and P&O methods
And the weight is updated by
for a sudden load change from 8 kW to 10 kW at 0.5 s. The RBFNSM
wj ðt þ 1Þ ¼ wj ðtÞ þ gw Dwj ð22Þ and PI pitch controllers are used for comparison, they can quickly
and accurately track the maximum power output as shown in
where gw is the learning rate.

4.1.5. Layer 3: Update central vector c1j Table 1

By using the chain rule, the update law of c1j is Simulation parameters.
" # !( )
@E @E @net 3o @y2j Wind induction generator
Dc1j ¼  ¼ 
@c1j @net3o @y2j @c1j Rated power (kW) 2 and 4
 1 Voltage (V) 220
2 s  c1j Frequency (Hz) 60
¼ do wj y2j 1 2 ð23Þ Inertia 0.7065
b1j No of pole pairs 2
Wind speed (m/s) 8–12
The central vector c1j is updated according to the equation that
PV array
c1j ðt þ 1Þ ¼ c1j ðtÞ þ gc Dc1j ð24Þ Maximum power of module unit (W) 200.143, 25 °C, 1000 W/m2
Module number 12 and 24
where gc is the learning rate. Total power rating (kW) 2.4 and 4.8
Unit rated voltage (V) 26.3
4.1.6. Layer 2: Update base width b1j Unit rated current (A) 7.61
By using the chain rule, the update law of Wij is Irradiance level (W/m2) 600–1000
" # !( ) Load
@E @E @net30 @y2j Capacity (kW) 8–25
Db1j ¼  ¼ 
@b1j @net30 @y2j @b1j Grid
1 2 Voltage (V) 220
2 s1  c1j Frequency (Hz) 60
¼ do wj y2j  3 ð25Þ
b1j Phase 3
 C.-M. Hong, C.-H. Chen / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 55 (2014) 554–561 559

3 4
RBFNSM controller 1.86KW GRNN Controller
PI controller 1.76KW 3.5 P&O Controller
2.5
3

Power (KW)
2.5
Power (KW)

2
1.5
1.5

1
1

0.5 0.5

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Time (s)
Time (s)
Fig. 12. PV MPPT tracking under sudden load change.

Fig. 9. MPPT tracking response of the WECS.

3 enough, active power is provided from the grid. The output active
GRNN Controller 2.3KW power from grid-connected hybrid generation system is shown in
2.5
P&O Controller 2KW Fig. 13. The hybrid power system quickly reaches a stable opera-
tion. We can see from Fig. 14 that with the system bus voltage
2
Power (KW)

1.5

0.5

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time (s)

Fig. 10. MPPT tracking response of the PV system.

Fig. 11. Fig. 12 shows comparison of GRNN and P&O methods used
in PV power system MPPT, they can quickly reach stable power
output with GRNN yielding a better performance. The proposed
method can track faster with a more stable output power under
load disturbance.

Fig. 13. Active power of the hybrid generation system.

5.3. Power management under variable load

When the inductive load changed from 8 kW to 16 kW at 2.5 s.

Where the active output power of the PV and wind turbine are not

4
RBFNSM controller
3.5 PI Controller

3
Power (KW)

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time (s)

Fig. 11. Wind MPPT tracking under sudden load change. Fig. 14. The bus voltages in hybrid generation system.
560 C.-M. Hong, C.-H. Chen / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 55 (2014) 554–561

3
RBFNSM controller
2.5 PI controller

1.5
Power (KW)

0.5

-0.5

-1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time (s)

Fig. 15. MPPT tracking response of the WT2 under variable conditions.
Fig. 18. MPPT tracking under variable conditions at t = 2.5.

Fig. 16. Simulation result of pitch angle response.

Fig. 19. The bus voltage in hybrid generation system.

3
GRNN Controller
and the total load is 8 kW. Time domain simulation was run for
P&O Controller
2.5 the hybrid power system with constant load under different wind
and irradiance at 0.5 s.
2 The output power from WT2 is shown in Fig. 15. From Fig. 16, it
Power (KW)

can be seen that the RBFNSM controller provides a better pitch an-
1.5 gle control performance than PI controller with less transient and
smaller vibration. The output power from PV2 is shown in
1 Fig. 17. The WT2 wind power dropped to a low level around
0.19 kW and PV2 solar power also dropped to around 1.3 kW.
0.5 We can see from Fig. 18 that with the drop of wind speed and irra-
diance, the wind turbine and PV array power output are not en-
0 ough to supply the load. The grid will supply more active power
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
to the load. With a short transient in the beginning, the hybrid sys-
Time (s)
tem quickly reaches a stable operation. Within a short time, the
Fig. 17. MPPT tracking response of the PV2 under variable conditions. system voltage reaches stable as shown in Fig. 19.

dropped to around 0.97 pu. The proposed method can track with a
more stable output power under variable load condition.
5.4. MPPT under variable conditions
This case demonstrates a changing environment, we have the
WT1 and WT2 wind speed changed from 12m/s to 8m/s, the PV1
and PV2 irradiance level changed from 1000 W/m2 to 600 W/m2,
6. Conclusion
Renewable energy source also called non-conventional type of
energy are continuously replenished by natural processes. Hybrid
systems are the right solution for clean energy production. In this
paper, a new wind-PV hybrid generation system has been pro-
posed and implemented. From four cases studies, it shows that
voltage and power can be well controlled in the hybrid system un-
 C.-M. Hong, C.-H. Chen / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 55 (2014) 554–561
der a changing environment. The simulation model of the hybrid
generation system was developed using MATLAB/Simulink.
This grid-connected hybrid generation system can fully utilize
the characteristics of the proposed wind generator and the PV pan-
els to extract the maximum power from the wind and solar energy
sources. The GRNN and RBFNSM methods can quickly and accu-
rately track the maximum power output for hybrid power system.
Moreover, an efficient power sharing among the energy sources are
successfully demonstrated with more efficiency, a better transient
and more stability, even under different load conditions and
disturbance.
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