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Part 1:
PHILOSOPHY : AN OVERVIEW
PRESENTED BY:
MAYLENE N. MARQUEZ
SATURDAY / 04:00 - 07:00
PRESENTED TO:
Philosophy
The oldest form of systematic, scholarly inquiry. Etymologically, it is derived from two
Greek words, philia which means love or friendship and sophia which means wisdom.
Thus literally, philosophy means love of wisdom; or more exactly, love of knowledge
acquired by the exercise of the intellect.
Is a science that investigates all things in their ultimate causes, reasons, and principles
through human reason alone. The essence of philosophy is founded on:
a) reason
b) experience
c) reflection
d) intuition
e) meditation
f) imagination
g) speculation
Philosophy meant a quest for the explanations, origins, and nature of things, both actual
and conceptual. In ancient time it was regarded as Occupation of Specialist. Buddhists called
them pure souls who conducted their quest by discussion with like-minded people, by
meditation and by ratiocination.
Sholasticism
A type of intellectual activity, which is regarded as a great system of thought
characterized by a rational methodology.
Were integral to the discipline, and helped to give philosophy its perceived status as one
of the highest and noblest activities of the human mind.
Education
a) Economics
Is a social science concerned chiefly with description and analysis of the production,
distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
b) Anthropology
Deals with the study of human beings in relation to origin, classification, distribution
and relationship of races, physical character, environmental and social relationship
and culture.
c) Psychology
Refers to the study of mind and behavior.
d) Sociology
Is defined as a systematic study of the development, structure, interaction, and
collective behavior of organized groups of human beings
Man often encounters problems which are beyond the reach of empirical verification.
1. The teacher's professional behavior normally follows the dictates of his own free
will relies heavily on his own judgment, and self chosen ends.
2. Engaging in the philosophical process enables the teacher to foster the habit of
reflection.
3. Thorough knowledge of social philosophy exposes the teacher to different
philosophical and social realities, issues, and problems, and at the same time
provides him a host of theoretical options and possible choices of action
4. Social philosophy helps the teacher to cultivate a wide range of interests and
appreciation for the important aspects of the educational process which is one of
the conditions for a wholesome professional life.
5. In this age of constant educational changes, when many beliefs and practices
are becoming out of contexts, a good sense of values will direct the teacher's
personal and professional efforts towards the successful attainment of the
educational goal and objectives.
The Filipino carries with him certain outstanding traits embedded in his personality,
such as:
Confucianism teaches moral life through devotion to the family, loyalty tp elders, love
for learning, brotherhood, civil service, and universal love and justice.
The social philosophy of Confucius largely revolves around the concept of "ren" which
means "compassion" or loving others.
Golden Rule:
"What you do not wish for yourself, do not do to others"
Taoism teaches harmony with nature. From this the early Filipinos learned to love the
soil and surroundings. These are most of the ethical values shared by the early Chinese in the
Philippines.
Like the Chinese, commerce was the main reason for the early contact with the
Muslims in the beginning of the 14th century or even earlier. Arab Missionaries came along
with the Muslim traders and they propagated their religion, Islam.
From India also came traders who brought along with them Hinduism and Buddhism.
Indian influence arrived very early in the Philippines indirectly through Malay civilization.
It is said that the first philosophers were Thales of Mellitus and his students
Anaximander and Anaximenes. These first philosophers were metaphysicists who were
concerned primarily with the ultimate nature of being itself - its origin and its essence.
Socrates
In the selection from The Republic, Socrates argues that living well means living
justly
Plato
Aristotle
Pragmatists postulated the theory that "the truth is that which works" and that it
is an expeditious way f solving problems.
Major Proponents of Pragmatism
a) William James
b) John Dewey
BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
1. Metaphysics (ontology)
2. Epistemology
3. Axiology (teleology)
Metaphysics
Is concerned with the ultimate nature of being itself - its origin and its essence.
Epistemology
Kinds of knowledge:
a) Conceptual
b) Perceptual
c) Intuitive
Axiology
Fields of Epistemology:
a) Ethics
Is concerned with the problems of good and evil, right or wrong, and their
bearing on moral conduct.
b) Aesthetics
Deals with the problem of beauty and ugliness. It is concerned with the
problem of values as applied to art, and the nature of experience in relation to
beauty.
Logic
Is a technique of reasoning
1. Idealism
2. Realism
3. Naturalism
4. Pragmatism
5. Existentialism
Idealism
Holds that the qualities of experience depend upon a knower for their existence and do
not subsist in themselves.
It believes in God as the universal knower in whose mind all of the qualities of human
experience exist whether a human knower beholds them or not.
Realism
Holds the view that the qualities of experience are real and independent facts of the
external world.
It believes that the school is the agent or the channel for the transmission of human
culture.
Naturalism
Asserts that nature represents all that can be known of reality, and that the scientific
method is the only means of determining the truth.
It believes that the long infancy of man is he chief phenomenon for the need of a school
where an individual requires sustained protection and guidance.
Pragmatism
The pragmatic school aims to develop in the students the ability to learn through
experience; hence it employs the experimental method and the process of learning by
doing
Existentialism
The objective of the existentialist school is to serve the individual human being guiding
him into an awareness of his condition and to promote his successful commitment to a
significant existence