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INTERVIEW QUESTIONS • TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
RTD Questions and Answers

 S Bharadwaj Reddy  1 Comment
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Why is 4-wire connection recommended with Pt100 Class A (acc. to IEC 60751)?
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Only 4-wire connection is completely compensating the wire resistance e ect of the whole cable circuit. With 2- or 3-wire
Inte
connections there might be possibility to manually program the measured cable resistance as a transmitter parameter to correct
the nal readout. But even in these cases the parameter is correct only at the ambient temperature of the moment of measuring E
the cable. The measurement circuit loses its accuracy if the ambient temperature changes. The 4-wire connection compensates
also ambient temperature variations. The Class A Pt100 RTDs are meant for accurate temperature measurement, that’s why the M
wire connection should always be implemented with 4 wires.
P
What are the di erences between 2, 3, or 4 wire con gurations?
Categor
RTDs (Resistance Temperature Detectors) are o ered with 2, 3, or 4 lead con guration. The best con guration for a speci c
application depends on a number of factors, however the sensor con guration must match instrumentation, otherwise lead-wire Select Ca
resistance cancellation circuitry may be ine ective.
Factors to consider:
Cost of installation – more wires generally means higher cost

Available space – more or larger wires require more space
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A. 2-lead constructions result in lead-wire resistance getting added to the element resistance. Consequently, the temperature
reading is arti cially high. The graph below shows the temperature error, from 2 leads of various sizes and lengths, for a 100-ohm Inte
platinum RTD at 100°C.
E
B. 3-lead constructions result in canceled lead-wire resistance error only if the instrumentation can measure true 3-wire M
resistance.
P
Lead-wire resistance error cancellation is most e ective when all the lead wires have the same resistance. Using 3 wires of the
same AWG, length, and composition will typically result in lead-wire resistances matched within 5%. The graph below shows the
temperature error from lead-wire of various sizes and lengths, for a 3-lead 100-ohm platinum RTD at 100°C.
C. 4-lead constructions result in canceled resistance only if the instrumentation can measure true 4-wire resistance. True 4-wire Like our
resistance measurement will e ectively cancel leadwire resistance error even if all 4 wires are not the same AWG, length, and/or
composition.
D. Are any con gurations interchangeable?
Like P
4-lead RTDs can generally be used as 3-lead RTDs by eliminating (or tying o ) one of the leads
4-lead RTDs can be used as 2-lead RTDs, by combining (shorting) the common leads (usually of like color – white/white and
red/red) Latest C
WARNING: combining the common leads eliminates lead-wire resistance cancellation bene ts
3-lead RTDs can be used as 2-lead RTDs, by combining (shorting) the common leads ((usually of like color) smita
WARNING: combining the common leads eliminates lead-wire resistance cancellation bene ts so,much u
Iliyas
How to know what type of alpha (TCR) curve to use? Conductiv
Satheesh
CR (Temperature coe cient of Resistance) is the normalized average change in resistance of a sensing element over a speci c Very usefu
temperature range (typically 0 to 100°C). The value is independent of the base resistance and is a characteristic of the element Instrume
material itself. The units are measured in ohms/ohm/C. Sir, This w
getting kn
Example: A probe may read 100 ohms at 0°C, but at 100°C, the .00385 probe will read 138.5 ohms and the .00392 probe will read m.k
139.20 ohms. dear sir it
your e or
S Bharadw
A. Resistance curve depends on instrumentation. Refer to your instrumentation manual for acceptable RTD (Resistance
Please ch
Temperature Detector) input types.
category..
shabbir
B. Common TCRs include:
no any da
transmitte
Inst Too
When do we need a transmitter for a RTD sensor ?
Inst Too
There are no rm rules on when to specify transmitters. Each temperature monitoring system has unique cost and accuracy
requirements, and unique design problems to overcome.
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ANIMATION BASICS
transmitters MEASUREMENT
o er three advantages: CONTROL SYSTEMS  Q&A  ELECTRONICS  ELECTRICAL  TOOLS MORE  
Eliminate lead e ects from temperature readings

Output is more immune to electrical noise
Condition the RTD (Resistance Temperature Detector) signal
A. RTD leads e ects: Distance between sensors and control points are an obvious reason to specify transmitters.
Languag
Factors to consider:
Select La
Transmitters are more accurate than 2-wire RTDs, if this distance is more than a few feet
Over large distances, even 3-wire RTD’s can be inadequate for the required accuracy
4-wire RTD measurement circuits will e ectively eliminate lead wire errors, but the space and cost of two extra leads may
exceed the cost of a transmitter
High resistance sensing elements reduce the e ects of lead resistance, but do not eliminate them
RTD measurement circuits are typically low signal (1 mA or less), and are prone to electrical noise – especially in long wire runs.
At distances over 500 feet, a transmitter may be the only way to carry the accuracy of the RTD to the control electronics
B. Electrical Noise: Noise from motors, uorescent lamps, or other sources will degrade resistance or voltage signals, but has little
e ect on a transmitter’s controlled current. You may therefore want to use transmitters over relatively short distances in especially
noisy areas. The transmitter may even cost less than specially shielded extension wires. Simply twisting the transmitter wire pair is
very e ective at reducing noise; shielded cable is usually not necessary.
C. Signal Conditioning: You may want transmitters for their signal conditioning circuitry alone. RTD resistance/temperature curves
are non-linear. A transmitter changes the RTD resistance to an industry standard 4-20 mA, while simultaneously linearizing the
output with temperature. With the transmitter’s linear response, you don’t need complex equations to interpret readings.
What is class A and class B?
In the world of RTDs (Resistance Temperature Detectors), platinum has gained enormous popularity. This is due to the physical
characteristics that make it superior to other materials for sensing temperature.
To provide interchangeability between manufacturers for the sake of global industry, there are some international standards that
have been adopted by most countries:
IEC 60751 de nes the temperature accuracy and the resistance/temperature characteristic curve for several tolerance classes
“Class B” and “Class A” are the most common tolerance classes.
These are de ned by a single nominal resistance/temperature characteristic curve and the following accuracy designations:
*Consult sensor manufacturer for sensor construction of a particular model
There are a number of standards that either copy or are predecessors of IEC 60751. Among them are IEC 751, DIN 43760, EN
60751, and BS EN 60751. Another standard, ASTM E1137, uses the same nominal characteristic curve, but de nes tolerances
di erently, and designates them as “Grade B” and “Grade A”. The ASTM standard is not used as widely as the IEC standard.
When do we need shielded lead wires (electrical noise) for RTD?
Environments containing high voltages or in the presence of electromagnetic elds (EMF) may require shielded lead wires. These
environments generate what is commonly referred to as “noise” (EMI) within a sensing instrument. Lead wires act as antennas.
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Two common techniques may help alleviate the in uence of electrical noise:
Twisting the leads will help o set the induced noise.

Lead wires may be covered with a “shielding,” commonly silver plated copper braid (SPC Braid). Grounding the shielding at the
instrument only provides the best results.
What is the self-heating constant?
The self-heating constant de nes the temperature rise in degrees Kelvin per mW of applied power. The constant of each RTD
Element is measured in a standard condition of ice water at 0 Deg C. Since the constant is measured under conditions that don’t
necessarily re ect a typical application environment, the self-heating constant is primarily used to compare the self-heating
properties of one element to another.
In addition, the actual use conditions greatly in uence the self-heating constant. For example, potting the element in a thermally
conductive material increases the surface area and thermal mass, e ectively lowering the self-heating constant. If an element is
used in a full or partial vacuum, however, the opposite can occur—the self-heating constant can increase due to the reduced
thermal conductivity of the surrounding medium. In temperature-sensing applications, self-heating, if excessive, can introduce
signi cant measurement error. The dependency of self-heating on the thermal conductivity of the surrounding medium can also
be exploited to measure uid level, ow, thermal conductivity, uid density, etc.
How is the temperature coe cient of a Platinum RTD Element de ned?
The temperature coe cient, also referred to as the “alpha value”, is the average change in resistance between 0 and 100 °C, and
calculated using the formula
How is the resistance vs. temperature characteristic of a Platinum RTD Element de ned?
The Callendar–Van Dusen equation describes the relationship of resistance to temperature in Platinum RTD Elements.
For temperatures t equal to and above 0 Deg C, the equation is R(t) = R0*(1+A*t+B*t²)
For temperatures t below 0 Deg C, the equation is R(t) = R0*(1+A*t+B*t²+C*(t-100°C)*t³)
Where A, B, & C are constants for speci c RTD curves.
The constants for the IEC 60751 TC 3850ppm curve are:
A = 3.9083*10-3 °C-1
B = -5.775*10-7 °C-2
C = -4.183*10-12 °C-4
What is the di erence between the IEC 60751 speci cation and the DIN EN 60751 speci cation?
The IEC 60751 and DIN EN 60751 speci cations are identical. The DIN speci cation is basically the IEC spec with a cover page
added.
What is the di erence between the IEC 60751 speci cation and the ASTM E1137 speci cation?
Both speci cations apply to the standard 3850ppm temperature coe cient (0.385) platinum curve, and are based upon the ITS-90
temperature scale. One primary di erence between the two speci cations is the de nition of tolerance classes, as follows
‘F’ indicates thin lm element. If the tolerance of a wirewound element is being de ned, substitute ‘W’.
A customer asked for a temperature sensor assembly with a platinum RTD element that meets the requirements of DIN
43760. Is this a valid speci cation for a platinum RTD sensor?
No. DIN 43760 Sept 68 applied to both 100 ohm nickel and platinum RTD elements. The next version of the speci cation, DIN
43760 Sept 87, applied only to nickel elements, and no longer applied to platinum elements. DIN EN 60751 is the applicable DIN
speci cation for platinum RTD elements
I’ve seen references to a F0.3 tolerance. What does this mean?
“F0.3” tolerance is equivalent to a class B tolerance (F=thin lm, W=wirewound, 0.3 indicates ±0.3 Deg C @ 0 Deg C). The tolerance
nomenclature for platinum temperature sensing elements was revised in the IEC 60751 2008-07 speci cation (also in the DIN EN
60751 2009-05 speci cation). The following table relates the old tolerance designation to the new.
Thin Film or Wirewound Platinum RTD Element—which one should I choose?
The requirement of the speci c application dictates the type of element used, but typically the default choice is a Thin Film
Element. Intrinsically vibration-resistant and lower in cost than a Wirewound Element, the Thin Film Element meets the needs of
most temperature sensing applications. The following table summarizes the advantages of each type:
What does the name Pt100 stand for?
Pt100 is a resistance temperature detector, made of material Platinum (= Pt_) and its resistance value at 0 °C temperature is 100
ohm (=_100). Hence the name is Pt100.
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What means 2-, 3- and 4-wire connection?
A resistance temperature detector (=RTD) can be connected with 2, 3 or 4 wires. The 2-wire connection needs only 2 wires, but
then the measuring electronics is measuring also wire resistance, which is not desirable. Using extra wires for compensating the
cable resistance gives more precisely the desired resistance of the RTD itself. The 4-wire connection is the most accurate one.
What are the Pt100 accuracy classes?
Accuracy classes and tolerances de ned by IEC 60751:2008 are:
Class AA ± (0,1+0,0017 * t), ±0,1 °C (0 °C), ±0,27 °C (100 °C), de ned on range -50…+250 °C (wire wound resistor), 0…+150 °C
(thin lm resistor)
Class A ± (0,15+0,002 * t), ±0,15 °C (0 °C), ±0,35 °C (100 °C), de ned on range -100…+450 °C (wire wound resistor), -30…+300 °C
(thin lm resistor)
Class B ± (0,3+0,005 * t), ±0,3 °C (0 °C), ±0,8 °C (100 °C), de ned on range -196…+600 °C (wire wound resistor), -500…+500 °C
(thin lm resistor)
Class C ± (0,6+0,01 * t), not commonly used for industrial measuring circuits.
What is 1/3 DIN and 1/10 DIN?
Standard DIN EN 60751:2009 (based on IEC 60751:2008) de nes Pt100 resistance accuracy Classes AA, A, B and C and
corresponding tolerances. Before standard update the most accurate class was A and all de nitions more accurate were non-
standardized, divided Class B values.
1/3 DIN is a divided value, based on Class B, not applicable over the whole measuring range. This divided accuracy is only
de ned at the point: 0 °C = ± 0,3/3 °C= ± 0,1 °C. Class B 1/3 DIN is not a standardized class.
1/10 DIN is a divided value, based on Class B, not applicable over the whole measuring range. This divided accuracy is only
de ned at the point: 0 °C = ± 0,3/10 °C = ± 0,03 °C. Class B 1/10 DIN is not a standardized class.
The standardized Class AA since standard update has made the divided values 1/3 DIN dispensable.
Advantages of RTD ?
An RTD sensing element consists of a wire coil or deposited lm of pure metal. The element’s resistance increases with
temperature in a known and repeatable manner. RTDs exhibit excellent accuracy over a wide temperature range and represent
the fastest growing segment among industrial temperature sensors.
Their advantages include:
Temperature range: cover temperatures from -260 to 650°C (-436 to 1202°F).

Repeatability and stability: The platinum resistance thermometer is the primary interpolation instrument used by the National
Institute of Standards and Technology from -260 to 962°C. Ordinary industrial RTDs typically drift less than 0.1°C/year.
Sensitivity: The voltage drop across an RTD provides a much larger output than a thermocouple.
Linearity: Platinum and copper RTDs produce a more linear response than thermocouples or thermistors. RTD non-linearities
can be corrected through proper design of resistive bridge networks.
Low system cost: RTDs use ordinary copper extension leads and require no cold junction compensation.
Standardization: Manufacturers o er RTDs to industry standard curves, most commonly 100 Ω platinum to EN60751
RTD Materials ?
The criterion for selecting a material to make an RTD is:
The material must be malleable so that it can be formed into small wires
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must have a repeatable MEASUREMENT CONTROL SYSTEMS  Q & A
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The material should also be resistant to corrosion.

The material should be low cost.
It is preferred that the material have a linear resistance verses temperature slope.
Some of the common RTD materials are platinum, copper, nickel, Balco (an alloy of 70% nickel and 30 % iron). These metals have
the advantage that they can be manufactured to a very high degree of purity and are, consequently, available with highly
reproducible temperature/resistance characteristics. These metals can also be drawn to a ne diameter wires required in
resistance thermometry.
Characteristics of various materials used as RTD
As shown in table, although copper is cheapest, it also has the lowest resistivity and therefore requires inconveniently large
sensing elements. On the other hand, even as nickel and nickel alloy have high resistivity, their resistance versus temperature
coe cients are non-linear. They are also sensitive to strain and their resistivity su er from an in exion around the Curie point
(358ºC) that makes the deviation of their resistance/ temperature expressions more complicated.
This platinum which not only has a high resistivity (more than six times that of copper) but also a high degree of stability and a
wide temperature range. Although platinum is expensive it can be drawn into ne wires or strips and we only require small
amounts for manufacturing RTDs. As a noble metal, it has minimum susceptibility to contamination.
The presence of impurities is undesirable since di usion, segregation and evaporation may occur in service, resulting in a lack of
stability. The resistivity is also sensitive to internal strains. Thus, it is essential that the platinum should remain in a fully annealed
condition i.e. it should be annealed at a temperature higher than the maximum temperature of service.
Temperature Rating for RTD’S ?
The maximum temperature rating for RTD’s is based on two di erent factors. First is the element material. Platinum RTD’s can be
used as high as 650°C (1202°F). Other materials are much lower in temperature rating and vary from material to material. The
other determining factor for temperature rating is probe construction. There are construction considerations used in each of
these di erent styles making them ideal for use in each of those ranges.
Tolerance table for types of RTD’s according to IEC751 ?
Standard Platinum RTDs
The ITS-90 (International Temperature Scale of 1990- used as a worldwide practical temperature scale in national metrology labs
like NIST, NPL) is made up of a number of xed reference points with various interpolating devices used to de ne the scale
between points. A special set of PRTs, called SPRTs, are used to perform the interpolation in such labs over the ranges 13.8033 K
(Triple point of Equilibrium Hydrogen) to the Freezing point of silver, 971.78 °C.
RTD Standards
There are two standards for platinum RTDs: The European standard (also known as the DIN or IEC standard) and the American
standard.
The European standard, also known as the DIN or IEC standard, is considered the world-wide standard for platinum RTDs. This
standard, DIN/IEC 60751 (or simply IEC751), requires the RTD to have an electrical resistance of 100.00 Ω at 0°C and a temperature
coe cient of resistance (TCR) of 0.00385Ω/Ω/°C between 0 and 100°C. There are three resistance tolerances for Thin Film.
RTDs speci ed in IEC60751:
Class AA (Formerly 1/3B) = ± (0.1+0.0017×t) °C or 100.00 ± 0.04Ω at 0°C
Class A = ± (0.15+0.002×t) °C or 100.00 ± 0.06Ω at 0°C
Class B = ± (0.3+0.005×t) °C or 100.00 ± 0.12Ω at 0°C
Also, one special class not included in DIN/IEC60751:
Class 1/10B = ±1/10 (0.3+0.005×t) °C or 100.00 ± 0.012Ω at 0°C
Construction of RTD
The RTD elements nearly always require insulated leads attached. At temperatures below about 250 °C PVC, silicon rubber or PTFE
insulators are used. Above this, glass ber or ceramic are used. The measuring point, and usually most of the leads, requires a
housing or protective sleeve, often made of a metal alloy which is chemically inert to the process being monitored. Selecting and
designing protection sheaths can require more care than the actual sensor, as the sheath must withstand chemical or physical
attack and provide convenient attachment points.
Platinum thin lm RTD
The thin lm style of RTD is probably the most popular design because of their rugged design and low cost. The thin lm element
is manufactured by coating a small ceramic chip with a very thin (.0001”) lm of platinum and then laser cutting or chemical
etching a resistance path in the platinum lm. The element is then coated with a thin layer of glass to protect it from harmful
chemicals and gases. Larger extension lead wires are spot welded to the chip and this junction is then covered with a drop of
epoxy to help hold the wires to the element.
Two wire RTD Wiring
The two wires RTD is the simplest wire con guration. One wire is attached to each side of the element. A measure can be taken by
any device equipped to measure resistance, including basic Volt Ohm Meters (VOM).
This is the least accurate way of measuring temperature, due to the fact that the lead wire resistance is in series with the sensing
element. The lead wire is at a di erent temperature than the sensing element and also has di erent resistance verses
temperature characteristics. The longer the lead wire greater will be the e ect on the measurement.
Three wire RTD Wiring
The three wires RTD is the most popular con guration for use in industrial applications. In order to minimize the e ects of the
lead resistances, a three-wire con guration can be used. Using this method the two leads to the sensor are on adjoining arms.
There is a lead resistance in each arm of the bridge so that the resistance is cancelled out, so long as the two lead resistances are
accurately the same. This con guration allows up to 600 meters of cable.
When used correctly, the three wire con guration eliminates the series resistance. This permits an accurate measurement of the
ALLsensing
ANIMATION BASICS
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resistance in L1 and L3 should be matched as close as possible; this will cause the lead resistance to cancel them. The color code
for a three wire RTD is two red wires and one white.
Four wire RTD Wiring
A four wire RTD is the most accurate method to measure an RTD. It is primarily used in laboratories and is seldom seen in an
industrial application. The four-wire resistance thermometer con guration increases the accuracy and reliability of the resistance
being measured: the resistance error due to lead wire resistance is zero.
A four wire RTD circuit removes the e ect of mismatched resistances on the lead wires. A constant current is passed through L1
and L4, L2 and L3 measure the voltage drop across the RTD element. The color code for a four wire RTD is usually two red wires
and two white wires. The following diagram illustrates a typical four wire measurement.
RTD Lead con guration and color code
Mineral Insulated RTD
Mineral-Insulated resistance thermometers (M.I.) are equipped in general with Platinum-measuring resistors Pt100 Ω to DIN IEC
751. The inner (Cu) conductors are embedded in a closely compacted, inert mineral powder (MgO); the measuring resistor will be
connected to the inner conductors, is also embedded and is surrounded by the metal sheath to form a hermetically sealed
assembly. Sometimes inner conductor of constantan and nickel are also used.
The sheath functions as a useful protective cover in many situations. They are applied in locations where fast response, reduced
space and or vibration resistance is a need. They can be furnished with a xed cable or with a special plug which allows rapid
tting or exchange.
Mineral-insulated RTD temperature probes consist of a exible, thin-walled stainless steel mineral insulated cable, in which low
ohmic conductor copper wires are embedded in pressed, heat resistant magnesium oxide.
The temperature probe is connected to the wires of the internal conductors and accommodated in a stainless steel sheath.
Thermowell and mineral-insulated cable are welded to one another.
The good heat transition between the sheath and the temperature probe permits short response times and high measuring
accuracy. The vibration resistant (shake proof) design guarantees a long operating life. Temperature measurements at measuring
points di cult to access are possible thanks to the exible mineral-insulated cable. The smallest bending radius is 5 times the
outer diameter.
Metal sheathed RTDs
It comprises of a thin-walled and exible mineral insulated sheath cable made up of stainless steel.
The cable contains low resistance inner wires made of copper embedded in pressed reproof magnesium oxide.
The temperature sensor is connected to the inner wires and tted in a protective tube.
Protective tube and sheathed cable are welded together hermetically.
Good heat transfer between protective tube and temperature sensor allows fast response time and high measuring accuracies.
The exible probe tube allows temperature measurement at locations that are not easily accessible.
They are used in di cult measurement application with strong vibrations as well as at all measuring positions where exibility
and ease of replacement are needed.
Areas of application are to be found in chemical plants, power stations, motors, as well as in machine construction and building
installation and in general industrial applications.
Potential source of errors with RTD
Resistance thermometer systems are susceptible to three types of errors: The inherent tolerances built into the thermometers,
gradients between the thermometer and the medium to be sensed, and errors introduced along the path between the sensor and
readout or control instrument. Some sources of error are electrical; others result from the mechanical construction of the
thermometer.
Interchangeability/Conformity for RTD
A tolerance at the reference temperature is usually 0°C, and a tolerance on the slope or TCR. Below shown gure states that a
resistance thermometer conforms most closely to its curve at the reference temperature, while the resistance fans out above and
below this reference.
Interchangeability between two thermometers is no more than twice the value of their Conformity. Commercial platinum
resistance thermometer elements are available with extremely tight tolerances, to within 0.026°C in some cases. When
interchangeability is an overriding consideration, the speci ed may consider other means to achieve it. For example,
manufacturers may alter their calibration procedures to x the reference temperature and tightest tolerance at a point other than
0°C.
Sensitivity for RTD
The resistance change per degree change in temperature is a function of base resistance and TCR (Temperature Coe cient of
Resistance).
Although a thermometer with higher sensitivity is not necessarily more accurate, a larger signal simpli es output electronics and is
less susceptible to lead wire e ects and electrical noise. In addition, a larger resistance produces the same voltage output with less
measuring current, which helps to limit self-heating of the thermometer element.
Insulation Resistance for RTD
If the sensing element and leads are not completely insulated from the case, a shunting e ect occurs in which the case becomes a
parallel resistor and lowers apparent readings. In most industrial thermometers, with speci ed insulation Resistances in the 100-
MΩ ranges, error approaches zero. The manufacturer must take care to seal water-absorbing materials. The shunting e ect
decreases with low resistance elements, which accounts. The shunting e ect decreases with low-resistance elements
Self Heating for RTD
A resistance thermometer is a passive resistance sensor; it requires a measuring current to produce a useful signal. Because this
measuring current heats the element wire above the true ambient temperature, errors will result unless the extra heat is
dissipated. Self-heating is most often expressed in mW/°C, which is the power in mill watts (1000 I2 R) required to raise the
thermometers internal temperature by 1°C. The higher the mW/°C gure, the lower the Self Heating.
As an example, assume a 5 mA measuring current is driven through 100 platinum RTD at 100°C.
Self-heating is speci ed as 50 mW/°C in water moving at 3 ft/sec. The amount of heat generated is:
1000 mW x (0.005 A)2 x (138.5) = 3.5 mW
The self-heating error is:
(3.5 mW) / (50 mW/°C) = 0.07°C
The generated heat increases with higher sensor element resistance (when a constant current measurement device is used), or
with increasing measuring current.
The resulting error is inversely proportional to the ability of the thermometer to shed extra heat; which in turn depends on
thermometer materials, construction, and environment.
The worst self-heating occurs when a high resistance is packed into a small body. Thin lm elements, with little surface area to
dissipate heat, are an example. Self-heating also depends on the medium in which the thermometer is immersed. Error in still air
may be over 100 times greater than in moving water.
Time Constant of RTD
A time constant indicates the responsiveness of a resistance thermometer to temperature change. A common expression is the
time it takes a thermometer to re ect 63.2% of a step temperature change in moving water. Response speed depends on the
mass of the thermometer and the rate at which heat transfers from the outer surface to the sensing element. A rapid time
constant reduces errors in a system subject to rapid temperature changes.
Repeatability of RTD
The degree of accord between two successive readings with a thermometer is its repeatability. Loss of repeatability results from
permanent or temporary changes to the resistance characteristics of the element and may be caused by exposing the
thermometer to temperatures at or beyond the endpoints of its speci ed range. A repeatability test cycles the thermometer
between low and high temperatures; any change to R is noted. A typical repeatability rating for 0°C industrial platinum resistance
thermometers is ±0.1°C.
Role Stability of RTD
Stability is long-term drift in thermometer readings. A typical speci cation would limit drift to 0.1°C per year for rated operation.
Normal services at points well within the temperature rating typically cause much less drift. Drift is a consequence of the element
material, with platinum being the most stable; encapsulating materials, which could contaminate the element; and mechanical
stress placed on the element by expansion of winding bobbins or other supporting structures.
Packaging and thermal transfer in construction of RTD
Sheaths and other structures surrounding resistive elements should maximize heat transfer from the sensed medium, minimize
heat transfer from ambient which can alter readings, and provide necessary protection of the elements.

RTD Questions and Answers.

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RTD Questions and Answers.

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1/26/2018 RTD Questions and Answers Instrumentation Tools

Question and Answers Interview Question Answers

Electronics and Electrical Multiple Choice Questions PT100 RTD S

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INTERVIEW QUESTIONS • TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT

RTD Questions and Answers

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What are the di erences between 2, 3, or 4 wire con gurations?

Cost of installation – more wires generally means higher cost

D. Are any con gurations interchangeable?

When do we need a transmitter for a RTD sensor ?

Eliminate lead e ects from temperature readings

What is class A and class B?

*Consult sensor manufacturer for sensor construction of a particular model

When do we need shielded lead wires (electrical noise) for RTD?

Twisting the leads will help o set the induced noise.

What is the self-heating constant?

How is the temperature coe cient of a Platinum RTD Element de ned?

For temperatures t below 0 Deg C, the equation is R(t) = R0*(1+A*t+B*t²+C*(t-100°C)*t³)

Where A, B, & C are constants for speci c RTD curves.

The constants for the IEC 60751 TC 3850ppm curve are:

I’ve seen references to a F0.3 tolerance. What does this mean?

Thin Film or Wirewound Platinum RTD Element—which one should I choose?

What does the name Pt100 stand for?

What means 2-, 3- and 4-wire connection?

What are the Pt100 accuracy classes?

Accuracy classes and tolerances de ned by IEC 60751:2008 are:

What is 1/3 DIN and 1/10 DIN?

Their advantages include:

Temperature range: cover temperatures from -260 to 650°C (-436 to 1202°F).

The criterion for selecting a material to make an RTD is:

The material should also be resistant to corrosion.

Characteristics of various materials used as RTD

Temperature Rating for RTD’S ?

Tolerance table for types of RTD’s according to IEC751 ?

Standard Platinum RTDs

RTDs speci ed in IEC60751:

Class AA (Formerly 1/3B) = ± (0.1+0.0017×t) °C or 100.00 ± 0.04Ω at 0°C

Class A = ± (0.15+0.002×t) °C or 100.00 ± 0.06Ω at 0°C

Class B = ± (0.3+0.005×t) °C or 100.00 ± 0.12Ω at 0°C

Also, one special class not included in DIN/IEC60751:

Class 1/10B = ±1/10 (0.3+0.005×t) °C or 100.00 ± 0.012Ω at 0°C

Platinum thin lm RTD

Two wire RTD Wiring

Three wire RTD Wiring

Four wire RTD Wiring

RTD Lead con guration and color code

Mineral Insulated RTD

Metal sheathed RTDs

Potential source of errors with RTD

Interchangeability/Conformity for RTD

Sensitivity for RTD

Insulation Resistance for RTD

Self Heating for RTD

1000 mW x (0.005 A)2 x (138.5) = 3.5 mW

The self-heating error is:

(3.5 mW) / (50 mW/°C) = 0.07°C

Time Constant of RTD

Role Stability of RTD

Packaging and thermal transfer in construction of RTD

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For temperatures t below 0 Deg C, the equation is R(t) = R0(1+At+Bt²+C(t-100°C)*t³)