Kendriya vidyalaya

no. 2 belgaum cantt

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
ON

TRANSFORMERS

OMKAR MAJUKAR
XII-A
They are so important in our lives
that without them even the
electric bells fitted in our homes
won’t work.
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this dissertation is

a bonafide record of the project work
done by OMKAR MAJUKAR of class 12 th
‘A’ (science) on “TRANSFORMERS” under the
guidance and supervision in partial
fulfilment of the requirements for
appearing in AISSCE March 2015.

PRINCIPAL TEACHER IN CHARGE

EXTERNAL EXAMINER
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express a deep sense of

thanks and gratitude to my project guide
Mr. Kashid sir for guiding me immensely
through the course of this project. He
always evinced keen interest in my work.
His constructive advice and constant
motivation have been responsible for the
completion of this project.

OMKAR MAJUKAR
XII-A
 INTRODUCTION

The transformer is a device used for converting a

low alternating voltage to a high alternating
voltage or a high alternating voltage into a low
alternating voltage. It is a static electrical device
that transfers energy by inductive coupling
between its winding circuits. Transformers range
in size from a thumbnail-sized coupling
transformer hidden inside a stage microphone to
huge units weighing hundreds of tons used in
power plant substations or to interconnect
portions of the power grid. All operate on the
same basic principles, although the range of
designs is wide. While new technologies have
eliminated the need for transformers in some
electronic circuits, transformers are still found in
many electronic devices. Transformers are
essential for high-voltage electric power
transmission, which makes long-distance
transmission economically practical. A
transformer is most widely used device in both
low and high current circuit. In a transformer, the
electrical energy transfer from one circuit to
another circuit takes place without the use of
moving parts. A transformer which increases the
voltages is called a step-up transformer. A
transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages is
called a step-down transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential
piece of apparatus both for high and low current
circuits.

Close-up of single-phase pole mount transformer.

 PRINCIPLE

It is based on the principle of mutual

induction that is if a varying current is set-up
in a circuit then induced e.m.f. is produced in
the neighboring circuit. The varying current
in a circuit produce varying magnetic flux
which induces e.m.f. in the neighboring
circuit.
 CONSTRUCTION

A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft

iron core made of laminated sheets, well
insulated from one another. Two coils p 1 & p2
and s1 & s2 are wound on the same core, but
are well insulated with each other. Note that
the both the coils are insulated from the core,
the source of alternating e.m.f is connected to
p1p2, the primary coil and a load resistance R
is connected to s1 s2, the secondary coil
through an open switch S. thus there can be
no current through the sec. coil so long as the
switch is open. For an ideal transformer, we
assume that the resistance of the primary &
secondary winding is negligible. Further, the
energy loses due to magnetic the iron core is
also negligible. For operation at low
frequency, we may have a soft iron. The soft
iron core is insulating by joining thin iron
strips coated with varnish to insulate them to
reduce energy losses by eddy currents. The
input circuit is called primary. And the output
circuit is called secondary.

An ideal voltage step-down transformer. The secondary current

arises from the action of the secondary EMF on the (not shown) load
impedence.

The ideal transformer as a circuit element

 THEORY AND WORKING
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the
primary coil p1p2, an alternating current
starts falling in it. The altering current in the
primary produces a changing magnetic flux,
which induces altering voltage in the primary
as well as in the secondary. In a good-
transformer, whole of the magnetic flux
linked with primary is also linked with the
secondary, and then the induced e.m.f.
induced in each turn of the secondary is equal
to that induced in each turn of the primary.
Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values
of the e.m.f.’s induced in the primary and the
secondary and Np and Ns are the no. of turns
of the primary secondary coils of the
transformer and, Dфь / dt = rate of change of
flux in each turn of the coil at this instant, we
have
Ep = -Np Dфь/dt ----------------------------(1)
Es = -Ns Dфь/dt ---------------------(2)

Since the above relations are true at every

instant, so by dividing (2) by (1), we get
Es / Ep = - Ns / Np ---------------------(3)

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f

induced in the primary coil p 1, so the
instantaneous current in primary coil is due
to the difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous
values of the applied and back e.m.f. further if
Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil, then
the instantaneous current Ip in the primary
coil is given by
I =E – Ep / Rp

E – Ep = Ip Rp

When the resistance of the primary is small,

Rp Ip can be neglected so therefore
E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f

Hence equation (3) can be written as

Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f = Ns / Np = K

Where K is constant, called turn or

transformation ratio.
In a step up transformer

Es > E so K > 1,

hence Ns > Np

In a step down transformer

Es < E so K < 1,

hence Ns < Np

If Ip=value of primary current at the same

instant t
And Is =value of sec. current at this instant,
then Input power at the instant t = Ep Ip and
Output power at the same instant = Es Is

If there are no losses of power in the

transformer, then
Input power = output power
or
Ep Ip = Es Is
or
Es / Ep = Ip / Is = K
In a step up transformer

As k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip

I.e. current in sec. is weaker when secondary

voltage is higher. Hence, whatever we gain in
voltage, we lose in current in the same ratio.
Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down
transformer, whatever we lose in voltage, we
gain in current in the same ratio. Thus a step
up transformer in reality steps down the
current & a step down transformer steps up
the current.
BASIC IDEA OF STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

BASIC IDEA OF STEP UP TRANSFORMER

 EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the
ratio of output power to the input power i.e.
η = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip

Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is

no power losses, η = 1. But in actual practice,
there are many power losses; therefore the
efficiency of transformer is less than one.
 ENERGY LOSSES
In practice, the output energy of a
transformer is always less than the input
energy, because energy losses occur due to a
number of reasons as explained below.
1. Loss of Magnetic Flux: The coupling between the coils
is seldom perfect. So, whole of the magnetic flux produced by
the primary coil is not linked up with the secondary coil.
2. Iron Loss: In actual iron cores in spite of lamination,
Eddy currents are produced. The magnitude of eddy current
may, however be small. And a part of energy is lost as the
heat produced in the iron core.
3. Copper Loss: In practice, the coils of the transformer
possess resistance. So a part of the energy is lost due to the
heat produced in the resistance of the coil.
4. Hysteresis Loss: The alternating current in the coil
tapes the iron core through complete cycle of
magnetization. So Energy is lost due to hysteresis.
5. Magneto restriction: The alternating current in the
Transformer may be set its parts in to vibrations and sound
may be produced. It is called humming. Thus, a part of
energy may be lost due to humming.
 USES OF TRANSFORMER

A transformer is used in almost all a.c.

operations

 In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator,

computer, air conditioner etc.
 In the induction furnaces.
 A step down transformer is used for
welding purposes.
 A step down transformer is used for
obtaining large current.
 A step up transformer is used for the
production of X-Rays and NEON
advertisement.
 Transformers are used in voltage
regulators and stabilized power supplies.
 Transformers are used in the
transmissions of a.c. over long distances.
 Small transformers are used in Radio
sets, telephones, loud speakers and
electric bells etc.
A Big Transformer
 Bibliography
The data used in this project was taken from the
following sources:
 www.google.com
 www.wikipedia.com
 physics NCERT textbook