PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT

Volume 40, Issue 3, June 2013

Online English edition of the Chinese language journal

Cite this article as: PETROL. EXPLOR. DEVELOP., 2013, 40(3): 398–404. RESEARCH PAPER

Parameter control methods for the pumping toolstring

composed of perforating gun and fracturing plug in a
horizontal well
ZHU Xiuxing1,*, XUE Shifeng1, TONG Xinghua2
1. College of Pipeline & Civil Engineering in China University of Petroleum, Dongying 257061, China;
2. Weihai Branch of Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China

Abstract: According to the technological characteristics of the combination perforation and multistage fracturing using drillable bridg-
ing plugs, both the hydrodynamics model of wireline sealing system and the mechanical model of toolstring running in the hole were de-
veloped. In these models, the equations governing the sealing pressure of grease injection, structure parameters of toostring and pump rate
were established. Based on the presented models, the parameter control methods of pumping and their primary influence factors were in-
vestigated through case study. For a development well in low-permeability reservoir, the control methods and the reasonable ranges of
grease injection sealing pressure, minimum weight and maximum length of toolstring and pump rate were defined using the control equa-
tions. The effects of wellhead pressure, hole configuration and running velocity of wireline on parameter controlling were also analyzed. The
results show that, with increasing wellhead pressure, the grease injection rate should be increased to improve sealing pressure, and the mini-
mum weight of toolstring should also increase. Increasing the overall angle change rate could lead to a decrease of the maximum allow-
able length of the toolstring. The pump rate should be adjusted according to the running velocity of wireline.

Key words: horizontal well; multistage fracturing; wireline conveyed perforation; toolstring; pump parameter; drillable bridging plug;
low-permeability reservoir

Introduction the control methods of grease injection sealing pressure,

The combination of cable conveyed perforation and multi-
stage fracturing is a new stimulation technique for horizontal
wells, which has been widely used in the development of
shale gas reservoirs and low-permeability reservoirs at home
and abroad in recent years [1–5]. The technology features high
RIH/POOH speed of toolstring, unlimited fracturing stages,
and accurate fracture positioning. The pumping control of
toolstring is the key of successful operation, and proper con-
trol of pumping parameters can prevent accidents, such as
toolstring sticking/slack, wellhead pressure leak, cable twist-
ing or falling off and so on. At present, the study on the com-
bination of cable conveyed perforation and multistage frac-
turing at home and abroad mainly focuses on tool develop-
ment and operating technique [6−12], and there is no report on
the control methods of pumping parameters. Based on the
hydromechanics model of cable sealing system and the me-
chanical model of toolstring running in the hole, the equations
governing the sealing pressure of grease injection, structure
parameters of toolstring and pump rate are established. Then
minimum weight and maximum length of toolstring and pump
rate are studied.
1 Combination of cable conveyed perforation and
multistage fracturing
Fig. 1 shows the operating process of stage fracturing with
perforation gun and drillable bridge plug toolstring in hori-
zontal well. The specific steps are as follows: (1) assemble the
joint toolstring and run it into well; (2) set up the sealing valve
in wellhead blowout hookup; (3) run down the toolstring at
uniform velocity in vertical section and closely observe the
signal of CCL (electromagnetic locator); (4) turn on the pump
at low speed when the toolstring is set down to a certain depth,
and gradually increase pump rate with the increase of well
depth; (5) detonate the setting bridge plug when the toolstring
is pumped to the specified layer, then perforating gun and
bridge plug are separated; (6) pick up the perforating guns to
the intended interval and conduct the first cluster perforation;
(7) repeat step 6, and carry out multiple cluster perforation; (8)

Received date: 08 Oct. 2012; Revised date: 27 Mar. 2013.

* Corresponding author. E-mail: zhuxx99@126.com
Foundation item: Supported by National Science and Technology Major Project (2011ZX02006-002).
Copyright © 2013, Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, PetroChina. Published by Elsevier BV. All rights reserved.
 ZHU Xiuxing et al. / Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2013, 40(3): 398–404

1-Data acquisition and control system; 2-Cable truck; 3-Cable tension sensor
and speed sensor; 4-Cable; 5-Wellhead seal unit; 6-Hydraulic pump control
head; 7-Wellhead pressure sensor; 8-Perforation gun; 9-Bridge plug;
10-Hydraulic pump; 11-Setting bridge plug; 12-Perforation tunnel
Fig. 1 Sketch map of operating process of pumping cable
perforation guns and drillable bridge plug
after the completion of perforation, pull the cable and perfo-
rating gun out of hole, turn on fracturing pump, and conduct
stage fracturing; (9) repeat step 1 to step 8, and implement the
cluster perforation and multistage fracturing; and (10) trip in
the drilling and milling tools, drill multilevel bridge plug, and
put into production.
2 Governing equation of grease injection sealing
pressure
During the process of toolstring conveying by cable, grease
injection seal is applied to ensure no oil and gas leak. The
operational principle is that after passing the cable through the
choke pipe of the blowout preventer in the wellhead, where
the clearance between the inner wall of choke pipe and cable
is only 0.1–0.2 mm or less, sealing grease is injected into the
clearance with Lincoln pump, thus a “high-pressure zone” is
formed at both ends of the injection face of sealing grease,
which can balance the wellhead pressure.
According to the operational principle of cable grease in-
1-High pressure hand-operated pump; 2-Hydraulic line; 3-Cable; 4-Stuffing
box; 5-Return line; 6-Waste oil barrel; 7-Upper choke pipe; 8-Greasing control
head; 9-Grease injection pipe; 10-Lincoln pump; 11-Lower choke pipe
Fig. 2 Hydromechanics model of the cable sealing system
thus prevent the oil&gas in the wellhead from escaping. The
upward flowing sealing grease flows into the waste oil barrel
through upper choke pipe, the upper choke pipe is longer (two
times the length of the lower choke pipe), and its exit is con-
nected to the outside, so it can be considered that the residual
pressure (gauge pressure) of point C at the exit is zero.
Based on the hydromechanics model of the cable sealing
system, the relationship between the sealing pressure of
grease injection and other parameters were analyzed, such as
wellhead pressure, the size of choke pipes, greasing pump rate
and so on, and the governing equation of grease injection
sealing pressure was derived.
The flow of sealing grease between choke pipe and cable is
called clearance flow, and the total pressure drop of choke
pipe is [13]:
12 μ z Lz
Δp = 3
Qz (1)
πd z hz
The pressure drop of lower choke pipe is:
12 μ z Lz1
pzb − p jk = Qz1 (2)
πd z hz
3

jection seal, a hydromechanics model of cable sealing system

The pressure drop of upper choke pipe is:
was built, as shown in Fig. 2. In the model, the greasing pump 12 μ z Lz2
rate is Qz, the length of upper choke pipe is Lz2, the sealing pzb = 3
Qz2 (3)
πd z hz
grease flow of upper choke pipe is Qz2, the length of lower
According to Equations (2) and (3):
choke pipe is Lz1, the sealing grease flow of lower choke pipe
pzb − p jk Lz1Qz1
is Qz1. Ignore the pressure loss of greasing pipeline, then the = (4)
pressure at point B (the injection inlet of sealing grease) is the pzb Lz2Qz2
sealing pressure of grease injection Pzb. The sealing grease In Equation (4), Lz2=2Lz1, therefore,
flows down to point A (the exit of choke pipe), and the resid- 2 pzb − 2 p jk
Qz1 = Qz2 (5)
ual pressure is Pjk, it is equal to the wellhead pressure, and pzb
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 ZHU Xiuxing et al. / Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2013, 40(3): 398–404

According to the law of conservation of mass, it is obvious

that:
Qz1 + Qz2 = Qz (6)
From Equations (3), (5) and (6), we get:
2 4 μ z Lz Qz
pzb = p jk + 3
(7)
3 πd z hz
Equation (7) is the governing equation of grease injection
sealing pressure. In the process of toolstring conveying with
cable, greasing pump rate is adjusted in time according to the
change of wellhead pressure. Sealing pressure of grease injec-
tion is controlled in a reasonable range to ensure that the
wellhead pressure is stable.

3 Governing equation of structure parameters of

toolstring
3.1 Weight governing equation of toolstring Fig. 3 Geometrical structure of toolstring in the hole

Simplify the structure of perforation guns and bridge plug, Therefore, the maximum length of the toolstring is:
and establish the mechanics balance equation: Lmax = AB + DE = ( R + R1 ) − ( R − R1 + R3 ) +
2 2

G = F + Fzp + Fzu + Fzh + Fjf (8)

( R + R1 ) − ( R − R1 + R2 + R3 ) (13)
2 2

At wellhead, the following equation should be satisfied to

allow the toolstring running in the hole.
G ≥ F + Fzp + Fjf (9)
From Equation (9), it is obvious that:
M min g = F + Fzp + Fjf
where,
1 During the process of toolstring conveying in the horizontal
F = ρ gV Fzp = πDc 2 p jk Fjf = 1.2πμ t h z Lz pzb
4 section, when the cable runs in the hole at a designed speed, if
Equation (10) is the mass governing equation of toolstring,
if the design mass is less than Mmin, then it is necessary to add
weight bars in the toolstring. In consideration of the safety of
cable and the limit of the maximum length of toolstring, the
number of weight bar equal to Mmin is enough while too many
weight bars are not advisable.
3.2 Length governing equation of toolstring
In the process of toolstring conveying, due to the influence
of wellbore curvature, coupled with the small gap between
bridge plug and casing (about 5 mm), the pipe string may get
stuck if its design length is not proper. In order to ensure that
the toolstring can be tripped in smoothly, the length governing
equation of the toolstring was established to work out the
maximum length. The length of toolstring is about 10 to 20 m
in general, so the toolstring can be regarded as a rigid body in
the process of conveying when analyzing its tripping in ca-
pacity. Fig. 3 shows the geometrical structure of toolstring in
the hole. When the toolstring gets stuck, it shall satisfy the
following geometric relationship:
OA = AB + OB (11)
2 2 2
In the analysis process, the toolstring is regarded as a rigid
body without deformation, while it has deformation in the
actual operation process, so the maximum length of the tool-
string calculated according to Equation (13) is conservative.
(10)
4 Governing equation of pump rate
the pump rate is too small, the cable in the bottom may twist.
If the pump rate is too large, the cable may fall off because of
drastic tension increase. Therefore, the control of pump rate is
very important for operational safety. According to the well-
bore trajectory, the horizontal section is divided into n units.
We suppose that the deviation angle is constant in each unit,
the toolstring runs at a constant velocity, and the downside of
bridge plug contacts with wellbore closely. Fig. 4 shows the
mechanical model of toolstring composed of perforating guns
and bridge plug in the process of pumping. According to me-
chanical balance principle, it is obvious that:
⎪⎧( G − F ) sin α i − Fsn = 0
⎨ (14)
⎪⎩( G − F ) cos α i + Fsu − Fsp − Fsf − Fsh = 0
The calculation methods of component forces in Equation

OE = DE + OD (12)
2 2 2

where,
OA=OE =R + R1 OB =R − R1 + R2 + R3
Fig. 4 Mechanical model of the toolstring composed of perfo-
OD =R − R1 + R3 rating guns and bridge plug

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 ZHU Xiuxing et al. / Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2013, 40(3): 398–404

(14) are as follows: into m units, which stretching from wellhead to the position of
(1) Gravity. perforating gun in the well, and the well deviation angle re-
The gravity of the toolstring can be calculated as concen- mains constant in each unit. For the No. j unit, the mechanics
trated force: equilibrium equation is:
G = Mg (15) Fj = Fj −1 + qgl j ( μ c sin α j − cos α j ) (24)
(2) Buoyancy force. where,
The buoyancy force of the toolstring is: F0 = Fjk + Fjf Fm = Fsh
F = ρ gV = ρ g (πR3 L2 + πR2 L1 ) (16)
2 2

Superimpose all the units, the result is:

(3) Friction force. m

The friction force between borehole wall and toolstring is: Fsh = Fjk + Fjf + ∑ qgl j ( μ c sin α j − cos α j ) (25)
j =1
Fsf = μ f Fsn = μ f ( G − F ) sin α i (17)
Substitute Equations (15), (16), (17), (20), (23) and (25)
(4) Viscous force. into Equation (14), the result is:
In the process of conveying, the relative motion area of the a c
Qb = vg + (26)
fluid in the wellbore and the toolstring concentrate in the gap b b
of bridge plug and casing, therefore, the viscous force of the where,
toolstring is: 12πR2 μ u L1
3
2π( R2 L1 + R3 L2 ) R1 μ u
2

dv 2πμ u ( R2 L1 + R3 L2 )vF a=− −

5( R1 − R2 ) ( R1 − R2 ) ( R1 + R2 )
3 2
Fsu = μ u S = (18)
dy R1 − R2
2( R2 L1 + R3 L2 ) μ u 12 R2 μ u L1 2 μ u Dc li
2 2

We suppose that the total volume of fluid pumped into the b=− − −
( R1 − R2 ) ( R1 + R2 ) 5 R1 ( R1 − R2 )
2 3 4
R1
wellbore is Qb, the flow of the fluid pushing the combination
c = ⎡⎣ Mg − ρ g (πR3 L2 + πR2 L1 ) ⎤⎦ (cos α i − μ f sin α i ) −
2 2

pipe string forward is Qb1, and the flow of fluid between

bridge plug and casing is Qb2. According to the law of mass ⎡ m
⎤
⎢ Fjk
+ Fjf
+ ∑ qg ( μ c sin α j − cos α j )l j ⎥ −
conservation, it is obvious that: ⎣ j =1 ⎦
2
Qb2 = Qb − Qb1 = Qb − πvg R1 (19) πDc ( p jk + ρ ghi ) / 4
2

where, Equation (26) is the governing equation of the pump rate

Qb2 =vF π( R1 − R2 )
2 2
when the toolstring runs in the hole at the design speed. In
Substitute Equation (19) into Equation (18), the result is: each unit, the well depth and the well deviation angle can be
2 μ u ( R2 L1 + R3 L2 )(Qb − πvg R1 )
2 approximate to constant values, and pump rate is a linear
Fsu = (20) function of velocity of cable. For the whole horizontal section,
( R1 − R2 ) ( R1 + R2 )
2

coefficient b is the function of well depth, and coefficient c is

(5) Axial fluid pressure.
the function of well deviation angle. So the coefficient of
The flow state of the fluid in wellbore is laminar flow, so
Equation (26) will change with the change of well depth and
the subsurface pressure at the position of the toolstring can be
well deviation angle.
calculated according to the following equation [14]:
p2 i = p jk −
8 μ u Qb
li + ρ ghi (21)
5 Example analysis
4
πR1
In this paper, a development well in a low-permeability
The fluid flow between bridge plug and wellbore is clear- reservoir was taken as an example for analyzing the parame-
ance flow, so according to the flow formula of the deflected ters control methods for pumping toolstring composed of per-
annular gap under the action of pressure difference and the foration guns and bridge plug, which provided guidance for
relative motion [14], the result is: tool design and field operation.
πR1 ( R1 − R2 ) ( p2 i − p1i )
3

Qb2 = (1 + 1.5ε ) −
2

6 μ u L1 5.1 Basic parameters

π( R1 − R2 ) R1vg (22) The well has a total depth of 3 532.00 m, and a vertical
where, depth of 2047.25 m. The maximum well deviation angle 89.7°
ε = ( R1 − R2 ) / ( R1 − R2 ) = 1 occurs at well depth 2 160.86 m. The maximum overall angle
change rate is 4.22°/30 m, occurring at the well depth of
Therefore, the axial fluid pressure of the toolstring is:
1846.00 m.
12 μ u L1 R2 (Qb − πR1 R2 vg )
2

Fsp = ( p2 i − p1i ) A2 − p2 i A4 = − The pumping fluid has a density of 998 kg/m³, and a vis-
5 R1 ( R1 − R2 )
3

cosity of 0.88mPa·s. The inner diameter of casing is 121.36

8μ u Qb
2
πDc mm, and the friction coefficient of inner wall of casing is 0.25.
( p jk − 4
li + ρ ghi ) (23)
4 πR1 The cable is 8.18mm in diameter, and 0.28 kg/m in density,
(6) Tension of the cablehead. and the safety tension of cable is 22.05 kN. The viscosity of
According to the wellbore trajectory, the cable is divided sealing grease is 645 mPa·s, and the friction coefficient be-

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 ZHU Xiuxing et al. / Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2013, 40(3): 398–404

tween sealing grease and cable is 0.01. The inner diameter of with the movement of cable, the sealing grease gradually loses,
choke pipe is 8.3 mm. and the pressure in choke pipe reduces. In addition, the greas-
Structure parameters of main perforation tools and bridge ing pump displacement can be adjusted according to the quan-
plug are listed in Table 1. The total length of the toolstring is titative relationship between the seal pressure and the greasing
14.878 m, and the total mass is 371.6 kg. pump rate which is shown in Fig. 5. Consequently, the seal
Because the movement of toolstring in well is mainly in- pressure can be adjusted, realizing dynamic seal.
fluenced by the well deviation angle, the field pumping proc-
5.2.2 Control of minimum weight and maximum length of
ess is divided into four stages according to the changes of well
the toolstring
deviation angle, and the specific operation design parameters
are shown in Table 2. According to the governing equation of the minimum
weight of toolstring, it can be calculated that Mmin=318.45 kg,
5.2 Control of key pumping parameters
that is 371.60 kg less than the design weight of the toolstring,
5.2.1 Control of grease injection sealing pressure therefore, it is not necessary to add weight bar to the tool-
Based on the related parameters of grease sealing, wellhead string.
pressure and Equation (7), the quantitative relationship be- In the course of tripping in the toolstring, the wellhead
tween the grease injection sealing pressure and greasing pump pressure is the key parameter affecting the weight of the tool-
rate in the pumping process can be calculated (Fig. 5). Along string. The relationship between the minimum weight of tool-
string and wellhead pressure is shown in Fig. 6. The result
Table 1 Structure parameters of toolstring shows that as the wellhead pressure increases, it is necessary
Name Length/m Outer diameter/m Number Weight/kg
to add the weight of toolstring to overcome the axial resis-
tance caused by the wellhead pressure.
Cablehead 0.630 0.036 0 1 1.4
Based on the length governing equation of the toolstring, it
CCL 0.457 0.080 0 1 9.1
can be calculated that the maximum length of the toolstring
Weight bar 3.325 0.088 9 1 74.0
which can pass through the well section with the maximum
Detonating fuse head 0.290 0.088 9 2 14.0
overall angle change rate is 15.580 m, longer than the design
Perforating gun 1.820 0.088 9 2 39.0
length of toolstring (14.878 m), suggesting that the toolstring
Crossover 0.400 0.088 9 2 18.6
can be pumped down to the target layer smoothly. The rela-
Assembly of perfo-
0.086 0.086 0 1 24.2 tionship between the overall angle change rate and the maxi-
rating gun and plug
Setting device 1.930 0.092 0 1 83.2 mum passable length of the toolstring is shown in Fig. 7,
Bridge plug 1.330 0.110 0 1 20.0
Other parameters* 2.100 0.088 9 1 16.5
Note: Other parameters include auxiliary equipment such as ball sub,
lateral window sub and setting connection pipe

Table 2 Operation design parameters

Section Deviation Running velocity of
Well depth/m
number angle cable/(m⋅min−1)
1 30 1 888.78 10
2 45 1 947.91 15
3 60 2 005.51 20
Fig. 6 Relationship between the minimum weight of toolstring
4 75 2 057.58 30 and wellhead pressure

Fig. 5 Relationship between seal pressure and greasing pump Fig.7 Relationship between overall angle change rate and the
rate maximum passable length of toolstring
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 ZHU Xiuxing et al. / Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2013, 40(3): 398–404
Fig. 8 Relationship between pumping rate and well depth
which indicates that as the overall angle change rate increases,
the maximum passable length of toolstring decreases nonline-
arly. Hence, before pumping operation, it is necessary to find
out whether the length of toolstring is in the acceptable range,
to prevent accidents like toolstring sticking and slacking.
5.2.3 Control of pump displacement
According to the operational design parameters shown in
Table 2 and Equation (26), the pumping rate with increase of
well depth during operation can be calculated (Fig. 8). By
calculating the average value of pump rate at each stage, it can
be worked out that the proper pumping rate of 4 stages re-
spectively are 0.28, 0.54, 1.15, 1.54 m3/min.
6 Conclusions
Based on the technical characteristics of the combined per-
foration and multistage fracturing process, the hydromechan-
ics model of cable sealing system and the mechanical model
of toolstring running in the hole were developed. Based on
these models, the equations governing the sealing pressure of
grease injection, structure parameters of toolstring and pump
rate were derived.
A development well in a low-permeability reservoir was
taken as an example to obtain the control method and the
proper ranges of grease injection sealing pressure, minimum
weight and maximum length of toolstring and pumping rate
by the control equations.
Wellhead pressure, wellbore trajectory and running velocity
of cable are main parameters that influence pumping parame-
ters. As the wellhead pressure increases, it is necessary to
constantly improve the grease pump rate to increase seal
pressure, and the minimum weight of the toolstring should
constantly increase at the same time. As the overall angle
change rate increases, the maximum passable length of tool-
string reduces, consequently before the pumping operation, it
is necessary to find out whether the length of toolstring is
within the passable range, to prevent accidents like sticking or
slacking of the toolstring. As the running velocity of cable
varies, the pumping rate should vary accordingly to prevent
the cable in the bottom of well from twisting or falling off due
to excessive tension.
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Nomenclature
Qz—grease pumping rate, m3/s;
Lz2—length of upper choke pipe, m;
Qz2—sealing grease flow of upper choke pipe, m3/s;
Lz1—length of lower choke pipe, m;
Qz1—sealing grease flow rate of lower choke pipe, m3/s;
pzb—sealing pressure of grease injection, Pa;
pjk—wellhead pressure, Pa;
Δp—pressure drop of choke pipe, Pa;
μz—grease seal viscosity, Pa·s;
Lz—total length of choke pipe, m;
dz—inner diameter of choke pipe, m;
hz—the clearance width between choke pipe and cable, m;
G—toolstring gravity, N;
F—buoyancy force of combination toolstring, N;
Fzp—fluid axial resistance in vertical section, N;
Fzu—fluid viscosity in vertical section, N;
Fzh—wellhead cable tension in vertical section, N;
Fjf—wellhed cable friction, N;
Mmin—minimum weight of toolstring, kg;
ρ—wellbore fluid density, kg/m3;
g—gravity acceleration, equal to 9.8 m/s2;
V—volume of toolstring, m3;
Dc—diameter of cable, m;
μt—friction coefficient between sealing grease and cable;
R—radius of wellbore curvature, m;
R1—radius of wellbore, m;
R2—radius of bridge plug, m;
R3—radius of perforating gun, m;
Lmax—maximum length of toolstring, m;
αi—deviation angle of the unit i, rad;
Fsn—lateral pressure of bridge plug and wall in horizontal section, N;
Fsu—fluid viscosity of wellbore in horizontal section, N;
Fsp—axial fluid pressure in horizontal section, N;
Fsf—friction between bridge plug and wall in horizontal section, N;
Fsh—cable head tension in horizontal section, N;
M—total mass of toolstring, kg;
L1—length of bridge plug, m;
L2—length of perforating gun, m;
μf—friction coefficient between bridge plug and wellbore;
μu—fluid viscosity of wellbore, Pa·s;
S—action area of viscous force in combination toolstring, m2;
dv/dy—fluid velocity gradient, s−1;
vF—average velocity of fluid between bridge plug and wellbore
gap, m/s;
Qb—total flow of pump fluid into wellbore, m3/s;
Qb1—fluid flow pushing toolstring forward, m3/s;
Qb2—flow rate of fluid between bridge plug and wellbore, m3/s;
vg—pushing velocity of combination toolstring, m/s;
p1i—wellbore pressure at the bottom of fracturing bridge plug, MPa;
p2i—wellbore pressure at the location of perforating gun, MPa;
li—well depth at the location of perforating gun, m;
hi—vertical depth at the location of perforating gun, m;
 ZHU Xiuxing et al. / Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2013, 40(3): 398–404

ε—relative eccentric ratio; and Development, 2011, 38 (5): 594–599.

A2—sectional area of bridge plug, m2;
A4—sectional area of cable, m2;
Fj—cable bottom tension of the j unit, N;
Fj-1—cable top tension of the unit j, N;
μc—friction coefficient between cable and wellbore;
αj—deviation angle of the unit j, rad;
q—cable linear density, kg/m;
lj—cable length of the unit j, m;
F0—the upper tension of the first unit, N;
Fm—cable bottom tension of the unit m, N;
Fjk—wellhead cable tension, N.
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