(Effective Alternative Secondary Education)

MATHEMATICS III

Module 2
Triangle Congruence

Module 2
Department of Education
BUREAU OF SECONDARY EDUCATION
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT DIVISION
DepEd Complex, Meralco Avenue,Pasig City
 Triangle Congruence

What this module is about

This module is about the side-angle relations in a triangle and inequalities in a

triangle. As you go over the exercises you will develop the skills to draw conclusions
from given statements. You will also learn to apply these concepts in solving problems.

What you are expected to learn

This module is designed for you to:

1. know that congruent sides in a triangle imply that the angles opposite them are
congruent.

2. understand that congruent angles in a triangle imply that the sides opposite them
are congruent.

3. determine that non-congruent sides in a triangle imply that the angles opposite
them are not congruent

4. determine that non-congruent angles in a triangle imply that the sides opposite
them are not congruent.

How much do you know

What conclusions can you make from the following statements?

Given:  CDE D
1. CD  DE
2. C  E
3. CD  DE  CE
4. C  E  D C E

Give the measure of each of the following:

5. Each angle of an equiangular triangle

6. Each angle of an equilateral triangle

7. Base angles of an isosceles triangle whose vertex  has a measure of 50o.

8. Base angle of an isosceles right triangle.

9. Vertex angle of an isosceles triangle when one of its base angles has a measure
of 60o.

10. Vertex angle of an isosceles right triangle.

11. Each side of an equilateral triangle when its perimeter is 48.

12. Vertex angle of an isosceles triangle when one of its base has a measure of 65 o.

13. One of the equal sides of an isosceles triangle whose perimeter is 50 and the
length of its base is 20.

14. Base of an isosceles triangle whose perimeter is 60 and one of its equal sides is
21.

15. Find the measure of the exterior angle at the vertex of an isosceles triangle if the
measure of a base angle equals 75o.

Angles labeled with identical marks are assumed to be congruent. Name the
isosceles triangle.
A
16.

D E

B C
17.
N P

Q R
 Segments labeled with identical marks are assumed to be congruent. Name all
pairs of angles that are congruent by using the isosceles triangle theorem.

18.
W

V T

19.
O

P R
S Q

20. In  ABC, AB = 15, AC = 18, BC = 12. Name the largest and the smallest angle.
Draw the figure to help you.

21. Name the sides of the triangle below in order of increasing lengths.

D
95o

45o 40o E
R
Fill the blanks with the correct relation symbol (>,<) to show the relationship between
segments and between angles in the corresponding figures.

In  ACE,
C

65o

75o 40o
A E

22. AC _____ CE
23. CE _____ AE _____ AC

In  SON, S

24. m  O _____ m  N
25. m  N _____ m  S 45
37

O N
26

What you will do

Lesson 1

Isosceles Triangle Theorem

 In an isosceles triangle, the two congruent sides are the legs and the third side is
the base. The angles opposite the congruent sides are its base angles and the
angle included by the legs is its vertex angle.

Vertex 

leg leg

base  base 

Consider  MNQ, MN  NQ. The triangle is isosceles. To show that  M 

 Q, we can prove that they are corresponding parts of congruent triangles.

Suppose a bisector NP is drawn from N

vertex N intersecting MQ at P. Therefore
 MNP   QNP. Since  MNQ is isosceles,
MN  NQ. By reflexivity, NP  NP. By SAS,
 MNP   QNP and  M   Q since they
are corresponding parts of   s.
M Q
P

ISOSCELES TRIANGLE THEOREM

If two sides of a triangle are congruent, then the angles opposite those sides are
congruent.

Using these theorem, you can say that the angles opposite the sides of an
equilateral triangle are also congruent.
S
In the figure,  RST is equilateral.

Since RS  ST  TR, then  T   R   S.

Every equilateral triangle is equiangular. R T

Examples:
Y
1. Given:  XYZ

X Z
 If XY  ZY, then  Z  X
If XY  XZ, the  Z  Y

2. What is the measure of a base angle of an isosceles triangle if the vertex angle is
30o?

Solution: 30o

In an isosceles triangle, base angles are congruent.

180o – 30o = 150o 75o 75o

150o
= 75o is the measure of each base angle of the isosceles triangle
2

3. Find the measure of the exterior angle at the vertex of an isosceles triangle if the
measure of a base angle is 40o.

Solution: 2(40o) = 80o

180o – 80o = 100o

180o – 100o = 80o, the measure of the exterior angle adjacent to

its vertex angle.
4. Find the measure of one of the equal sides of an isosceles triangle whose
perimeter is 60 and the length of its base is 15.

Solution:

Perimeter of  = measure of side 1 + measure of side 2 + measure

of side 3

Since isosceles  , the 2 sides are equal so by substitution,

60 = x + x + 15

60 – 15 = 2x

45 = 2x

45
x=
2

x = 27.5 units
 5. Find the measure of the base of an isosceles triangle whose perimeter is 80 and
one of its equal sides is 21 units.

Solution:

Perimeter of a  = measure of side 1 + measure of side 2 + measure

of side 3

80 = x + 21 + 21

80 = x + 42

80 – 42 = x

x = 38 units, the measure of its base

Try this out

1. Given:  GMA
G

M A
What conclusion can you make from the following statements?

a. GM  GA
b.  M   A
c. GM  MA  AG

Give the measure of each of the following:

2. Each angle of an equilateral triangle

3. Base angles of an isosceles triangle whose vertex angle has a measure of 75 o.

4. Vertex angle of an isosceles right triangle.

5. Base  s of an isosceles right triangle.

6. Each side of an equilateral triangle when its perimeter is 60 units.

7. Vertex  of an isosceles  when one of its base  s has a measure of 55o.

8. One of the equal sides of an isosceles triangle whose perimeter is 90 and the
length of its base is 25.
9. Base of an isosceles  whose perimeter is 105 and one of its equal sides is 26.

10. Find the measure of the exterior angle at one of its base angle if the measure of
the vertex angle is 50o.

Segments labeled with identical marks are assumed to be congruent. Name all
pairs of angles that are congruent by using the isosceles triangle theorem.
O
11.

R S

P Q

12.
A

C B

13.
Q R

T S
14.
A

E B
D C

15.
U V

X W

Lesson 2

Converse of an Isosceles Triangle Theorem

S
Consider  RST where  R   T.
Draw SQ from S  to RT at Q. By reflexivity,
SQ  SQ. By SAA,  RSQ   TSQ
RS  TS by corresponding parts of   s.
R T
Q
 Converse of Isosceles Triangle Theorem:

If two angles of a triangle are congruent, then the triangle is isosceles.

Using the converse of isosceles triangle theorem, you can say that if a
triangle is equiangular, then the sides opposite these angles are congruent.

That is, every equiangular triangle is also equilateral.

Examples:

1. Given:  MAN with m  M = m  N = 50. A

a. What is the relation between  M and  N?

b. What is the relation between AM and AN?
c. What is the measure of  A?
d. What kind of triangle is  MAN?
50o 50o N
M
Answers:

a. They are congruent

b. They are congruent
c. 80o
d. isosceles triangle

2. Find the measure of each exterior angle of an equiangular triangle.

Answer: 120o

3. The measure of the exterior angle adjacent to the base angle of an isosceles
triangle if the vertex angle measures 70o.
Answer: 125o

4. The measure of the vertex angle of an isosceles triangle if the measure of one
of the base angles is 43o.
Answer: 94o

5. Base angle of an isosceles triangle if the measure of the vertex angle is 55 o.

Answer: 62.5o

Try this out

Angles labeled with identical marks are assumed to be congruent. Name the
J
isosceles triangles. M

1.
O

K L
2.
Q R

T S
3. F

K G

J H
I

4. P

N C

T
 5. Given:  ABC with m  A = m  C = 80.

a. What is the relation between  A and  C?

b. What is the relation between AB and BC?
c. What is the measure of  A?
d. What kind of triangle is  ABC?

6. Find the measure of an acute angle of an isosceles right triangle.

7. The vertex angle of an isosceles triangle if the measure of one of the base
angles is:

a. 34o
b. 57o
c. 72o

8. Base angle of an isosceles triangle if the measure of the vertex angle is:

a. 66o
b. 38o
c. 76o

9. The exterior angle at the vertex of an isosceles triangle if the measure of the
base angle is 75o.

10. The measure of the exterior angle adjacent to the base angle of an isosceles
triangle if the vertex angle measures 72o.

Lesson 3

Inequalities in a Triangle

I. If two sides of a triangle are not congruent, then the angles opposite these two
sides are not congruent, and the larger angle is opposite the longer side.
R
Examples:

S P
1. In  RSP. RS = 35, RP = 31, PS = 52.

Which is the largest angle?

Which is the smallest angle?

Solution:

 R is the largest angle because it is opposite the longest side, PS.

 S is the smallest angle because it is opposite the shortest side, PR.

2. Name the angles of the figure in increasing order:

Q

15 units 10 units

S R
20 units

Solution:  S <  R <  Q or  S ,  R , Q

3. Name the angles of the figure in decreasing order.

25 u
18 u

D E
15 u

Solution:  D >  E >  F

II. If two angles of a triangle are not congruent, then the sides
E opposite these
two angles are not congruent, and the longer side is opposite the larger angle.
50o

45o 85o D
R
Examples:

1. Given:  RED

What is the longest side?

What is the shortest side?

Solution: RE is the longest side and DE is the shortest side.

2. Name the sides of the figure in order of increasing lengths.

O

40o

o
P 120 20o R

Solution: OP < PR < OR or OP, PR , OR

3. Name the sides of the figure in order of decreasing lengths.

95o

45o 40o Y
X

Solution: XY > YZ > XZ or XY , YZ , XZ

Try this out

Name the largest angle and the smallest angle in the following triangles. Draw the
figure to help you.

1. In  ABC, AB = 12, AC = 16, BC = 9

 2. In  DEF, DE = 40, DF = 35, FE = 55
3. In  GHI, GI = 32, GH = 50, HI = 35
4. In  JKL, JK = 28, KL = 40, JL = 20
5. In  MNO, MN = 22, MO = 38, NO = 50

Name the sides of the figures below in the order of increasing lengths.

6.
A

40o

o
B 110 30o C

7.
Q
85o

50o 45o S
R

8.
Y

30o 60o Z
X
 Fill the blanks with the correct relation symbol (>,<) to show the relationship between:
1. sides; 2. angles in the corresponding figures.

9. Figure 1:
J
75 In  DJE, DJ _____ JE
JE _____ DE
DJ _____ DE
DJ _____ JE ______DE
50o
D 55o E

10. Figure 2:
L

In  LPG, m  L _____ m  P
m  P _____ m  G
20
m  L _____ m  G
18 m  L _____ m  P ____m  G

P G
14

Let’s summarize

Isosceles Triangle Theorem

If two sides of a triangle are congruent, then the angles opposite those sides are
congruent.

Converse of Isosceles Triangle Theorem

If two angles of a triangle are congruent, then the triangle is isosceles.

Inequalities in a Triangle

I. If two sides of a triangle are not congruent, then the angles opposite these two
sides are not congruent, and the larger angle is opposite the longer side.

II. If two angles of a triangle are not congruent, then the sides opposite these
two angles are not congruent, and the longer side is opposite the larger angle.
 What have you learned

What conclusions can you make from the following statements?

A
Given:  CDE

1. AC  AE
2. C  E
E C

Given:  RST
3. RS  ST  RT
4. R  S  T
R T

Give the measure of each of the following:

5. Each angle of an equiangular triangle

6. Each angle of an equilateral triangle

7. Base angles of an isosceles triangle whose vertex  has a measure of 70o.

8. Base angle of an isosceles right triangle.

9. Vertex angle of an isosceles triangle when one of its base angles has a measure
of 50o.

10. Vertex angle of an isosceles right triangle.

11. Each side of an equilateral triangle when its perimeter is 58.

12. Vertex angle of an isosceles triangle when one of its base has a measure of 85 o.

13. One of the equal sides of an isosceles triangle whose perimeter is 50 and the
length of its base is 10.

14. Base of an isosceles triangle whose perimeter is 60 and one of its equal sides is
21.
15. Find the measure of the exterior angle at the vertex of an isosceles triangle if the
measure of a base angle equals 35o.

Angles labeled with identical marks are assumed to be congruent. Name the
isosceles triangle.

E
16.

I F

H G

17.
A B

D C

Segments labeled with identical marks are assumed to be congruent. Name all
pairs of angles that are congruent by using the isosceles triangle theorem.

18. S

Q T
 19.
E

A D
B C

20. In  ABC, AB = 13, AC = 17, BC = 9. Name the largest and the smallest
angle. Draw the figure to help you.

21. Name the sides of the triangle below in order of increasing lengths.

B
97o

43o 40o C
A
Fill the blanks with the correct relation symbol (>,<) to show the relationship between
segments and between angles in the corresponding figures.

In  DBF,
B

60o

70o 50o
D F

22. DB _____ DF
23. DF _____ BF _____ DB
In  SUN,

35
27

U N
16

24. m  S _____ m  U
25. m  S _____ m  N
 Answer Key

How much do you know

1.  CDE is an isosceles 
2. The base  s of an isosceles  are 
3.  CDE is an equilateral 
4. The angles opposite the  sides are also 
5. 60o
6. 60o
7. 65o each base 
8. 45o each base 
9. 60o
10. 90o
11. 16 units
12. 50o
13. 15 units
14. 18 units
15. 150o exterior angle of the vertex angle
16.  ADE,  FDE
17.  NPO,  QOR
18.  V and  W;  UTW and  UWT;  UVT and  UTV
19.  P and  R;  OSQ and  OQS
20.  B is the largest  and  A is the smallest 
21. RD < DE < RE or RD, DE, RE
22. <
23. >, >
24. >
25. >

Try this out

Lesson 1

1. a.  GMA is isosceles 
b. base angles of isosceles  are 
c.  GMA is an equilateral 
2. 60o
3. 52.5 each base
4. 90o
5. 45o
6. 20 units
7. 70o
8. 32.5 units
9. 53 units
10. 115o
11.  XPQ   XQP,  OPQ   OQP
12.  BCA   BAC;  DBC   DCB;  DAB   DBA
13.  QTS   QST;  SQR   SRQ
14.  ACD   ADC;  AEB   ABE
15.  VUW   VWU;  XUW   XWU

Lesson 2

1.  KOL,  LOM b. 66o

2.  QVR,  TVS c. 36o
3.  JFH,  KGI,  KFG 8. a. 57o
4.  NPC,  NTC b. 71o
5. a. congruent c. 52o
b. congruent 9. 150o
c.  A = 80o 10. 126o
d. isosceles 
6. 45o
7. a. 112o

Lesson 3
 1.  B is the largest angle and  A is the smallest angle
2.  D is the largest angle and  E is the smallest angle
3.  I is the largest angle and  H is the smallest angle
4.  J is the largest angle and  K is the smallest angle
5.  M is the largest angle and  O is the smallest angle
6. AB < BC < AC or AB, BC, AC
7. RQ < QS < RS or RQ, QS, RS
8. YZ < XY < XZ or YZ, XY, XZ
9. <, <, <, <, <
10. <, >, <, <, >

What you have learned

1.  ACE is an isosceles triangle

2. base angles of isosceles triangles are congruent
3.  RST is an equilateral triangle
4. equilateral  RST is also equiangular
5. 60°
6. 60°
7. 55° each base angle
8. 45° each base angle
9. 80°
10. 90°
11. 19 1/3
12. 10°
13. 20 units
14. 18 units
15. 70°
16.  IEF,  IQF,  HQG
17.  AEB,  DEC
18.  RQT   RTQ;  RTS   RST;  Q   S
19.  A   D;  EBC   ECB
20.  B is the largest angle and  A is the smallest angle
21. AB BC AC or AB, BC, AC
22. >
23. <, >
24. <
25. <