Research Paper - de Asis F

Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology
General Tinio Campus, Cabantuan City
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
Crime is a social phenomenon. This means that crime cannot be eliminated but
can be controlled through crime prevention programs which are effectively carried out by
authorities. Crime is a serious issue that affects everyone in society. It is a problem for
contemporary societies that can have wide and lasting impacts on victims, their families
and communities.
Crime is a violation of societal rules of behavior as interpreted and expressed by
the criminal law, which reflects public opinion, traditional values, and the viewpoint of
people currently holding social and political power. Individuals who violate these rules
are subject to sanctions by state authority, social stigma, and loss of status (Siegel, 2008).
Each country in the world has social problems which need to be fixed. One of
these problems is crime. One of the significant causes is unemployment. Because people
do not have a stable job which helps them to pay everything in their lives such as foods,
clothes, so they cannot improve their lives. As a result, although something is unlawful,
they must do to have money. The second cause is migration from rural area to urban area.
Some people consider that they can have a good life in urban areas. However, some
people do not have knowledge and skills to do anything so they cannot adapt with new
environment. As a result, they are seduced easily to do unlawful actions. For instance,
NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
General Tinio Campus, Cabanatuan City
some naive girls from rural areas to urban areas, they are easily cheated to become bad
girls which is a kind of crime (Vicente, 2013).
The police are among the most visible and active providers of public service in
contemporary society. They operate in 24 hours a day basis and are called upon when no
longer other government agencies are available or qualified to assist. The duties they
perform often represent the difference between life and death and tranquility or tragedy
(Dasayon, 2013).
In the United States, crime data is collected from three major sources: law
enforcement agency crime reports, collected monthly by the Federal Bureau of
Investigation and processed annually as Uniform Crime Reports (UCR); victimization
surveys, collected biannually by the Bureau of Justice Statistics and processed annually
in the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS); and self-report surveys (Flora,
2013).
There is no doubt that numerous problems exist in most modern cities throughout
the world. Although traffic congestion, pollution and overcrowding often occur, many
people believe that crime is the most serious problem in urban areas. Television and
newspaper reports often tell us that crime continues to rise.
In the Philippines, the Police Integrated Patrol System (PIPS) is being observed
by the Philippine National Police (PNP) in close coordination with public officials and
private citizens. There are several agencies in charge in the enforcement of the laws and
ordinances. These law enforcement agencies have their own strategies in addressing the
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crimes in their respective places. The Philippine National Police is the prime mover of
the Criminal Justice System of the Philippines where the prevention of crime is tasked to
be performed mostly by its personnel.
The PNP, as mandated by law to protect lives and properties, is working on its
fundamental principle of “to serve and to protect”, and it is still serving and protecting to
the fullest its citizenry. Although policing has evolved into the millennium as a result of
changing demographics, economic pressures and more sophisticated criminal activity and
technology, the PNP has managed to perform to the call of times. As crime perpetrators
employ vast complexity in the commission of their crimes, today’s policing professionals
are equipped with the most current theories of criminology, investigative techniques, law,
psychology, evidence collections of forensics and proven studies and strategies.
However, while great strides have been accomplished in improving the crime-
busting capabilities of the Philippine National Police (PNP), still it cannot be over
emphasized that intimate familiarity with crimes and the criminals was, and still is, the
best weapon for crime prevention and solution. This intimate familiarity can only come
about if the PNP has in its possession data which are complete, comprehensive, accurate,
reliable, responsive, and updated, for operational policy formation and decision making
purposes.
The public confidence in any police organization is determined by the
performance of itspolice personnel in solving crimes and apprehending offenders. The
passage of time, unfortunately, did not result to a perceptible improvement in the
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prevailing peace and order in the country. Criminals have kept pace with the
advancement in the field of science and technology and have grown incomparably more
brazen and sophisticated in terms of organization, modus operandi, weaponry, and
logistics (Gubatan, 2011).
According to Dasayon (2013), his thesis revealed that crime volume increases in
Pasig City from CY 2010-2012. Marikina City has a total crime volume of 3,053 from
CY 2010-2012. These two cities in Metro Manila reveal a picture of crime situation that
calls for the implementation of the Police Integrated Patrol System (PIPS) nationwide.
The researcher believes that the experience of these two cities are similar with other
highly urbanized cities in the country. This is a situation that would invite the
implementation of PIPS in all stations.
More so, the seeming inefficient and slow solution of crime incidents not only
adversely affectsour economic stability but also the entire police organization.In so
doing, elements of Organized Crime Groups (OCGs) and criminal/syndicated gangs took
advantage of the situation and intensify their trade.
According to Gubatan (2011), there are other factors that affect the effectiveness
and efficiency of thecrime-fighting system, such as the chronic lack of equipment and
facilities, and inadequate manpower. Others may include policy issues, particularly on
coordination with the different agencies involved in the administration of justice.Crime
experts and law enforcement around the world have long been aware of the complexities
of crime and the importance of crime prevention. Any initiative or policy which reduces
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or eliminates the aggregate level of victimization or the risk of individual criminal
participation is defined as “crime prevention.” It includes government and community-
based programs to reduce the incidents of risk factors correlated with criminal
participation and the rate of victimization, as well as efforts to change the perceptions.
To succeed in crime-fighting capabilities, the government needs to establish a
coalition of key agencies such as schools, create job, provide social services and housing,
and ensure effective law enforcement policies. Primary prevention addresses individual
and family level factors correlated with criminal participation. Individual level factors,
such as attachment to school and involvement in social activities decrease the probability
of criminal involvement. Family level factors, such as consistent parenting skills reduce
individual level risk. Risk factors are additive in nature, as the greater number of risk
factors present the greater risk of criminal involvement.
Another major factor that greatly affects the rise in criminality is urbanity.
Urbanity is viewed with the combined concept of size, density and the presence ofcertain
institutions associated with an urban lifestyle like a town hall, church or chapel, public
plaza, park orcemetery, market place, buildings for trade activities and public buildings
like schools, health center and library.
On November 27,2010, the Philippine National Police (PNP) issued a Letter of
Instruction (LOI) 63/2010 entitled Police Integrated Patrol System (PIPS) which was
launched at the National Capital Region Police Office (NCRPO). Later the PNP directed
the other PNP regional offices to implement the same.
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The concept was to integrate the effort of all Law Enforcement Agencies
operating in a certain area to maximize the effort and resources of the different patrol
teams operating in a certain area in order to properly address the problem on crime,
particularly street crimes.
The Pangasinan Police Provincial Office made some innovations on the program
identifying crime prone areas and implemented the program called PIPS Focused Area.
Police personnel were deployed and station in a particular place at a given time based on
the crime clock identified as hotspot area generated by the Geographic Information
System-Base Crime Analysis (GIS-BCA). Sector supervisor are assigned to monitor and
supervise the implementation of the program with the Station Commander as the over-all
supervisor of the team. The monitoring is being assessed every week by the Station
Commander and presents every month the progress of the program with recommendation
to the regional office.
The Pangasinan Police Provincial Office has a chartered city, the Dagupan City
which has a multicultural population foreign and local. Hence, there is a need to give
premium on the preventive and proactive approaches to crime rather than reactive ones.
One of the strategies being implemented is the Police Integrated Patrol System (PIPS).
When more crimes are prevented, the lesser crimes will be investigated, thus reducing the
use of resources of the PNP. This becomes economical, efficient and effective policing in
general. It will also be more beneficial to the five (5) pillars of CJS and the nation as a
whole, in all its milieus, be it political, social or economical. With this situation, Dagupan
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City Police Station with its current mission and function, adopted an enhanced intensified
version of Integrated Patrol Plan.
There was an increase of Index and Non-Index crimes committed in the City
particularly during the periods of May when the celebration of the Bangus Festival is
being held. In this scenario, a lot of tourists from all over the country and around the
world come and visit the City of Dagupan in its month-long celebration. Similarly, the
Dagupan City Fiesta every December is also a peak season of crime incidents.
To address this problem and immediately reduce the total crime volume in the
whole region, the Police Regional Office 1 launched the Police Integrated Patrol System
(PIPS) Focused Area and identified the Business District area under Dagupan City Police
Station as the pilot area of the program. Through the initiative the City Police Chief
directly supervised the implementation and monitoring of the program. However, despite
visible reduction of crime particularly street crime of robbery, theft and physical injury
few months after the implementation, no survey have ever been made if the program was
effective and sustainable that can be adopted as a template for the whole region as a
strategy in its crime prevention program.
However, considering that Dagupan City is a highly urbanized City, it is always
expected like other highly-urbanized cities/metropolis that opportunists/ unscrupulous
individuals/ groups and criminals may take advantage of the complexities of the city in
furtherance of their illegal activities. To address the situation, the Police Integrated Patrol
System (PIPS) - Focus Area was further conceptualized and implemented to enhance and
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strengthen crime prevention and solution in a designated Focus Area of each Police
Station. Considering the limited resources of the organization, the PIPS-Focus Area has
been likewise adopted to concentrate anti-criminality efforts in focus areas where crime
incidents are prevalent, rather than the usual deployment of patrollers which is more
dispersed in nature resulting in the old saying that “the eyes are bigger than the stomach”.
Subsequently, the PIPS-Focus Area was later on adopted by the different Police
Stations. Consequently, with the implementation of the program, intensified law
enforcement operations have been conducted through aggressive police visibility/
presence (foot/ mobile patrols), checkpoint/ chokepoint operations, OplanBakal/ Sita and
other related anti criminality and security operations. Moreover, with the implementation
of PIPS-Focus Area, it will surely limit, if not, constrict the playing fields or areas of
operation of criminals, hence denying them further of the opportunity to commit crime.
In Dagupan City, the localized Police Integrated Patrol System (PIPS) had made
an impact on the crime situation as evidenced by the steady decrease of crime incidents
involving the use of firearms, street crimes and those perpetrated by motorcycle-riding
criminals since its implementation. However, these incidents still continue to persist due
to various criminogenic factors that drive a person to commit a crime.
Verily, motive belongs to and is held by the criminal whom the police force
cannot totally eradicate/control, but it can certainly reduce or eliminate the opportunity
and instrumentality through crime prevention programs of the five (5) pillars of CJS, but
most importantly through the “preventive actions” of the Police.
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As part of the preventive actions, “Police Presence/ Patrol” in the forms of police
visibility patrol; engagement of beat patrollers with the community-at-large; police
community relation activities, and other-related public safety and community services
was intensified.
Aside from these concepts, DCPS is re-engineering its organizational structure
and systems/procedures and re-tooling its personnel in consonance with the Performance
Governance System (PGS)/P.A.T.R.O.L. Plan 2030. There is also a need to refocus the
mindset of our personnel from the traditional (reactive) concept of patrolling and
incident-driven response to a crime incident/assistance to a more proactive and
responsive means, hence this IMPLAN.
Dagupan, officially the City of Dagupan (Pangasinan: Siyudad na Dagupan;
Filipino: Lungsod ng Dagupan) or simply Dagupan City, is a 1st Class Independent
Component City in the province of Pangasinan, Philippines. According to the 2015
census, it has a population of 171,271 people.
Located on the Lingayen Gulf on the island of Luzon, Dagupan is a major
commercial and financial center north of Manila. Also, the city is one of the centers of
modern medical services, media and communication in Northern Luzon. Dagupan is
situated within the fertile Agno River Valley.
The city is among the top producers of milkfish (locally known as bangus) in the
province. From 2001-2003, Dagupan's milkfish production totaled to 35,560.1 metric
tons (MT), contributing 16.8 percent to the total provincial production. Of its total
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production in the past three years, 78.5 percent grew in fish pens/cages while the rest
grew in brackish water fishpond
The DCPS identified identify focus areas in the City of Dagupan and undertake a
concerted effort and intensified law enforcement operations, aggressive foot and mobile
patrol, anti-criminality campaign and public safety services in coordination and
collaboration with other law enforcement agencies, Local Government Units,
Government and Non-Government Organizations/entities, force multipliers/volunteers
and other stakeholders.
Each Police Station and Field Unit shall identify focus areas to implement the
Police Integrated Patrol System (PIPS) in their respective AOR, guided by the QUAD
concept of policing, namely: Intelligence, Operations, Investigation and Police
Community Relations.
The implementation of PIPS in focus areas shall have the following features:
Identification of Focus Areas. All field units shall maintain an updated
Geographic Information System (GIS) crime map as basis in crime analysis (BCA) and
identification of focus areas (crime hotspots, critical times of crime commission and
modus operandi of criminals). The identified focus areas shall be the subject of
aggressive police visibility/presence (foot and mobile patrols), checkpoint/ chokepoint
operations, OplanBakal/Sita and other related anti-criminality and security operations.
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Theoretical Framework
This study is anchored on the theory on the anatomy of crime. According to
Coronel (1996) as cited by Dela Rama, et.al (2011), in order for a crime to happen, there
are three elements to be satisfied. These are the intent/motive, opportunity, and
instrumentality. Each can be briefly described as: Intent is the action done by a person to
criminalize a motive; Motive is the reason or cause why a person or group of persons will
perpetrate a crime. Opportunity is the time and chance given for a criminal to do the
crime, and Instrumentality does not only limit to implements or tools used in the
commission but also includes the capability of every individual in doing a crime. From
these variables, the study was anchored. The related theories to these variables are
explained below.
Theory of Police Omni-presence.This was claimed by Thomas F. Adams in his
book “Police Field Operations” as one of the oldest but most effective way of preventing
crimes is the “theory of police omnipresence.” This is associated with the police
visibility principle that requires physically uniformed personnel to patrol their beat
specially during peak hours to implant into the minds of the people including would be
criminals that police are present in the vicinity. Thus, this strategy is effective in
eliminating desire in committing crimes (Adams, 2010).This theory, when implemented
will eliminate intent/motive, opportunity, and instrumentality as necessary in the
commission of crime.
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Reactive and Proactive theories. According to Adams (2010), there are two
common ways or principle of response to crime, the reactive and the proactive methods.
Reactive method is the reactive function of public officials and police officers which
requires response of police when crime happened or reported. The Proactive method, on
the other hand requires public officials and police officers to develop directed or
structured crime prevention strategy by doing foot and mobile patrolling as crime
prevention strategy. This method explains that before crimes happen, efforts of police are
observed to eliminate the desire of people in committing crimes, thus, goes to the process
of eliminating opportunity of would be criminals.
According to Moore (1983) as cited by Dasayon (2013), the random preventive
patrol theory is another theory that would explain that the logic behind preventive patrol
was simple and persuasive. A potential offender looking to commit crime in the
community would be deterred by the visibility of police, now called as “police presence.”
This requires surprise patrolling, and conduct of patrolling through unstructured routines.
If this theory is practiced, it strengthens police visibility and is very effective in
eliminating opportunity, capabilities or instrumentalities of individuals in committing
crimes.
The public are the police and the police are the public. This was the famous
statement of Sir Robert Peel, the father of community policing in England. This
emphasizes that there should be the close partnership of the police and the community in
order to eliminate crime. The police cannot be effective if no assistance shall be extended
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by the community, likewise the community will not feel safe if no police are available for
keeping peace and maintaining order (PNP-PCR Manual, 2013). This reciprocal
obligation of police and community is useful in crime prevention and maybe effective in
suppressing the intent and opportunity activities. When residents report crime, this would
eliminate instrumentality.
Co-production or co-activity theory. This is recognized by the Philippine National
Police as written in the Police Community Relation (PCR) Manual. This is defined as an
active outreach and systematic engagement between the police and the public for the
purposes of identifying and addressing localized problems of crime and disorder.
Relative to the variables of this study, this is the overall theory that when properly
implemented would holistically control the commission of crimes. This helps eliminate
either or all the elements of crime.
Conceptual Paradigm
The conceptual paradigm shows that before a crime is committed, there are three
elements that must be fulfilled. One element is intent/motive, this refers to the willful act
of the perpetrator, second is the opportunity that refers to the time chance or time given
for the commission of the crime, and instrumentality or the capability of the person to
commit a crime. If these elements are present, crime maybe committed. This means, in
the absence of one element, no crime can be committed.
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Crimes (except for strict liability crimes) have two basic elements: the guilty mind
and the guilty act. The technical terms for these elements are their Latin names: “mens
rea” meaning “guilty mind” and “actus reus” meaning the “thing done.” Generally, a
crime is committed when a person commits a guilty act accompanied by a guilty
mind.Crimes also have specific elements that are contained in the definitions of a crime.
For example, a murder is an intentional killing of a human being. The elements are that
the accused must have (1) purposely or knowingly (2) caused a death (3) of a human
being.
The operational paradigm explains that when the three elements such as the
intent/motive, opportunity, and instrumentality are present, a crime maybe committed.
These elements are being addressed by the implementation of PIPS particularly in the
focus areas (crime prone places). If the measures undertaken are implemented well, there
will be an efficient crime management in the City of Dagupan.
The conceptual paradigm of the study presents the three elements of crime such
the intent and motive, opportunity, and instrumentality. These three elements are needed
in order for a crime to occur. Without one of these, no crime can be committed. Each of
the three elements of crime point towards the implementation of the Police Integrated
Patrol System (PIPS). The main purpose of the PIPS is to address the crime prevention
measures through the involvement of sectors of the society such as the barangay officials,
force multipliers, and civilian residents that is front lined by the police. If the
implementation of the PIPS is done properly with proper coordination of the different law
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enforcement agencies and private sectors, there would be an efficient management of
crime in the City of Dagupan.
The conceptual paradigm herein described is found below.
Opportunity
Intent and
Motive Instrumentality
Implementation of
PIPS Focused Area
Efficient Street Crime Management

in the City of Dagupan
Fig. 1. Conceptual Paradigm of the study
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Statement of the Problem
This study aimed to assess the implementation of the Police Integrated Patrol
System (PIPS) Focused Area towards a more effective crime management in the City of
Dagupan.
Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:
1. How do the respondents assess the implementation of the Police Integrated
Patrol System (PIPS)Focused Area considering the elements of crime:
1.1. intent and motive;
1.2. opportunity; and
1.3. instrumentality?
2. What are the problems encountered in the implementation of Police Integrated
Patrol System (PIPS) focused area as regards the above-cited variables?
3. What are the measuresthat can be proposed to address the problems
encountered in the implementation of the Police Integrated Patrol System (PIPS) Focused
Area relative to the above-cited variables?
4. Are there significant differences in the assessment of the three (3) groups of
respondents on the Police Integrated Patrol System Focused Area, problems encountered
and the corresponding measures relative to the aforementioned variables?
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Hypothesis
There is no significant difference in the assessment of the three (3) groups of
respondents on the Police Integrated Patrol System Focused Area, problems encountered
and the corresponding measures relative to intent and motive, opportunity, and
instrumentality.
Significance of the Study
The findings of the study will be significant to the following stakeholders:
Philippine National Police (PNP). This study would also be beneficial to the
PNP organization, in general, as its findings would clearly illustrate the researcher – a
PNP commissioned personnel’s search for ways and means in contributing, improving,
and upgrading the PNP’s system in our war against criminality.
Dagupan City Police Station. The result of this study may provide additional
information and concept on the conduct of Police Integrated Patrol System that will
enable the City Police Chief, Personnel assigned at the Business District Area to
formulate effective plans and program against criminality especially street crimes in the
area of jurisdiction of Dagupan.
Dagupan City Community. The result of this study would make their aware on
the importance of their cooperation and support with the activities of the PNP.
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Researcher. The result of the study will give him better insights and sense of
fulfilment and shall boast his morale in the enhancement of Police Integrated Patrol
System Focused Area of the Dagupan City Police Office toward an effective Anti-
Criminality Strategy particularly street crimes.
Future Researchers. The result of this study would serve as a reference in the
conduct of similar studies particularly in the field of addressing street crimes.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
The setting of the study is at the Dagupan City Police Station covering the 31
barangays, 171,271 (2015) inhabitants based on 2015 NSO.
The subject of the study was on the assessment of the Police Integrated Patrol
System (PIPS) focused area as a tool in the crime prevention strategy in addressing
primarily streets crimes that accounts an average of 80 to 90 percent of the total crime
volume of the station.
Definition of Terms
For the purpose of this study, the following terms are operationally defined
accordingly:
Community relations. This refers to the process of dealing with the community
for purposes of disseminating information about organizational goals and objectives,
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policies, rules and regulations for the public’s knowledge and appreciations, transparency
and trust.
Coordination. As used in this study, refers to the police and community
partnership in maintaining peace and order in selected barangays or organization within
Central Business District of Dagupan City.
Crime Prevention. This is a police function intended to deter the commission of
crime by denying would be criminal with opportunity, the instrument and the motivation
to commit such crime.
Crime. This refers to any act or omission punishable by law forbidding or
commanding it. In this study, focused on street crimes.
Effectiveness. This is an assessment of the success of the CIDG, Dagupan City,
in the implementation of its programs, duties and functions.
Focus Areas. This refers to the places such as barangays, streets/roads and
establishments where crimes are prone to happen, thus selected to be patrolled by the
Dagupan City Police Station.
Foot patrol. This pertains to a type of patrol done by DCPS personnel as part of
police visibility.
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Index Crimes. This refers to criminal cases involving persons and property of
more serious in nature.
Instrumentality. In crime element, this includes all implements, tools or items
necessary in the commission of a crime.
Integrated Patrol System. This refers to the integration of different patrol units,
auxiliary, barangay tanod, police volunteer and other members of the community who
join the regular beat patrol police stations. It supports, augments and reinforces police,
and at the same time empowers the citizens to keep watch over the community.
Intent. The element of crime and is ‘the exercise of intelligent will, the mind
being fully aware of the nature and consequences of the crime committed.
Mobile patrol. This is another type of patrol activity being conducted by DCPS
that includes mobile and motorcycle patrol.
Motive. This refers to why one committed the crime, the inducement, reason, or
willful desire and purpose behind the commission of an offense.
Non-Index Crimes. This is referring to civil cases or less serious crimes which
are brought to the Dagupan City Police Station for investigation and solution.
Opportunity. This refers to a good position, chance, prospect, situation or
condition as for advancement or success in committing a crime.
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Peace and Order. This refers to the state of security and after effect of non-
intrusion of negative or bad elements in the society.
Police – Barangay Ugnayan. This is a collaboration of police and community to
enhance and build relationships with the citizens of local neighborhood, and mobilizes
the public to help fight crime.
Police visibility. This is used in this study as generic term to all efforts and
activities of the police in the attempt of eliminating the commission of crimes.
The following are the acronyms used in this study:
AOR – Area of Responsibility
ASSR - Assess Security Sector Reform
BCA - Basis in Crime Analysis
DCPS – Dagupan City Police Station
CBD – Central Business District
CIDG – Criminal Investigation and Detection Group
CJSCP - Criminal Justice System Communication Plan
COMPAC – Community Police Assistance Center
COPS - Community Oriented Policing System
CPPB - Conflict Prevention and Peace-Building
FBI - Federal Bureau of Investigation
GIS - Geographic Information System
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IMPLAN – Implementation Plan
KPS - Koban Police System
LGU – Local Government Unit
NAPOLCOM - National Police Commission
NCVS - National Crime Victimization Survey
OCG - Organized Crime Group
OPLAN – Operational Plan
PGS - Performance Governance System
PIPS – Police Integrated Patrol System
POSD – Public Order and Safety Division
PNP – Philippine National Police
SDS - Strategic and Development Studies
UCR - Uniform Crime Reports
UNDP - United Nations Development Programme
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Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This portion of the research contains the researcher’s reading on the related
literatures and studies divided into foreign and local literatures and studies.
Foreign Literature
Hagan (2014) wrote in his book “Criminology and Crimes,” that the estimate
property crime such as robbery, burglary, and larceny cost American society nearly 13
billion dollars. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) investigators estimate that the
federal government is being ripped off by at least 50 billion dollars a year, primarily
through fraud.
Schafer (2013) explained that a convictional criminal with his altruistic moral
ideology, places less emphasis upon secrecy and even seeks publicity for his cause.
Dramatic publicity, moreover, is almost a necessity for the convictional criminal in order
for the public understands his actions; his crime may serve as an example to would be
followers and generate further convictional crimes. His punishment is not a deterrent and
may serve to interest others in the given ideal and to recruit other violators of law.
Klecak (2010) states that the public police agency’s organization and facilities
must be aligned so that they will successfully accomplish its overall objectives. This
requires a well-coordinated structure wherein there are provisions for the components to
function in harmony. Unfortunately, many law enforcement agencies are limited in both
personnel and equipment resources, which hamper their ability to cope with the various
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diversified techniques of criminal activities and modus operandi. These restrictions
results in a dependence on other government agencies’ resources to assist them in
furthering their police efforts.
According to Siegel (2013), recognition must be given to the fact that law
enforcement agencies do possess unique individual characteristics. These distinguishing
features are determined by departmental size, budget, geography and objective, to name
but a few.Criminal prevention policy setting and the formulation of plans to positively
pursue the chosen policy must be decided rationally.
Wolfgangas cited by Allan (2013) says that the process from original complaint
through apprehension and conviction of a suspect to release from prison is a long and
complicated task. The criminal justice system is commonly thought of as divided into
three (3) segments: a) police and similar law enforcement agencies; b) administration of
agencies’ prosecutors, defense, court; and c) Correctional agencies.
Zvekic as cited by Dasayon (2013)in his theory on Citizens’ Experience with
Crime Prevention states that crime prevention strategy should include the promotion of
active crime prevention policies; development of long-term plans; improve coordination
of crime prevention activities at the national, regional and local levels;promotion by law
enforcement and criminal justice of the safety and security of person and property;
treatment of victims with respect and understanding of their needs; regular monitoring of
crime prevention programs, based on reliable information, analysis and public discussion
with all parties involved.
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Furthermore, improved police-community relations, which may result from a
better knowledge of victimization experiences, will lead to an increased use of crime
prevention measures at the individual/household level, as well as within the framework of
crime prevention programs.
The UNAFEI Newsletter (February 2005) averred that responding to the demands
of the people and public opinion who seek safety and security, the government has to put
an emphasis on repressive approaches such as strengthening law enforcement and
punishment, which directly responds to the public’s beliefs and are effective in the short
term.
It is clear that these countermeasures are necessary and we can expect some
positive results from them; however, relying solely on such countermeasures is
insufficient to combat the crime associated with urbanization. Offenders will be back in
the community sooner or later and repressive approaches do not take into account
prevention of crime and reintegration of offenders into the community. It can be deduced
from the preceding review of foreign literatures that the phenomenon of an increase in
crime due to urbanization has been brought about by many factors. Therefore it is
difficult for criminal justice agencies to combat such crimes alone. It is essential to
establish an "integrated approach" carried out by agencies and organizations concerned
and people in the community closely cooperating and collaborating.
Clarke as cited by Dasayon (2013) theory of crime prevention through
environmental design is based on one simple idea – that crime results partly from the
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opportunities presented by physical environment. It is a general approach to reducing the
opportunities for any kind of crime, occurring in any kind of setting, including airline
hijackings, welfare frauds, obscene phone calls, pub violence and domestic violence, as
well as the conventional predatory offenses.
Foreign Studies
According to Gage (2014), a trial of 22 defendants took place in New York City,
alleging they ran a 1.7 billion dollars drug trafficking organization in the United States,
using pizza restaurant as fronts.
Clinard and Quinney (2013) in their thesis, state “the occupational crimes consist
of offenses committed by individuals for themselves in the course of their occupations
and of offenses of employees against their employers.” Upperworld crime refers to
lawbreaking acts committed by those who due to their position in the social structure,
have obtained specialized kinds of occupational slots essential for the commission of
these offenses.
Gottfredson, et al (2010) in their studies claim that part of human life is
embracing crime evasion, safety, prevention, expenses on crime prevention, to include
insurance, expenses on crime victims, on victims expenses during court trials,
government expenses on criminal justice system. Fear of crime also negatively affects
the quality of life, with this everyone acts and plans on how to avoid or prevent crime or
to be victimized. Everyone do and provide within their capabilities in avoiding criminal
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acts, studying others crime prevention plans. Crime is costing each country with huge
money, thus, crimes must be prevented.
Crime experts and law enforcement has long been aware on the complexities of
crime and the importance of crime prevention, and some experts has published important
works widely on the subject. Any plan which reduces or eliminates the level of
victimization or the risk of individual participation is defined as crime prevention. It
includes government and community-based programs to reduce the incidents of risk
factors correlated with criminal participation and the rate of victimization, as well as
efforts to change perceptions.
Gottfredson and other criminologists have been the forefront of analyzing what
works to prevent crime. Commissions, research bodies, councils analyzing their research
on what lower rates of interpersonal crime, and they agree that government must go
beyond law enforcement and criminal justice to tackle risk factors that cause crime for it
is cost effective and results to greater social benefits than the standard ways of
responding to crime (Gubatan, 2011).
Sampsonas cited by Dasayon (2013) says that the study on the effectiveness of the
police in preventing and solving crimes cannot be done through foot patrols of
policemen. The behavior or conduct of individual policemen is not the sole determining
factor in police community relations. Departmental procedures employing techniques
directed at promoting efficiency, reducing crime, or putting down riots have a bearing on
police community relations. The study found out that in the United States, in order to
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fight crime in high crime areas, a department may employ a large number of officers in
saturation patrols or use trained dogs and handlers in these neighborhoods. To maximize
an efficient utilization of its manpower, a department will employ motorized instead of
foot patrols or one-man patrol cars rather than two-man cars. These practices, while
efficient and economical, have sometimes antagonized segments of the community, or at
least have minimized opportunities for friendly contacts with the public, and these are the
contacts that form the crux of good community relations. The study found out that police
forces are increasingly patrolling in cars rather than on foot because the latter was found
to be far less efficient than radio police cars, which can cover larger areas and respond
more quickly.
White as cited by Vicente (2013), in his study of Situating Crime Prevention:
Models, Methods and Political Perspectives, he raised questions regarding the theoretical
underpinnings and political orientations of much of what is accepted as "crime
prevention". His focus was mainly has been to comment generally on the ways in which
adherence to certain ideological frameworks can be linked to both theoretical closure and
the adoption of exclusionary practices. Contrary to this, it has been argued that the
adoption of selected techniques, practices and methods does not make a particular
program inherently good (or bad), or a success (or failure), or that the choice and use of
these can somehow be separated from wider political issues.
The definition, orientation and strategic objectives of different crime prevention
models is inherently and intractably political. Acknowledgement of the existence of
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competing perspectives (conservative, liberal and radical), and consequently diverse
forms of intervention (some of which are mutually exclusive, others that reinforce each
other), is important in sensitizing us to the politics of our own practice, and in exposing
the vested interests behind specific modes of crime prevention.
Bearing this in mind, it is also important to have a vision of what we do that goes
beyond that of "crime prevention" per se. That is, we need to continually assess the
effects and implications of the different models and methods on the overall character of
social life, and on the well-being of specific groups and communities. Stopping crime is
always a possible project if only we had enough resources, tools and powers.
According to Skogan and Frydl (2006), while the available evidence supports the
assertion that hot spots policing is effective, there are important gaps in our knowledge
about it. Clearly, the enforcement-oriented strategies reviewed here work in preventing
crime. We do not know, however, which enforcement strategies are more effective in
preventing crime and under what circumstances certain strategies are more appropriate.
For instance, we do not know whether many of the observed crime-control gains were
generated by increased arrests, increased contacts with potential offenders, or simply
increased police presence in very small areas. This small body of evaluation research also
does not unravel the important question of whether enforcement-oriented programs result
in long-term crime reductions in hot spot areas. Comparison periods to detect potential
crime-prevention effects ranged from only 1 month to 1 year .This review also offers
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little insight into the effectiveness of enforcement tactics relative to other broader-based
community problem-solving policing programs.
Local Literature
One approach in crime prevention was based on the concept of the crime
prevention triangle: desire, ability and opportunity. According to Hallock (2001) as cited
by Gubatan (2011), taking away any of the three elements of the crime triangle, prevents
the occurrence of crime. He further suggested that opportunity is the easiest component to
control which can break the crime prevention triangle to win the battle against crime.
In line with its campaign to promote crime prevention, the CIDG “Crime
Prevention: Cooperative Preparedness” has provided a primer on how citizens could also
be part of the campaign. This includes how to avoid crime to happen; citizens
preparedness against crime in the community, at home or anywhere else. Such primer
could go a long way in getting the cooperation of the public in the campaign against
criminality in the area.
His Excellency Fidel V. Ramos, former President of the Philippines has outlined
his administration’s plans for peace and order and crime fighting. He said that the five-
year plan of the government has brought into it not just the recommendations of the top
officials of our criminal justice system, but the counsel add experience of those who are
in the frontlines in the war against crimes – the police officers out on the beat,
investigators, prosecutors, crusaders against violence, judges and jail wardens. President
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Ramos said that the government has adopted a Master Plan of Action for Peace and Order
containing two (2) vital components, namely: a vision on what the government is trying
to achieve, and the second is on how to get there. Including in the plan is a coherent
strategy that provides for a two-pronged effort: by reinforcing the five-pillars of the
criminal justice system, and by highlighting values through moral recovery (Gubatan,
2011).
For the increase demand for peace, order and security of the ever-growing
population in a rapidly changing and developing society, police force is not enough. To
address the problem, by virtue of the resolution no. 200-157 of the National Police
Commission (NAPOLCOM) approved a Community Oriented Policing System (COPS)
Manual to be carried out by the PNP nationwide. The COPS was adopted from the Koban
Police System of Japan which involves community in fight against crime.
Caparas (2004) as cited by Allan (2013) indicated that a common strategy among
the five pillars of the criminal justice system is the conduct of an Information Education
Communication (IEC) Campaign. A Presidential Directive was issued for the five pillars
of the criminal justice system to formulate and implement a comprehensive Criminal
Justice System Communication Plan (CJS Complan). The CJS Complan was initiated to
promote the CJS in order to enhance justice, public order and safety through an integrated
and sustained communication program. Primers, posters, brochures, pamphlets and other
materials containing information on the criminal justice system were prepared,
reproduced and distributed to the public. CJS agencies also air a weekly one-hour radio
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program “Bantay-Katarungan” (Justice Watch) which focuses on crime prevention and
the criminal justice system. It is aired every Friday from 11:00 a.m. to 12:00 noon over
DZBB Radyong Bayan.
The 11th UN Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice held in 2005
reported that Miguel Coronel, Major General of the Police and Commissioner of the
National Police Commission in the Philippines, provides an account of the development
of the community-oriented policing system (COPS) established in the Philippines in
1994. It forms part of the holistic National Anti-Crime Strategy which is now included in
the National Crime Prevention Programme adopted in 2004. He emphasizes that the
COPS programme is 'people-powered', and uses the example of one of the first projects to
illustrate its strengths. Following the restoration of democracy in 1986, a pilot initiative
BAC-UP was developed in Bacolod City with decentralized community-based police
stations at the local level, and modelled on the Japanese 'Koban' system. The project
developed very strong police - community links at the local level which have continued
to grow and been sustained over a period of 18 years. The COPS system is built on
similar principles of high levels of integrity, trust, participation and civic-mindedness on
the part of public officials and citizens.
The Handbook on the Crime Prevention Guidelines (2005): reported that the
Institute for Strategic and Development Studies (ISDS), Inc. is currently undertaking the
Second Phase of the Developing a Security Sector Reform Index (SSRI) in the
Philippines: Towards Conflict Prevention and Peace-Building, through the support of the
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United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Conflict Prevention and Peace-
Building (CPPB) Programme. For 2006, this project aims to pilot-test the draft SSRI and
to generate a baseline of the state of security sector governance in the country.
In 2005, the Office of the Presidential Adviser to Implement the Feliciano
Commission Recommendations (OPAIFCR) has conducted a project to develop an index
to assess security sector reform (SSR) for the Philippines. This was based on the explicit
commitment of the Philippine government to the institutionalization of an efficient,
effective, responsive, transparent, and accountable defense and security establishment.
Furthermore, the 2005 Philippine Human Development Report (p. 50) and Waging Peace
Conference held last December underscored the significance of instituting SSR in order
to find a just, peaceful, and lasting resolution to the country’s lingering internal conflicts.
This is notwithstanding the contribution of SSR in the country’s ongoing pursuit of
democratic consolidation and good governance. Together with project consultants from
ISDS, OPAIFCR was able to generate a set of empirically verifiable indicators from
different security sector institutions (core security forces, security management and
oversight bodies, law and enforcement agencies, and societal groups). Composed of
various dimensions, the instrument covered legal enactments and constitutional
provisions; existence, powers, capacity, and performance of security sector institutions;
reform efforts and initiatives; and indicators related to peace building. The proposed
SSRI was also subjected to various validation meetings from the abovementioned SSR
actors. Twelve (12) consultative meetings were conducted primarily from different
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military camps across the country to solicit comments and feedback for the improvement
of the SSRI.
Local Studies
The following are local studies (thesis, researches, special studies, expert
opinions) related to Police Integrated Patrol System (PIPS):
Vicente, et al (2013) conducted a community research entitled “Crime Prevention
Program in Baguio.” The study revealed that the barangays of Baguio City with Zero or
very low crime rate practice some of the best practices of crime prevention while the
barangays with high crime rate practice the traditional way of preventing crimes. Some
identified crime prevention strategies implemented in Baguio City includes foot
patrolling, mobile patrolling, neighborhood watch, close coordination with security
agency and their guards. The study also reveals that some best practices identified include
monitoring the occupants of the transient houses, requiring business establishments to
strategically install Close Circuit Cameras (CCTV), and regular and intensive
coordination among barangay officials, police, and volunteer groups in fight against
criminality.
De La Rama, Raymundo, &Wanasen Jr (2010) in their study entitled “Police
strategies against street crimes in Bicol Region” reveals that the Regional Police in Bicol
should exert more effort by mobilizing the community, keeping the community informed
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of the crime situation on the modus operandi of criminals, and for the local government
to allocate more funds for the police stations purposely for crime prevention programs.
Kiunisala, et al (2004) as cited by Gubatan (2011) stated in their study that the
effects of crime prevention campaign and leadership styles of the eight police precinct
chiefs of General Santos City Police Office on crime rate, crime solution efficiency and
community support and involvement in crime prevention and control in General Santos
City for 2000- 2002. The study used descriptive and inferential statistics. Both
commissioned and non-commissioned police officers as well as public officials were the
respondents of the study.
According to Dasayon (2013) in his study on “Police Integrated Patrol System in
Eastern Police District,” found out the following: 1) police visibility and intensifying the
anti-criminality and security operations are effective to prevent crimes, 2) there should be
the increase of budget allocation, 3) attention must be given to force multipliers. This
study was prepared to enhance the PIPS of the Eastern Police District.
As Timpac (2011) stated in his thesis, crime prevention in any public or privately
based initiative or policy aimed at reducing or eliminating criminal behavior and violence
in the community.
Fernandez (2001) as cited by Gubatan (2011) focused on the major changes in the
PNP towards the achievement of its “Moral Recovery Program”. This could enhance the
image of the police to gain the confidence of the public. This study helped build the
image of police organization and it cascades to the personnel of the Baguio City Police
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Office. Based on the result of this study, the PNP’s knowledge on community-oriented
policing system is the change in behavior and attitudes that envision the following: 1)
Improved police-community relations hinged on the notion that community should not
fear the police so that the PNP image will improve; 2) Since the community now trusts
the people, crime reporting will improve; 3) The community will then have a feeling of
safety and security because policing becomes everybody’s concern; and 4) When the
community and the police work in partnership, opportunities to commit criminal acts will
be reduced, hence, crime volume and crime rate will drastically go down, and a peaceful
and secured community will be achieved.
Padua says that police facilities and equipment considerations should be made a
priority in the improvement of the services of the police. Equipment consideration in
establishing multi-agency anti-crime task forces is now a well-discussed area in the field
of police administration and policing and must always be given its due importance in the
modernization of the police as a prime crime fighter. He indicated that police equipment
is classified into two (2): individual equipment and organizational equipment. Individual
equipment is that equipment considered as issued to and used by individual police officer
while in the performance of his duties. The application of this definition varies with the
assignment or designation of an individual police officer. On the other hand,
organizational equipment are generally those that are not issued to an individual police
officer and could be used by any authorized or qualified member of the organization.
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In the consideration and choice of equipment, various areas or aspects must be
considered. This includes suitability, reliability, acceptability, availability, authority,
training, operation, portability or mobility, cost effectiveness, interoperability or multi-
functionality, and linkages to larger systems.
According to Rafael (2009), It is more beneficial to prevent crimes than to react to
them after the act has been committed. He further stated that in the Philippines, crime
solution has received much more attention than crime prevention. He elucidates this in
his study of police community partnership as a crime prevention strategy to reduce
criminality in the Province of Cagayan. The results of his study yielded the conclusions
that education, training and information campaign, outreach program participation,
strategic plans sensitive to local needs, organizational development and change and
budgetary requirements and support are highly effective in preventing and reducing crime
in the Province of Cagayan.
In the study of Protacio (2009), entitled “Calamba City Crime Prevention
Strategy” reveals that Calamba City Police Station made use of Police Integrated Patrol
System, Police Barangay Ugnayan, Day and Night Checkpoint, Utilization of Force
Multipliers and OPLAN Magdalena in their crime prevention campaign. The
recommendations were the following: 1) there is a need for Calamba City Police Station
to deploy additional personnel to cover all crime prone areas, 2) there is a need to sustain
adequate number of vehicles to be used in patrolling 54 barangays of Calamba, 3) that
PNP shall ensure maximum participation of the barangay and community in maintaining
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peace and order, 4) provision of adequate number of vehicles to be used in order to
sustain the 24 hours checkpoints, 5) the need to establish a joint police and force
multiplier organized patrol deployment system in roaming the 54 barangays of Calamba
City, 6) enhance and improve efficient implementation of laws on prostitution to avoid
proliferation of vagrants in Calamba City, and 7) Calamba City Police Station should
strengthen coordination with other concerned government agencies to fight the menace of
prostitution.
With the involvement of the community, crime prevention became everybody’s
business. To further strengthen the awareness and participation of the community on
crime prevention, a Presidential Proclamation No. 461 dated August 31, 1994 was
declared every first week of September every year as national crime prevention week.
Everybody is enjoined to be involved to implement the programs and activities on crime
prevention. During one celebration of the crime prevention week with a theme “Sa Crime
Prevention, May Magagawaako” Benguet Governor Nestor Fongwan capitalized on the
importance of peace and love which starts in the family which eventually spread to the
community as instrument in winning the fight against crime. The roles of family and the
community are very important in crime prevention (Flora, 2013).
Bergonio (2010) in his study on the effectiveness of the Manila Police District
mobile patrol operations in the City of Manila determined the same in terms of Beat
Patrol System, sustaining night watch operations, crime deterrence and police barangay
ugnayan, the problems encountered in its implementation and the measures to address
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these problems. Based on his analysis, he concluded that mobile patrol operations in the
City of Manila boils down to an observed lack or inadequate police presence or visibility
in the communities which is also related to the limited manpower and equipment of the
mobile patrol unit. Moreover, he concluded that the inadequacy of police elements on the
ground is attributed to the shift in police philosophy and strategy from “precinct-based,
response-driven” deployment and operations to specialization, e.g. creation of anti-illegal
drugs, anti-organized crime, anti-illegal recruitment, anti-kidnapping, and other such
special units competing with territorial police formations for meager personnel and
material resources of the PNP. He also indicated in his study that while the role of said
specialized police units and other accomplishments are well-recognized, there should also
be a balancing of forces, possibly by proper percentage distribution, to enable local police
units to provide maximum police presence at precinct level and visibility on the beat.
Synthesis of the Reviewed Literature and Studies
The related literatures and studies have something to do with the current study on
Police Integrated Patrol System or popularly called PIPS being implemented in Dagupan
City. Basically the literatures and studies talk all about crime prevention. Some literatures
written on books reveal that crime prevention needs to be addressed by authorities to at
least minimize societal effect. On the other hand, foreign and local studies differ slightly
as to the strategies in crime prevention. Most crime prevention strategies being used by
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the Philippine National Police (PNP) today is/are adopted from best practices from other
countries.
Wolfgang’s theory, focused on apprehension and conviction of offenders as one
of the crime prevention strategies in a given locality. While this study recognizes
apprehension and conviction of offenders as one of the indispensable factors in crime
prevention, it also looked into other areas as well in order to create a holistic approach in
crime prevention.
The strategies enumerated by UgljesaZvekic in his theory on “Citizens’
Experience with Crime Prevention” and UNAFEI Newsletter’s feature on community
perceptions focused on the need to improve police-community relations which may result
from a better knowledge of victimization experiences and will lead to an increased use of
crime prevention measures starting at the individual/household level, as well as within
the framework of crime prevention programs. These literatures focused on the perception
of the community regarding crime prevention, which is only one of the facets of this
study which has similar situation in the City of Dagupan.
Clarke’s theory on crime prevention through environmental design is relevant in
this study as it employs the same principle set forth by this study, which is the effect of
environment for breeding criminality and how it affects crime prevention efforts of the
law enforcement agencies. However, it lacks other factors such as the role of the
community in crime prevention as espoused by this study.
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Gottfredson, et al focused on the effect of crime in society in general, and
provided the analysis for preventing crime. Their study provided significant inputs on the
approach of this study, such as the role of the community and law enforcement agencies
in crime prevention programs. However, it did not specifically identified concrete
programs such as integrated patrol system, barangay-ugnayan and checkpoints as salient
programs in crime prevention as the focus of this study.
White’s study is focused on the models, methods and political perspectives on
crime prevention. Moreover, it focused on the political issues affecting the
implementation of crime prevention. In every locality, like Dagupan City, political
intervention and issues are really that observable and has something to do with crime
prevention implementation.
Braga’s study focused on high impact areas where crime commonly occurs, and
this gave significant input on the premise of this study. This study, on the other hand, did
not only focused on the crime-prone areas in Dagupan City but on the overall crime
situation as well.
The study of Vicente, et al in Baguio City identified some crime prevention
programs being implemented by police and barangay officials but concentrated only on
police-community partnership. This study has a similarity of the current study being
conducted on PIPS.
The study of Skogan and Frydl’s, looked into the effects of crime prevention
strategies and the statistics generated from these strategies. This study also provided the
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perception of the respondents on the overall effect of crime strategies. This is one of the
aims of the current research being conducted in Dagupan City.
The CIDG’s primer on crime prevention campaign conducted a study on the
programs being implemented by the Philippine National Police on crime prevention as a
whole. This study further took additional steps on finding out how effective these
programs as perceived by the police personnel, local officials and community members.
This is exactly the flow of the study to be conducted in Dagupan City.
The five-year master plan by Ramos on peace and order outlined the
government’s effort in crime prevention. This is also congruent and still being adopted by
the Philippine National Police in its crime prevention programs. As a forefront unit of the
PNP, This is similar to the contents of the master plan of Dagupan City Police Station.
Caparas’ study focused on the government’s campaign thru communication
program. It indicated that tri-media campaign is an effective crime prevention strategy.
This study likewise includes tri-media campaign as a part of the components to be
evaluated. It also includes other efforts as part of the study.
Flora (2013) presented a similar situational description of a city as to crime
prevention strategies and its effect to the implementers and recipient of the program on
crime prevention. The City of San Fernando and City of Dagupan are similar as to
category-are highly urbanized cities.
The 11th UN Congress report on crime prevention cited Bacolod City as pilot
initiative with decentralized community-based police stations which adopted the Japanese
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“Koban” system and provided perspective on the study of Dagupan City. In addition, this
study looked into the effectiveness in implementing its crime prevention strategy.
The Handbook on Crime Prevention Guidelines reported on the state of security
sector governance in the Philippines, which covers all aspects of crime prevention and
solution in the country. It fails to evaluate, however, the specific crime prevention
strategies and the localities which have best practices effort on crime prevention. This
study tried to fill the gap in determining what is effective in crime prevention in a given
locality like Dagupan City.
The book of Vicente (2013) was used to describe some fundamentals of crime as
to the elements and anatomy of crime. This is basically accepted wherein if one element
is not present no crime to talk about. The elements are intent, opportunity and
instrumentality.
The study of Fernandez (2011) delved on the major changes in the PNP towards
the achievement of its “Moral Recovery Program”. This could enhance the image of the
police to gain the confidence of the public. This is very important as foundation of every
police station in all levels. Dagupan City Police Station is not exempted to this, if police
are spiritually taught, they shall deliver what needs to be delivered to the community.
Sir Robert Peel, considered a “father” of law enforcement, presented his
principles of policing which is still applicable today which is similar to the subject of this
study on crime prevention. His principle that the public must be willing to cooperate in
crime prevention is also the tenor of this study. However, his study need to further show
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the specific type of community because each community is peculiar and has its own
culture. This is similar to the situation in Dagupan City.
Protacio’s study on crime prevention in Calamba City is almost similar to this
study, as it analyzed the variables related to crime prevention strategy such as integrated
police patrol, barangay ugnayan and day and night checkpoint. However, he added other
variables such as Utilization of Force Multipliers and OPLAN Magdalena which is not
being implemented in other cities. This practice is also implemented in Dagupan City.
Rafael’s and Bergonio’s studies likewise delved only on several facets of crime
prevention such as mobile patrol and police community participation. This study focused
on the overall crime strategy as it relates to the existing crime condition of Dagupan City.
Based on the theories and proposals cited in the study, the researcher viewed and
decided to undertake the investigation of the effectiveness of PIPS, the problems
encountered along the way of implementation by the Dagupan City Police Station.
The citations above are good backgrounder to the researcher that can be used
during corroboration of findings of the study. The above related studies were also an eye-
opener for this researcher for coming up with action plan on crime prevention in Dagupan
City.
The researcher attempted to define the present situation of crime in Dagupan City,
describe some problems being experienced, describe some focus areas of concerns, and
interview some implementers and recipients of the program being implemented.
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Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the research design, data gathering instruments and
procedures, sources of data, and statistical treatment of data that were used in the study.
Research Design
This study utilized the descriptive research method through mixed method of
approach of research that involves quantitative and qualitative means of gathering data.
This method involved the collection of data in order to answer the questions regarding
effectiveness, implementation, and determining the problems encountered in the
implementation of the Police Integrated Patrol System (PIPS) Focus Areas by the
Dagupan City Police Station.
As mentioned by Calderon and Gonzales (2004), descriptive method of research
is a process of gathering, analyzing and tabulating data about the prevailing conditions,
practices, beliefs, processes, trends and cause and effect relationships and then making
adequate interpretation about such data. It also includes studies that seek to present facts
concerning the status of anything, group, acts, conditions and any other phenomenon.
Therefore, this method is absolutely appropriate.
According to Martinez, as cited by Flora (2013), the descriptive approach is used
mainly to describe contemporary events, and that the research questions and problems are
rooted in the past and may affect the future.
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Also, documentary analysis by analyzing the records on the reported crimes of the
city and was used to determine the locations of the crimes reported.
The data gathered were compiled, indexed, collated, and reviewed preparatory for
defense and proper presentation together with the appropriate analysis and interpretation.
Sources of Data
This study made use both primary and secondary sources of data. The primary
data came from the duly accomplished questionnaire of the respondents and documents
gathered by the researcher from the Dagupan City Police Station, while the secondary
data came from books, periodicals and other sources used by the researcher to guide and
support his findings in the study.
The respondents of the study were chosen through random sampling. In the case
of community residents, random sampling was applied since those who are directly
affected by PIPS were the ones considered. Subjects were deliberately selected from a
variety of levels or types of population in Dagupan City and the barangays it covers.
There were three (3) groups of respondents such as 88 PNP personnel out of 95,
70 barangay officials/force multipliers out of 143, and 70 out of 4,278 selected residents
with a total of 228. On the part of the resident respondents, they were properly selected,
only those who have knowledge and involvement on crime prevention were involved.
Table I presents the distribution of the respondents according to age. In the PNP
personnel of Station 7 respondent group, result indicates that most of the participants of
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the study belong to the age bracket of 31-40, corresponding to 35 or 39.77 percent of the
sample group since most of the young officers are assigned in the beat patrol. The age
group of 41-50 years old had the second highest number of respondents, equivalent to 23
or 26.14 percent since they are the next in rank and supervisors of those in the beat patrol.
It was followed by age bracket 21-30 with 18 respondents or 20.45 percent since this are
the newly assigned PNP personnel after serving their tour of duty from the mobile group
units.
Table I
Respondents’ Profile According to Age
Age PNP Personnel Brgy Official/ Community Grand
Groups, Force Resident Total
Years Multiplier
F P F P F P F P
21 – 30 18 20.45 8 11.43 11 15.71 37 16.23
31 – 40 35 39.77 18 25.71 25 35.71 78 34.21
41 - 50 23 26.14 16 22.86 30 42.86 69 30.26
Above 50 12 13.64 28 40 4 5.71 44 19.30
Total 88 100 70 100 70 100 228 100
Legend: F – frequency P - percentage
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The lowest number belongs to above 51 years of age group with 12 or 13.64
percent since they are the shift supervisors of the beat patrollers.
For the Barangay Officials/ Force Multipliers of the barangay within the Central
Business District area, a total of 28 respondents or 40 percent was observed in the age
above 50 years old, which covered the highest number of respondents in the age bracket
since majority of the barangay official and volunteer barangay workers are retired
employee respected elders in the community. It was followed by age bracket 31-40 years
old with 18 respondents or 25.71 percent. It was closely followed by the age bracket of
41-50 years old with 16 respondents or 22.86 percent. The lowest belongs to the age
bracket of 21-30 years old with 8 respondents or 11.43 percent.
As gleaned from Table II, it presents the frequency distribution of respondents
according to gender. Overall, there were 170 males or equivalent to 75%, while 58 are
females or equivalent to 25%.
As a whole most of the respondents are male since only ten percent of the total
strength of the PNP are female, majority of the barangay officials and force multiplier are
male and majority of the residents who responded on the survey were male who are often
identified as the owners of business establishments.
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Table II
Respondents’ Profile According to Gender
Gender PNP Brgy Official/ Community Grand
Personnel Force Multiplier Resident Total
F P F P F P F P
Male 76 73.03 49 70.00 45 64.29 170 75
Female 23 26.97 21 30.00 25 35.71 58 25
Total 88 100 34 100 26 100 228 100
Table III
Frequency Distribution of Respondents According to Civil Status
Civil Status PNP Brgy Official/ Community Grand Total
Personnel Force Multiplier Resident
F P F P F P F P
Single 21 23.86 16 22.86 15 21.43 52 22.81
Married 67 76.14 54 77.14 55 78.57 176 77.19
Total 88 100 34 100 26 100 228 100
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Table III presents the frequency distribution of respondents according to civil
status. As a whole, 176 or 77.2 percent of the respondents are married. Fifty-two (52) or
22.8% were singles since most people got married before they reach the age of 30.
Further, from the PNP personnel group, majority of them are married. The
barangay officials/force multipliers are mostly composed of married. On the resident
respondents from community, majority are married. To sum up, majority of the
respondents are married.
Table IV presents the frequency distribution of respondents by educational
attainment. There are 174 or 76 percent of respondents are college level/graduates. This
is evident by the degree qualification in entering as police officer in the country.
Barangay officials and force multipliers including those in the business sectors are
college graduates since education in Dagupan City is accessible as the center of education
in the cordillera region. The residents who participated in the study were found to be
college level/graduates.
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Table IV
Respondents’ Profile According to Educational Attainment
PNP Brgy Official/ Community Grand Total
Educational Personnel Force Resident
Attainment Multiplier
F P F P F P F P
High School 0 0 25 35.71 14 20.00 39 17.11
level/Graduate
College 79 89.77 44 62.86 51 72.86 174 76.32
Level/Graduate
Masteral 9 10.23 0 0 5 7.14 9 3.95
Units/Degree
Doctoral 0 0 1 1.43 0 0 1 .44
Units/Degree
Total 88 100 70 100 26 100 149 100
In summary, majority of the respondents who participated in this study were
college able to finish college education or at least reached college level. It was followed
by high school level or graduates. Only nine (9) are masters graduates or at least enrolled
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in any master’s program and only one (1) was able to finish doctorate degree or at least
with units.
This only shows that all police are educationally qualified but are not interested to
pursue their graduate studies. On the part of the barangay officials/force multipliers, also
all are qualified as to educational attainment considering that the constitution only
requires, “able to read and write.” Similarly the participating residents’ points to the
mode of college level/graduates, indicating high level of understanding.
Data Gathering Instruments
The following tools were used in this study:
Questionnaire-Checklist. This instrument was used in gathering the primary data
from the respondents. The first part of the questionnaire gathered the profile of the
respondents, second part gathered the data on the level of implementation of the Police
Integrated Patrol System (PIPS), third part elucidated data on the problems encountered
in the implementation of the PIPS, and fourth part gathered the responses of the
respondents on their proposals to address the problems that were identified along
implementation of PIPS by the Dagupan City Police Station.
Documentary Analysis. This tool was used by the researcher in order to record
significant events that are relevant to the study.
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Data Gathering Procedure
The researcher followed the ethical procedures in conducting research. First, the
researcher proposed his title, once approved, the researcher seek approval of the
authorities of National Police College and to the Chief of Police of the Dagupan City
Police Station; and to the Punong Barangays of the barangays for the conduct of the
study.
Once the research communications were approved by proper authorities, the
researcher administered the questionnaires to the respondents. During the distribution of
questionnaires, the researcher explained some indicators in the questionnaires which were
not understood by the respondents. The researcher retrieved immediately the
questionnaire in some areas but also returned within a specified time by the
respondent/group of respondents.
After retrieval, the researcher collated, tallied, and analyzed the data gathered in
preparation for the completion of the study.
Statistical Treatment of Data
In analyzing and evaluating the data that were obtained from the survey, the
statistical data analytical tools was utilized that comprised of the following: 1) percentage
distribution method, 2) weighted mean, and 3) reference to a verbal interpretation scale,
the five-point Likert scale was used, 4) Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and F-test
considering that there are 3 groups of respondents of the study.
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Percentage Distribution. This was used in analyzing the data pertaining to the
demographic profile of the respondents, in computing the sample size among others. The
formula to be used is as follows:
f
% = ----- x 100
N
Where:
% - Percentage of responses
f - number of responses falling under a given category
100 – Constant
N – Total number of responses for the given category
Weighted Mean. A measure of central tendency was used in determining the
advantages such as the mean. The obtained weighted mean is an advantage of all the
scores by the three groups of respondents. The formula for the computation of weighted
mean is as follows:
X = ∑ f (w)
N
Where:
X – Computed weighted mean
∑ - Summation
f – frequency or number of responses
w – weight point in a given scale/assigned points
N – Total population or total number of responses
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Descriptive Evaluation Scale. A 5-point scale patterned after the Likert’s scale
was used as a tool in making a descriptive evaluation of the quantitative data obtained
from the survey results.
The scale to be used is presented below:
Value Rating Adjectival/Verbal Interpretation
5 (4.20 - 5.00) Highly Implemented
4 (3.40 – 4.19) Implemented
3 (2.60 – 3.39) Moderately Implemented
2 (1.80 – 2.59) Less Implemented
1 (1.00 – 1.79) Not Implemented
Hypothesis Testing. Since there was three (3) groups of respondents that were
involved in the study, the F-test on non-significant difference was applied using 0.5%
level of significance in order to determine the level of implementation of Police
Integrated Patrol System (PIPS) in Dagupan City. The formula is as follows:
MSb
F = --------------
MSw
Where:
F – F-test
MSb– mean square between groups

MSw– mean square within groups
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Chapter 4
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter of research presents the significant findings of the study. The
statistical data were presented through tables followed by its statistical descriptions,
implications, corroborations, related literatures/studies, results of interviews and
observations as well as opinions of the researcher.
This chapter answers the assessment, problems encountered, and measures that
can be proposed on the implementation of the Police Integrated Patrol System (PIPS)
Focused Area relative to the elements of crime such as intent and motive; opportunity;
and instrumentality. All these were perceived by the three groups of respondents such as
the PNP personnel, Barangay Official/Force Multiplier, and Community Resident.
1. Assessment on the Implementation of the Police Integrated Patrol System

(PIPS) Focused Area Considering the Elements of Crime
1.1 Intent and Motive
Table V presents the Assessment on the Implementation of the Police Integrated
Patrol System (PIPS) Focused Area According to Intent and Motive as one of the
elements of crime.
The DCPS personnel group gave the highest rating to the indicator “Implements
Oplan “Tambuli” where residents are given information by police with the use of
megaphone” with a mean of 4.22, interpreted as “Highly Implemented.” The rest of the
indicators were rated by the DCPS personnel group with different means but with the
same verbal interpretation of “Implemented.”
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The police respondents from DCPS provided the lowest rate for the indicator
“Uses radio and television programs to explain crime prevention programs,” with a
numerical rating of 3.60, interpreted as “Implemented.” The findings indicate that in
order to eliminate the element of intent and motive, there is a need to inform the
community with crime prevention tips by reminding them every now and then through
“Tambuli,” a means of using megaphone to inform people nearby on some reminders to
be very careful with their things and be very vigilant as they do variety of activities.
Another reason why use of radio and television programs to explain crime prevention
programs is that majority of the victims are visitors who may not be able to watch the
local television news or hear local radio program that explain why the respondents from
DCPS selected the use of tambuli as highly implemented.
The Barangay Officials and Force Multipliers group gave a consistent
interpretation of “Implemented” to all indicators. Nevertheless, the indicator “Deploys
PNP to visible outpost manned by police and/or barangay officials” was rated the
highest with numerical rating of 3.97, while the lowest rated indicator was “Facilitates
the distribution of flyers, slogans, and posters on crime prevention tips to residents and
posted in electronic billboard” which obtained a numerical rating of 3.57, interpreted as
“Implemented.” This shows that some barangays have outpost where barangay officials
and participating police may station themselves during tour of duty but as observed by
the researcher and as commented by some barangay officials, they don’t have due to their
geographical location, limited space and lack of budget.
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The community residents group of respondents provided the highest ratings for
two indicators such as “Uses radio and television programs to explain crime prevention
programs” and “Deploys PNP to visible outpost manned by police and/or barangay
officials,” which obtained a numerical rating of 3.56, interpreted as “Implemented.” The
indicator that obtained the lowest numerical rating was the “Implements Oplan
“Tambuli” where residents are given information by police with the use of megaphone,”
which was rated 3.11, interpreted as “Moderately Implemented.”This assessment made
by the respondents is an indication where strategy to inform the public of crime
prevention information should be intensified through the use of media. As observed from
the table, three (3) indicators were interpreted to be “Implemented” while the other four
(4) were interpreted to be “Moderately Implemented.”
Overall, the level of assessment on the implementation of the Police Integrated
Patrol System (PIPS) Focused Area relative to intent and motive as element of crime as
perceived by the PNP personnel, Barangay Officials/Force Multipliers and the
Community residents had a mean response of 3.66, interpreted as “Implemented.” As to
the three groups of respondents, the highest rated indicator was the “Deployment of police
to visible outpost manned by police and/or barangay officials” with mean of 3.93,
interpreted as “implemented.” This implies that the police personnel assigned at Dagupan
City Police Station (DCPS) are following the mandate of the national headquarters of the
PNP on police presence instead of police visibility. Considering that police visibility and
presence is required now a days, this is very much observed in order to create a message
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to the public of the presence of uniformed personnel in areas considered as crime prone
places. The focus areas as mentioned in this study is referring to the identified crime
prone barangays based on the crime rate in a given period of time. The lowest rated
indicator was the “Sees to it that selling of pornographic materials are prohibited in
stores and other establishments.” This indicator obtained a mean rating of 3.41
interpreted as “Implemented.”This suggests that selling of pornographic materials
perceived by the three respondents to be a contributory to eliminate intent/motive to
commit crime.
One indicator was rated by the respondents as “Highly Implemented.” The
indicator was on the “Implementation of Oplan “Tambuli” where residents are informed
of useful information by police with the use of megaphone” which was rated 4.22. Aside
from this indicator, the rest were rated and interpreted to be “Implemented.” The
assessment of the respondents coincides with the observation of the researcher where
police are observed to be very active in patrolling the central business district of Dagupan
City especially during big events like festivals with parades and graduations of
universities and colleges.
One significant observation from the table is on the indicator “Deploys PNP to
visible outpost manned by police and/or barangay officials” which was rated consistently
by the three (3) groups of respondents to be highest as indicate by their means of 4.20,
3.97, and 3.56, all are interpreted “Implemented.”
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Table V
Assessment on the Implementation of the Police Integrated Patrol System (PIPS)

Focused Area According to Intent and Motive
DCPS Brgy. Community Grand

Personnel Officials/ Residents Mean
Indicators (n = 88) Force (70) (n = 228)
Multipliers
(n = 70)
The Dagupan City Police Station: WM VI WM VI WM VI WM VI
1. Uses radio and television programs to 3.60 I 3.91 I 3.56 I 3.68 I

explain crime prevention programs.
2. Conducts “Ugnayan” with barangay, 4.08 I 3.79 I 3.44 I 3.79 I
school, NGO officials and
stakeholder’s
3. Deploys PNP to visible outpost 4.20 I 3.97 I 3.56 I 3.93 I
manned by police and/or barangay
officials
4. Implements Oplan “Tambuli” where 4.22 HI 3.64 I 3.11 MI 3.70 I
residents are given information by
police with the use of megaphone
5. Sees to it that selling of pornographic 3.70 I 3.61 I 2.84 MI 3.41 I
materials are prohibited in stores and
other establishments
6. Facilitates the distribution of flyers, 3.92 I 3.57 I 3.07 MI 3.55 I
slogans, and posters on crime
prevention tips to residents and posted
in electronic billboard
7. Employs joint patrol with members of 4.06 I 3.81 I 3.17 MI 3.71 I

the BPATs and Tanod
Overall Weighted Mean 3.97 I 3.76 I 3.25 3.66 I
Legend:
5 4.20 – 5.00 Highly Implemented (HI) WM - Weighted Mean
4 3.40 – 4.19 Implemented (I) VI – Verbal Interpretation
3 2.60 – 3.39 Moderately Implemented (MI) n – Population Sample
2 1.80 – 2.59 Less Implemented (LI) OWM – Overall Weighted Mean
1 1.00 – 1.79 Not Implemented (NI)
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In relation to the findings above, according to a Punong Barangay, the police are
only seen during peak hours patrolling the streets. A resident also stated that barangay
officials go with the police in uniform during patrolling. According to Garcia (2015), foot
patrolling is the best means to prevent commission of crimes since officers are there
physically to do the appropriate action when needed.
As observed by the researcher, selling of pornographic materials is rampant along
streets of Dagupan City. This is observed especially during night time. This may
contribute to molding minds of minors or even adults in committing sex-related crimes.
On the issue of selling pornographic materials, police respondents said that they
usually coordinate with the Optical Media Board (OMB) for any case relating to DVD or
CD being sold illegally.
1.2 Opportunity
Table VI presents the Assessment on the Implementation of the Police Integrated
Patrol System (PIPS) Focused Area According to Opportunity as one of the elements of
crime.
The DCPS personnel group provided an overall weighted mean of 3.77,
interpreted as “Implemented.” The highest rate indicator by this group was the “Observes
deployment of personnel to identified hot spot areas following the “crime clock” of GIS-
BCA,” with a mean rating of 4.15, interpreted as “Implemented.” The indicator “Utilizes
vendor clearing on streets and sidewalks,” obtained the lowest mean of 3.59, interpreted
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as “Implemented.” This implies that the police personnel of DCPS are doing its best in
the implementation of the PIPS in Dagupan City. This also confirms the activities of the
DCPS personnel of really doing its best in maintaining peace and order in the City of
Dagupan.
On the part of Barangay Officials/ Force Multipliers’ group, the overall weighted
mean was 3.61, Interpreted as “Implemented.” The indicator that obtained the highest
mean was ““Observes deployment of personnel to identified hot spot areas following the
“crime clock” of GIS-BCA,” with 3.76, interpreted as “Implemented,” while the
indicator “Provides seminars in schools and other establishments” obtained the lowest
mean rating of 3.44, interpreted as “Implemented.” As gleaned from table 10, all the
indicators were rated differently but obtained the same verbal interpretation of
“Implemented.”
The community residents gave an overall weighted mean of 3.24, interpreted as
“Moderately Implemented.” The highest rated indicator were the “Observes deployment
of personnel to identified hot spot areas following the “crime clock” of GIS-BCA” and
“Observes profiling of in and out criminals.” These two indicators were both rated 3.43,
interpreted as “Implemented.” The indicator that obtained the lowest rating was
“Provides seminars in schools and other establishments,” with a rating of 3.20,
interpreted as “Moderately Implemented.”
Patrol System (PIPS) Focused Area relative to opportunity as element of crime as
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perceived by the PNP personnel, Barangay Officials/Force Multiplier and the Community
resident had a mean response of 3.54, interpreted as “Implemented.” The highest mean
obtained was 3.81, interpreted as “Implemented” that refers to the observance of
deployment of personnel to identified hot spot areas following the “crime clock” of GIS-
BCA,” while the lowest mean obtained was 3.38, interpreted as “Moderately
Implemented” and is referring to “utilization of vendor clearing on streets and sidewalks
relative to preventing crimes. This implies that the DCPS is systematic and scientific in
identifying places of deployment of its personnel. This further implied that DCPS
personnel are compliant to basic procedures of crime prevention. This also implies that
hot spot places are priorities to be manned by uniformed personnel and other volunteer
groups. The utilization of vendors clearing on streets and sidewalks relative to preventing
crimes got the lowest mean indicates that the Public Order and Safety Office (POSO) are
effective in addressing the problem on illegal vendors.
The DCPS personnel group and Barangay Officials/Force Multipliers group have
identical response as to interpretation. All the indicators were interpreted “Implemented”
as compared to the Community Residents with different interpretations. This only
indicates that police and barangay officials and force multipliers are implementers of
laws and ordinances while residents are mere observants and/or reporters to violations of
such.
According to Allan (2013), the integration of GIS in the police integrated patrol
system was regarded as effective in the areas of crime prevention program, police
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integrated patrol system and community involvement. The community involvement was
considered their weakest.
Table VI

Focused Area According to Opportunity

Multipliers
(n = 70)
1. Observes deployment of personnel to 4.15 I 3.76 I 3.43 I 3.81 I

identified hot spot areas following the
“crime clock” of GIS-BCA.
2. Facilitates the installation of CCTVs 3.61 I 3.69 I 3.09 MI 3.47 I
to business establishments
3. Provides seminars in schools and 3.61 I 3.44 I 3.20 MI 3.43 I
other establishments
4. Observes profiling of in and out 3.89 I 3.70 I 3.43 I 3.69 I
criminals
5. Utilizes vendor clearing on streets and 3.59 I 3.57 I 2.91 MI 3.38
sidewalks
6. Observes lighting conditions in areas 3.68 I 3.57 I 3.21 MI 3.50 I
where more lights are needed
7. Enforces the implementation of 3.88 I 3.51 I 3.39 MI 3.61 I
curfew to minors from 9PM to 5AM
Overall Weighted Mean 3.77 I 3.61 I 3.24 MI 3.54 I
Legend:
Allan (2013) in his thesis entitled “Integration of the Geographic Information
System (GIS) in the Police Integrated Patrol System towards a more effective Crime
Management in the City of Baguio,” recommends that annual budget must be included in
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the City Budget for the procurement of equipment and other administrative and logistical
support for GIS integration.
The researcher believes that if opportunity is eliminated no crime will be
committed. Opportunity includes leaving the house unlocked, leaving valuables
unattended, walking along dark streets and/or places, dressing oneself inappropriately
sexy with unusually showing of skin. All these may invite would be criminals to commit
an illegal act.
The creation of the Public Order and Safety Office (POSO) under the Office of
the City Mayor is responsible in addressing illegal vendors. The city allowed a night
market for those small time businessmen to display and sell their goods that address the
problem on illegal vendors that often causes congestion in sidewalks and overpasses.
1.3 Instrumentality
Table VII presents the Assessment on the Implementation of the Police Integrated
Patrol System (PIPS) Focused Area According to Instrumentality as one of the elements
of crime.
On the assessment on the Implementation of the Police Integrated Patrol System
(PIPS) Focused Area According to Instrumentality, the DCPS personnel group of
respondents provided an overall mean of 3.96, interpreted as “Implemented.” As gleaned
from table 11, all the indicators were rated by the DCPS personnel as “Implemented.”
However, the highest rated indicator was “Facilitates for the arrest and prosecution of
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suspect/s and charged individuals through police quick response and proper
investigation,” rated as 4.16, and the lowest rated indicator was “Monitors ATM
compounds through police installed CCTVs and police presence,” which obtained a
mean rating of 3.53, both interpreted as “Implemented.”
The Barangay Officials/ Force Multipliers’ group provided an overall weighted
mean of 3.41, interpreted as “Implemented. The indicator “Enforces the implementation
of Liquor ban during special occasions and events” obtained the highest mean from the
respondents of 3.59, interpreted as “Implemented.”
As perceived by the barangay officials/force multipliers, the indicator that
obtained the lowest overall weighted mean was “The indicator “Enforces the prohibition
of drinking of intoxicating liquors along streets/roads, public places like parks, parking
lots” with a numerical rating of 3.16, interpreted as “Moderately Implemented.”
On the other hand, the third group of respondents, the Community Residents gave
an overall mean of 3.37, interpreted as “Moderately Implemented.”The indicator
“Enforces the implementation of Liquor ban during special occasions and events”
obtained the highest overall weighted mean of 3.90, interpreted as “Implemented.” While
the indicator “Monitors ATM compounds through police installed CCTVs and police
presence” obtained the lowest mean of 2.96, interpreted as “Moderately Implemented.”
This implies that the residents give more consideration in the control of liquors in order
to prevent commission of crimes. This is seen by the residents as effective means of
maintaining peace and order in the locality.
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Table VII

Focused Area According to Instrumentality

Multipliers
(n = 70)
1. Enforces “Oplan “Bakalsita” 4.15 I 3.51 I 3.46 I 3.74 I
or Spot Inspection regularly in
designated places
2. Conducts Oplan“Kap-kap” in 4.09 I 3.39 MI 3.44 I 3.68 I
bars/night clubs with assigned
team leader in coordination
with business owners
3. Enforces the implementation 4.14 I 3.59 I 3.90 I 3.89 I
of Liquor ban during special
occasions and events
4. Monitors ATM compounds 3.53 I 3.34 MI 2.96 MI 3.30 MI
through police installed
CCTVs and police presence
5. Conducts security survey to 3.68 I 3.37 MI 3.01 MI 3.38 MI
establishments to determine
security hazards
6. Enforces the prohibition of 3.99 I 3.16 MI 3.20 MI 3.49 I
drinking of intoxicating
liquors along streets/roads,
public places like parks,
parking lots.
7. Facilitates for the arrest and 4.16 I 3.50 I 3.59 I 3.78 I
prosecution of suspect/s and
charged individuals through
police quick response and
proper investigation.
Overall Weighted Mean 3.96 I 3.41 I 3.37 MI 3.58 I
Legend:
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Patrol System (PIPS) Focused Area relative to instrumentality as element of crime as
perceived by the PNP personnel, Barangay Officials/Force Multiplier and the Community
resident had a mean response of 3.58, interpreted as “Implemented.” The indicator “The
implementation of Liquor ban during special occasions and events” is the most observed
as evidenced by the highest rating of 3.89, interpreted as “implemented,” while the
indicator “Monitors ATM compounds through police installed CCTVs and police
presence” obtained the lowest weighted mean of 3.30, interpreted as “Moderately
Implemented.”
There are three (3) indicators which were found to be “Implemented,” to include
the following indicators “Enforces “Oplan “Bakalsita” or Spot Inspection regularly in
designated places,” “Enforces the implementation of Liquor ban during special
occasions and events,” and “Facilitates for the arrest and prosecution of suspect/s and
charged individuals through police quick response and proper investigation.”This will
tell that the three (3) groups of respondents agree that these indicators are effective means
of eliminating the element of Instrumentality that includes the capability of the criminal
to commit crime as well as possession of any item that maybe used in committing a
crime.
In the opinion of the researcher, liquor ban is a big help in the prevention of
crimes based on the assessment of the three groups of respondents is an issue that needs
to be addressed. This is observed in the Central Business District (CBD) of Dagupan City
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where such measure is implemented. This would give warning to all owners and clients
of night clubs, disco houses and bars to remind their clients not to bring contraband inside
the establishment.
According to a police officer assigned in DCPS, despite of combined effort of
police and barangay officials of enforcing liquor ban, there are a lot of barangays where
traditional drinking of alcoholic beverages are offered as part of the occasion.
Considering that ATMs are private in nature, being owned by banks, the
respective banks have the responsibility of protecting their ATM machine. But on the
side the police, they have still the responsibility of protecting the ATM compound
including the customers of such banks.
1.4 Summary of the Assessment on the Implementation of Police Integrated

Patrol System (PIPS) Focused Area of Dagupan City Police Station
Table VIII presents the summary of the assessment on the Implementation of
Police Integrated Patrol System (PIPS) Focused Area of Dagupan City Police Station
based from the three (3) variables of the study.
The computed weighted mean for DCPS personnel is 3.90, interpreted as
“Implemented.” The overall weighted mean for Barangay Officials and Force Multipliers
was 3.59 which means “Implemented.”
On the part of the community residents, the computed overall weighted mean was
3.29, interpreted as “Moderately Implemented.” From the given figures, it can be
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gleaned that police and barangay officials have the same responses while the community
residents assessed it differently.
Table VIII
Summary of the Assessment on the Implementation of Integrated Patrol System

(PIPS) Focused Area of Dagupan City Police Station
DCPS Brgy. Officials/ Communit Grand

Variables Personnel Force y Residents Mean
(n = 88) Multipliers (n=70) (n = 228)
(n = 70)
WM V WM VI WM VI WM VI
I
1. Intent and Motive 3.97 I 3.76 I 3.25 MI 3.66 I
2. Opportunity 3.77 I 3.61 I 3.24 MI 3.54 I
3. Instrumentality 3.96 I 3.41 I 3.37 MI 3.58 I
Group Weighted 3.90 I 3.59 I 3.29 MI 3.59 I
Mean
Legend:
2 1.80 – 2.59 Less Implemented (LI) GWM – Group Weighted Mean
It is evident that the computed group weighted means of both DCPS personnel
and Barangay Officials and Force Multipliers have the same verbal interpretation of
“Implemented,” while for the community residents group poses different verbal
interpretation. This implies that the residents have different perspective in evaluating the
effort of the police and officials towards them.
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Significantly, all the three variables were rated by the community residents to be
“Moderately Implemented” while the other two groups – DCPS personnel and Barangay
Officials/Force Multipliers rated the three variables “Implemented.” It could be
interpreted that the community residents have different perspective on how they assess
the crime prevention in Dagupan City. On the part of the police and barangay
officials/force multipliers, since they are the front liners in the implementation, it is but
natural for them to have similar perception.
Comparing the variables’ means, the element of Intent and Motive has an overall
weighted mean of 3.66, Opportunity has 3.54, and Instrumentality got a mean rating of
3.58, all with verbal interpretation as “Implemented,” though with different means. The
computed overall mean rating for the three variables is 3.59, also interpreted as
“Implemented.” This shows that though, the community residents have different ratings,
the overall result on the implementation of the PIPS by the Dagupan City Police Station
is well carried out based on the overall verbal interpretation of “Implemented.”
2. Problems Encountered in the implementation of Police Integrated Patrol System

(PIPS) Focused Area of Dagupan City Police Station
Table IX presents the problems encountered in the implementation of Police
Integrated Patrol System (PIPS) Focused Area According to Intent and Motive.
The DCPS personnel provided an overall weighted mean of 3.05, interpreted as
“Moderately Serious.” The indicator “Some barangay officials have no and/or very
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minimal number of barangay tanods” was highest rated by the respondents with 3.35,
interpreted as “Moderately Serious.”
The indicators “DCPS has no regular media program for crime prevention
program dissemination” and “Some barangay officials have no and/or very minimal
number of barangay tanods.”This shows that the number of barangay tanods from the
different barangays are important as multipliers to the number of police forces. Since
some barangays have very limited (2, 3 or 4) number of appointed barangay tanod, this
seriously affects the maintenance of peace and order.
The Barangay Officials/Force Multipliers’ group of respondents provided an
overall weighted mean of 3.29, interpreted as “Moderately Serious.” The highest mean
obtained was 3.50, interpreted as “Serious,” and this goes to the indicator that states
“Some barangays have no outpost for police and/or barangay officials” while the lowest
mean computed was 3.03, interpreted as “Moderately Serious” goes with the indicator
“Lack materials on crime prevention posters and flyers.”The results indicate that the
barangays must have to participate with the police by creating outpost for police and
barangay tanods to use while on duty, especially night time. This is a problem where it
boils down to lack of budget, not only of a barangay but of the City government of
Dagupan.
On the part of the Community Residents, all the indicators were provided with
different ratings but with the same verbal interpretation of “Moderately Serious,” which
is the highest rated indicator “DCPS has no regular media program for crime prevention
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program dissemination” with a mean of 3.47, interpreted as “Serious.” The indicators
“Lack of materials on crime prevention posters and flyers” and “Conduct of patrolling of
police and barangay officials is not synchronized” were rated 3.0, interpreted as
“Moderately Serious.” The overall weighted mean of the Community Residents was 3.16,
interpreted as “Moderately Serious.” In order to eliminate intent and motive of would-be-
criminals, it was assessed by the respondents that the public should be informed by
posting more materials like posters, slogans and the like.
Overall, the level of problems encountered in the implementation of the Police
Integrated Patrol System (PIPS) Focused Area relative to intent and motive as element of
crime as perceived by the PNP personnel, Barangay Officials/Force Multiplier and the
Community residents had a mean response of 3.17, indicating a “Moderately
Serious.”Based from the problem responses, the indicator that obtained the highest mean
was on the “Absence of regular media program of DCPS for crime prevention program
dissemination.” This was rated 3.36, interpreted as “Moderately Serious.” On the other
hand, two indicators were rated lowest. These include “lack of materials on crime
prevention posters and flyers” and “pornographic materials are flagrantly displayed
along streets in the CBD of Dagupan” obtained the weighted mean of 2.96, also
interpreted as “moderately serious.” This shows that DCPS does not believe in the
positive contribution of flyers and posters on crime prevention program. It further implies
that DCPS is tolerating display of believed to be pornographic materials along streets and
roads.
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Considering all indicators, it is noticed that only two (2) indicators were
interpreted to be “Serious,” and the rest of the indicators were rated by the three (3)
groups of respondents to be “Moderately Serious.” The two (2) indicators which were
rated “Serious” are “DCPS has no regular media program for crime prevention program
dissemination” by the community residents, and “Some barangays have no outpost for
police and/or barangay officials,” by the barangay officials/Force Multipliers group.
The result was contradicted by a personnel who was interviewed. According to
the personnel, DCPS is attending to radio station programs of different stations. The only
problem is that time allotted is not enough for the guest or speaker to discuss all details of
crime prevention program of the DCPS and some barangays. Aside from Radio Programs
of DCPS, they also practice “OplanTambuli” especially during special occasions
coordinated to their office.
One of the identified problems of the DCPS is lack of materials such as posters
and flyers regarding crime prevention. This goes to the lack of budget as it may affect
every effort to the DCPS to implement their activities.
Currently, DCPS is tasking other private establishments to sponsor some flyers on
drug education, crime prevention and community awareness as well as traffic directions.
Some universities and colleges are participating in utilizing their Civic Welfare Training
Service (CWTS) students in making posters and slogans on crime prevention and the like.
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Table IX
Problems encountered in the implementation of Police Integrated Patrol System

(PIPS) Focused Area According to Intent and Motive

(n = 88) Force (70) (n = 228)
Indicators Multipliers
(n = 70)
1. DCPS has no regular media program 3.32 MS 3.30 MS 3.47 S 3.36 MS

for crime prevention program
dissemination
2. Some barangay officials have no 3.35 MS 3.39 MS 3.26 MS 3.33 MS
and/or very minimal number of
barangay tanods
3. Some barangays have no outpost for 3.27 MS 3.50 S 3.16 MS 3.31 MS
police and/or barangay officials
4. Information dissemination on crime 2.98 MS 3.23 MS 3.19 MS 3.12 MS
prevention done by police is not on
regular basis
5. Pornographic materials are 2.67 MS 3.27 MS 3.03 MS 2.96 MS
flagrantly displayed along streets in
the CBD of Dagupan
6. Lack materials on crime prevention 2.89 MS 3.03 MS 3.00 MS 2.96 MS
posters and flyers
7. Conduct of patrolling of police and 2.89 MS 3.33 MS 3.00 MS 3.06 MS
barangay officials is not
synchronized
Overall Weighted Mean 3.05 MS 3.29 MS 3.16 MS 3.17 MS
Legend:
5 4.20 - 5.00 Very Serious (VS) WM - Weighted Mean
4 3.40 – 4.19 Serious (S) VI – Verbal Interpretation
3 2.60 – 3.39 Moderately Serious (MS) n – Population Sample
2 1.80 – 2.59 Less Serious (LS) OWM – Overall Weighted Mean
1 1.00 – 1.79 Not Serious (NS)
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On pornographic materials issue, it is observed that some major streets and roads
inside CBD of the City are being occupied by smalltime CD/DVD vendors that include
pornographic CD/DVD. Though the words “pornographic materials” may be understood
by many differently, it may mean “any material that contain nude picture or video that
may negatively affect or arouse another that may lead him/her in committing similar act.”
To artists, nude pictures done with art are just “arts,” to some it’s pornographic.
2.2 Opportunity
Table X presents the problems encountered in the implementation of Police
Integrated Patrol System (PIPS) Focused Area According to Opportunity as one of the
elements of crime.
The DCPS personnel group perceived the level of problems encountered in the
implementation of the Police Integrated Patrol System (PIPS) Focused Area relative to
opportunity as element of crime in Dagupan City to be 3.18, interpreted as “Moderately
Serious.” The indicator “Some crucial areas are not installed with CCTV” obtained a
mean of 3.72, interpreted as “Serious” while the indicator “There’s no permanent
solution of DCPS how to deal with vendors” obtained the lowest mean of 2.83,
interpreted as “Moderately Serious.” The assessment showed that police value CCTVs as
very important aid in the conduct of criminal investigation as evident by their
interpretation of “Moderately Serious.”
The Barangay Officials/Force Multipliers gave an overall weighted mean of 3.39,
interpreted as “Moderately Serious.” As gleaned from the table, three indicators were
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rated “Serious. The indicators are “Lack of personnel to be deployed in identified hot spot
area 24/7,” “Not all schools and students are reached for crime prevention
dissemination,” and “Most arrested persons are minors, they are released to the DSWD
for proper disposition.”
The indicator that obtained the highest mean was the “Most arrested persons are
minors, they are released to the DSWD for proper disposition,” with 3.70, interpreted as
“Serious,” and the indicator that obtained the lowest mean was “Curfew is not
implemented considering that Dagupan is a highly urbanized city,” with 3.31 which
gives a verbal interpretation of “Moderately Serious.” The findings imply that since it is
given that there is lack of police officers as implementers, not all learning institutions are
reached to conduct crime prevention activities. Considering that the City of Dagupan is
highly populated with several business establishments, curfew is hard to implement since
people have valid excuses. These are some situations that affect the crime prevention
measures being advocated by police and barangay officials as well as other force
multipliers.
As per the Community Residents of Dagupan City, they gave an overall weighted
mean rating of 3.45, interpreted as “Serious.” The indicator that obtained the highest
rating was ““Some crucial areas are not installed with CCTV” with numerical rating of
3.87, interpreted as “Serious,” while the indicator “Curfew is not implemented
considering that Dagupan is a highly urbanized city” obtained the lowest mean of 3.17,
interpreted as “Moderately Serious.” The results herein cited confirms the result under
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the first two groups of respondents where some places are not installed with CCTVs to
aid investigation efforts of police when needed the most.
In summary, the level of problems encountered in the implementation of the
Police Integrated Patrol System (PIPS) Focused Area relative to opportunity as element
of crime as perceived by the PNP personnel, Barangay Officials/Force Multiplier and the
Community resident had a mean response of 3.34, which means “Moderately
Serious.”The indicator “Some crucial areas are not installed with CCTV” was rated
highest obtaining the weighted mean of 3.66, interpreted as “Serious.” This shows that
installation of CCTV is a main concern. This helps in getting information for crimes
committed without witness. The indicator “There’s no permanent solution of DCPS how
to deal with vendors” obtained the lowest mean of 3.07, interpreted as “Moderately
Serious.” This means that DCPS must come up with a strategic plan to regulate, if not to
stop illegal vendors.
The three (3) groups of respondents found two (2) indicators to be consistent in
their interpretation, that points out to “Many streets/roads which are crime prone places
are still with no street lights installed” and “Curfew is not implemented considering that
Dagupan is a highly urbanized city.”These indicators were interpreted as “Moderately
Serious.” With this assessment of the respondents, they pointed out that in order to
eliminate opportunity or chances of criminal to commit crimes, streets must be well
lighted and curfew must be implemented.
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The researcher, in his observation, CCTVs are a great help to investigators
especially when no witness is willing or available. CCTV recordings are expert witness
itself considering that it proves what is being recorded, no more no less.
Some barangays have their own CCTV installed near their respective barangay
hall but of limited units of CCTV.
According to a barangay resident inside CBD of the City of Dagupan, illegal
vendors are rampant, sometimes arrested, sometimes tolerated, and sometimes, ignored
by law enforcers.
As observed by the researcher, most vendors occupying the vacant sidewalks of
streets and roads are those small time vendors of vegetables and assorted items including
but not limited to fruits, fishes, mobile phone related gadgets, etc.
As suggested by a barangay official, the City of Dagupan must provide affordable
business sites for these vendors for them not to vend along areas prohibited.
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Table X

(PIPS) Focused Area According to Opportunity

(n = 88) Force (70) (n = 228)
Indicators Multipliers
(n = 70)
1. Lack of personnel to be deployed in 3.35 MS 3.40 S 3.54 S 3.43 S

identified hot spot area 24/7
2. Some crucial areas are not installed 3.72 S 3.39 MS 3.87 S 3.66 S
with CCTV
3. Not all schools and students are 3.02 MS 3.53 S 3.43 S 3.30 MS
reached for crime prevention
dissemination
4. Most arrested persons are minors, they 3.33 MS 3.70 S 3.34 MS 3.45 S
are released to the DSWD for proper
disposition
5. There’s no permanent solution of 2.83 MS 2.97 MS 3.49 S 3.07 MS
DCPS how to deal with vendors
6. Many streets/roads which are crime 3.14 MS 3.40 MS 3.33 MS 3.28 MS
prone places are still with no street
lights installed.
7. Curfew is not implemented considering 2.85 MS 3.31 MS 3.17 MS 3.09 MS
that Baguio is a highly urbanized city.
Overall Weighted Mean 3.18 MS 3.39 MS 3.45 S 3.34 MS
Legend:
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2.3 Instrumentality
Table XI presents the problems encountered in the implementation of Police
Integrated Patrol System (PIPS) Focused Area According to Instrumentality as an
element of crime in the study.
This was answered by a City official saying “Public Market is provided for the
community.” Explaining that, in order to be systematic in claiming a place for vending,
the city is has given time for interested vendors to apply. Likewise, the so-called “night
market” was conceptualize for the community. This would ease the problem for vending
RTWs along roads and streets.
On the problems encountered in the implementation of the Police Integrated
Patrol System (PIPS) in Baguio City, the PNP personnel gave an overall weighted mean
of 3.04 which means “Moderately Serious.” The highest mean was 3.17, interpreted as
“Moderately Serious,” for the indicator “Security survey is not a requirement for getting
or renewing permit.” The lowest mean obtained was 2.87 which means “Moderately
Serious.” It is significantly observed that all the indicators were rated by the police
respondents as “Moderately Serious.”
The Barangay Officials/Force Multipliers responded with an overall weighted
mean of 3.45, interpreted as “Serious.”The indicator “Checkpoint/Spot Inspection is not
conducted in all barangays” obtained the highest mean of 3.60, interpreted as “Serious,”
while the indicator “Lack of trained personnel and resources for patrolling,” was rated
3.27 which means “Moderately Serious.” This shows that as seen by the barangay
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officials, the conduct of checkpoints and related activities are very helpful in preventing
crimes as. This goes to one of the theories of this study, the “theory of omnipresence,”
wherein presence of uniformed police in a certain place may discourage one to commit a
crime.
For the Community Residents, the computed overall weighted mean was 3.46
which means “Serious.” Considering the indicators, the respondents rated two indicators
to be “Moderately Serious,” and the rest are “Serious.” The indicator “Many shops/stores
are selling intoxicating liquors despite not covered by their permit” obtained the highest
mean of 3.79 which means “Serious,” while the indicator “Interventions of politicians
and other government and private” was given by the respondents with the lowest rating
of 2.93 which means “Moderately Serious.” This shows that shops or many people call as
“stores” are contributory to Instrumentalities in the sense that when people are under the
influence of liquor, conflicts may ensue.
As an overall result of findings, the level of problems encountered in the
implementation of the Police Integrated Patrol System (PIPS) Focused Area relative to
instrumentality as element of crime as perceived by the PNP personnel, Barangay
Officials/Force Multipliers and the Community residents had a mean response of 3.30,
interpreted as “Moderately Serious.”The indicator that obtained the highest mean was on
“the presence of many shops/stores that are selling intoxicating liquors despite not
covered by their permit, evidenced by the mean of 3.46, interpreted as “Serious.”The
lowest mean obtained was 3.07, interpreted as “Moderately Serious” was the
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interventions of politicians and other government and private employees. This shows that
politicians and private employees intervene to some cases where their relatives or friends
are involved. This further means that ideal implementation of ordinances and/or laws
must be enhanced.
All the problem indicators were rated by the DCPS personnel as “Moderately
Serious,” while the Barangay Officials/Force Multipliers and Community Residents’
group provided similar interpretation by rating five (5) indicators as “Serious” and two
(2) as “Moderately Serious.” In this category, the police personnel have different
perception in the sense that they are the ones implementing almost all efforts and
activities in preventing crimes while the support group includes the barangay
officials/force multipliers, including some residents in support of the police activities.
This is the reason why police have different assessment compared with the assessments
of the barangay officials/force multipliers and selected community residents.
Relative to the findings, the researcher presumed that due to the dense population
of Dagupan City made the full control of intoxicating liquor difficult. With the bulk of
business establishments inside and outside the business districts of the city, some
establishments are operating beyond what is prescribed in their business permit.
According to a small “sari-sari store” owner/operator, “I think we are allowed to
sell intoxicating liquor because we have been doing the same but we were not accosted or
demanded to stop.” Since we are renewing our permit, we are allowed to sell what we
want to our co-residents, this would be a great help for them also.”
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In the opinion of the researcher as resident of Dagupan City, public officials are
very cooperative with the police in their campaign against crime. Some activities of the
police in crime prevention are being shouldered by some public offices for the program to
be continued.
Table XI

(PIPS) Focused Area According to Instrumentality

Multipliers
(n = 70)
1. Checkpoint/Spot Inspection is not 3.05 MS 3.60 S 3.44 S 3.34 MS
conducted in all barangays
2. OplanKap-kap is only focused to night 3.05 MS 3.50 S 3.44 S 3.31 MS
clubs and bars, not covering all
business establishments and parks
3. Many shops/stores are selling 3.16 MS 3.53 S 3.79 S 3.46 S
intoxicating liquors despite not
covered by their permit
4. Some ATMs are not installed with 3.06 MS 3.44 S 3.67 S 3.36 MS
CCTVs and are located away from
streets/roads.
5. Security survey is not a requirement 3.17 MS 3.49 S 3.61 S 3.40 MS
for getting or renewing permit
6. Lack of trained personnel and 2.84 MS 3.27 MS 3.30 MS 3.11 MS
resources for patrolling
7. Interventions of politicians and other 2.99 MS 3.33 MS 2.93 MS 3.07 MS
government and private employees is
observed.
Overall Weighted Mean 3.04 MS 3.45 S 3.46 S 3.30 MS
Legend:
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1.4 Summary of the Problems Encountered on the Implementation of Police
Integrated Patrol System (PIPS) Focused Area of Dagupan City Police
Station
Table XI shows the summary result of the problems encountered on the
implementation of Police Integrated Patrol System (PIPS) Focused Area of DCPS.
The computed group weighted mean of DCPS personnel is 3.11, Barangay
officials and force multipliers recorded a mean of 3.35, and the community residents got
a mean of 3.32, all are interpreted as “Moderately Serious.”
The three variables were also rated with different means but the same verbal
interpretation. The element of Intent and Motive got an overall mean of 3.17, Opportunity
got 3.34, and Instrumentality has 3.28, all are interpreted as “Moderately Serious.”
On the part of community residents, under the variable Opportunity, this was
rated as 3.45, interpreted as “Serious.” This is the only variable rated and interpreted as
such.
The computed overall mean for the problems encountered by the respondents in
the implementation of PIPS by Dagupan City Police Office is 3.26, interpreted as
“Moderately Serious.” This implies that regardless of the group of respondents, with
different mean ratings, the respondents still encounter hindrances and resistance or non-
cooperation from the different sectors of the community.
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Table XI
Summary of the Problems Encountered on the Implementation of Police Integrated

DCPS Brgy. Officials/ Community Grand Mean

Variables Personnel Force Multipliers Residents (n = 228)
(n = 88) (n = 70) (70)
WM VI WM VI WM VI WM VI
1. Intent and Motive 3.05 MS 3.29 MS 3.16 MS 3.17 MS
2. Opportunity 3.18 MS 3.39 MS 3.45 S 3.34 MS
3. Instrumentality 3.09 MS 3.38 MS 3.36 MS 3.28 MS
Group Weighted Mean 3.11 MS 3.35 MS 3.32 MS 3.26 MS
Legend:
2 1.80 – 2.59 Less Serious (LS) GM – Group Weighted Mean
3. Measures that can be Proposed to Address the Problems Encountered in the

Implementation of the Police Integrated Patrol System (PIPS) Focused Area of
Dagupan City Police Station
Table XII presents the measures that can be proposed to address the problems
encountered in the Implementation of the Police Integrated Patrol System (PIPS) focused
area relative to Intent and Motive.
The police personnel of DCPS as one of the groups of respondents gave an overall
weighted mean of 4.25 which indicates “Highly Recommended.” As gleaned from table
17, the only indicator which was rated “Recommended” was the “DCPS must create a
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regular radio time and/or create regular articles in print media,” and the rest of the
indicators were rated as “Highly Recommended.” To show more details, the highest
mean obtained was 4.28 (Highly Recommended) for the indicator “Provides seminars
and trainings on crime prevention and intervention are regularly conducted among
barangay officials, force multipliers and residents,” while the indicator “DCPS must
create a regular radio time and/or create regular articles in print media,” obtained the
lowest mean rating of 4.18 which is interpreted as “Recommended.”
The findings show that in order to eliminate intent and motive as element of
crime, seminars must be regularly conducted to instill into the minds of implementers the
value of information towards preventing crimes. This further means that all means of
informing the public on the crime prevention tips and measures must be undertaken
through the use of social media, posters and all kinds of media.
The Barangay Officials/Force Multipliers is the second group of respondents. As
shown in Table XII, the computed overall weighted mean given by this group of
respondents was 4.07 that indicates a verbal interpretation of “Recommended.” The only
indicator that was rated and interpreted to be “Highly Recommended” and the highest
was the “Police and barangay should make prior coordination to synchronize their
patrolling effort to effectively prevent the commission of crimes” which obtained a
weighted mean of 4.23, while the indicator “Educate the barangays on the required no of
tanods and BPATS as provided under the Local Government Code” obtained the lowest
mean of 3.91 which means “Recommended.”
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The above findings imply that in order to come-up with excellent results of
measures, coordination between implementers should always be considered. Further,
coordinated efforts should be implemented such as conduct of checkpoints and/or
chokepoints.
As to the Community Residents, the computed overall weighted mean was 4.22
which means “Highly Recommended.” Looking into the indicators, the highest mean
obtained was 4.30, interpreted as “Highly Recommended,” for the indicator “Educate the
barangays on the required no of tanods and BPATS as provided under the Local
Government Code” and the lowest mean was 4.07 which means “Recommended” is for
the indicator “Displays crime prevention materials such as tarpaulin, posters and flyers
to be posted in strategic places and distributed to the public.” These indicate that
educating the community is must in order for them to understand how to eliminate intent
and motive as one of the elements of crime. By letting residents in a community
understand crime and its elements, they will learn how to prevent it. If the residents are
able to prevent crimes, this is a plus factor on the part of the police and officials.
With the interpretation of “Highly Implemented,” the indicator “Police and
barangay should make prior coordination to synchronize their patrolling effort to
effectively prevent the commission of crimes,” all the groups of respondents had
recommended this to address the elimination of intent and motive. If all activities are
synchronized, the respondents believe they can save time and effort and provide efficient
and effective service to the community they serve.
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As an overall result, the level of measures that can be proposed to address the
problems encountered in the implementation of the Police Integrated Patrol System
(PIPS) Focused Area relative to intent and motive as element of crime as perceived by
the PNP personnel, Barangay Officials/Force Multiplier and the Community resident had
a mean response of 4.18, interpreted as “Recommended.”“Educating the barangay
officials on the required no oftanods and BPATS as provided under the Local
Government Code” obtained the highest mean rating of 4.50, interpreted as “highly
recommended.” This implies that the DCPS must intensify their lectures to their partners
in crime prevention fight such as the barangay officials, tanod, and BPATs. While “the
use of tarpaulin, posters and flyers to be posted in strategic places and distributed to the
public purposely to prevent crime” obtained the lowest mean rating of 4.14, interpreted as
“recommended.” As gleaned from the table, this means that a constant reminder to
residents must be posted in a conspicuous place.
The researcher observes that several other activities are being performed by the
different PCR offices of the different stations of DCPS. Despite of these activities, the
researcher believes that some barangays are not still given the priorities due to some
factors.
In relation to the findings above, the Police Community Relations (PCR) of the
DCPS is doing its best by conducting series of lectures not only to BPATs but to all
officials of barangays and residents for them to be synchronized in their crime prevention
efforts.
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Not only barangay tanod, but a continuous coordination with DSWD about the
problem on youth involvement in illegal activities or crimes, the DCPS continuously
coordinate and monitor the different youth fraternities/organizations talking with their
leaders to avoid any conflict between and any of them. School visitation are done
regularly to ensure proper coordination and immediately identify any problem or concern
particularly on public safety as part of the daily and weekly report and scorecard of every
station.
While this is not regularly done, some stations are practicing this. DCPS, for
example has distributed flyers to jeepney drivers warning passengers of presence of
pickpockets inside and outside the jeepneys.
According to De la Rama, et.al (2011), the PNP must keep the community
informed of the crime situation and the modus operandi of criminals and equip them with
the knowledge and skills on how to prevent crimes and/or react in the event that they
become witnesses or victims of crimes.
Front a magazine, New York Times (2012), states “flyers and posters” are
effective means of information dissemination, though it ranks 4th compared to television,
radio, social networking sites.
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Table XII
Measures that can be Proposed to Address the Problems Encountered in the

Implementation of the Police Integrated Patrol System (PIPS)
Focused Area According to Intent and Motive

Multipliers
(n = 70)
WM VI WM VI WM VI WM VI
The Dagupan City Police Station:
1. Must create a regular radio time and/or 4.18 R 4.20 R 4.27 HR 4.21 HR
create regular articles in print media.
2. Educate the barangays on the required no 4.22 HR 3.91 R 4.30 HR 4.15 R

of tanods and BPATS as provided under
the Local Government Code
3. The DCPS may request crime prone 4.26 HR 4.04 R 4.29 HR 4.20 R
barangays to prioritize outposts for
patrolling and monitoring
4. Provides seminars and trainings on crime 4.28 HR 4.09 R 4.24 HR 4.21 HR
prevention and intervention are regularly
conducted among barangay officials, force
multipliers and residents
5. Educate the owners of stores and other 4.26 HR 4.01 R 4.14 R 4.15 R
establishment on the prohibitions of
selling pornographic materials.
6. Displays crime prevention materials such 4.27 HR 4.03 R 4.07 R 4.14 R
as tarpaulin, posters and flyers to be
posted in strategic places and distributed
to the public
7. Police and barangay should make prior 4.26 HR 4.23 HR 4.26 HR 4.25 HR
coordination to synchronize their
patrolling effort to effectively prevent the
commission of crimes
Overall Weighted Mean 4.25 HR 4.07 R 4.22 HR 4.18 R
Legend:
5 4.20 - 5.00 Highly Recommended (HR) WM - Weighted Mean
4 3.40 – 4.19 Recommended (R) VI – Verbal Interpretation
3 2.60 – 3.39 Moderately Recommended (MR) n – Population Sample
2 1.80 – 2.59 Less Recommended (LR) OWM – Overall Weighted Mean
1 1.00 – 1.79 Not Recommended (NR)
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3.2 Opportunity
Table XIII shows the measures that can be proposed to address the problems
encountered in the implementation of the Police Integrated Patrol System (PIPS) focused
area according to Opportunity.
The DCPS personnel gave an overall weighted mean of 4.15, interpreted as
“Recommended.” The indicator “Conduct dialogue with parents of minors arrested”
obtained the highest mean rating of 4.25, which means “Highly Recommended” while the
indicators “Recognize institutions/companies that have strong crime prevention
programs” and “Educate the vendors on the policy on Prohibited Selling in public
places” both obtained the lowest mean rating of 4.17, both interpreted as
“Recommended.” This means that the conduct of dialogue is a great tool in eliminating
opportunity of individuals who are planning to commit a crime in the sense that parents
of minors will be the ones to guide their children. The study also reveals that if efforts of
institutions are recognized through simple awards and rewards, this will help them to be
motivated and maintain or enhance their efforts in doing activities towards crime
prevention.
The Barangay Officials/Force Multipliers gave an overall group weighted mean of
3.99 which is interpreted as “Recommended.” “Orienting the community on ordinance of
curfew hours implementation” got the highest mean of 4.21, interpreted as “Highly
Recommended.” “Educating the vendors on the policy on prohibited selling in public
places” obtained the lowest mean rating of 3.79, interpreted as “Recommended.” These
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results suggest that public information is a great requisite in order to combat crimes.
People must have to be informed of the measures as well as procedures in educating the
community and vendors in the community so that they can help the implementers of
crime prevention.
The Community Residents responded with an overall weighted mean of 4.11,
interpreted as “Recommended.” The highest rated indicator of the residents was the
“Orient the community on curfew hours implementation” and this is the same with the
response of the barangay officials/force multipliers. The highest mean was 4.24,
interpreted as “Highly Recommended.” The indicator “Recognize institutions/companies
that have strong crime prevention programs” obtained the lowest mean of 3.97,
interpreted as “Recommended.” This shows that in order to eliminate opportunity or
chances of would-be-criminals, curfew must be implemented in the City of Dagupan.
This measure is effective specially if with the aid of the barangay officials for they can
identify the residents in their respective places.
Looking into some significant assessments, the DCPS personnel assessed
“Conduct dialogue with parents of minors arrested” and “Conduct seminar among
officials and active residents on Home Security and Crime Prevention Tips” to be
“Highly Implemented,” with means of 4.25 and 4.22 respectively. Similarly, the barangay
officials/force multipliers and community residents assessed “Orient the community on
curfew hour implementation,” as “Highly Implemented,” with a mean of 4.21.
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Table XIII

Focused Area According to Opportunity

Multipliers
(n = 70)
1. Observe the 90-10 deployment of 4.23 HR 4.14 R 4.24 HR 4.21 HR

uniformed personnel in the identified
crime prone areas
2. Initiate activities (fun-run, concert) 3.86 R 3.80 R 4.01 R 3.89 R
where proceeds will be used in
purchasing additional CCTVs
3. Recognize institutions/companies that 4.17 R 4.06 R 3.97 R 4.07 R
have strong crime prevention
programs
4. Conduct dialogue with parents of 4.25 HR 3.97 R 4.19 R 4.14 R
minors arrested
5. Educate the vendors on the policy on 4.17 R 3.79 R 4.13 R 4.04 R
“Prohibited Selling in public places”
6. Conduct seminar among officials and 4.22 HR 3.94 R 3.99 R 4.06 R

active residents on Home Security and
Crime Prevention Tips
7. Orient the community on curfew 4.18 R 4.21 HR 4.21 HR 4.20 R
hours implementation.
Overall Weighted Mean 4.15 R 3.99 R 4.11 R 4.08 R
Legend:
As a summary, the level of measures that can be proposed to address the problems
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Area relative to opportunity as element of crime as perceived by the PNP personnel,
Barangay Officials/Force Multipliers and the Community residents had a variable mean
response of 4.08 which gives a verbal interpretation of “Recommended.”The practice of
“90-10 deployment” of uniformed personnel in the identified crime prone areas”
obtained the highest rating of 4.21, interpreted as “highly recommended,” while the
indicator “Initiate activities such as fun-run/concert where proceeds are used in
purchasing additional CCTVs” obtained the lowest mean of 3.89, interpreted as
“recommended.”
As part of the activities of DCPS, it has now increased their information
dissemination through the different local radio stations.
The deployment of personnel of 90-10, where 90 % personnel of the PNP must be
deployed in the patrol and only 10% will be left in the office doing administrative works
but now 95-5 percent and 12 hours tour of duty because of the increase number of Non-
Uniform Personnel (NUP). This is to maximize the deployment of personnel in the street
to ensure police presence in all areas particularly in crime prone areas of CBD. The pre-
deployment briefing, post-deployment briefing with after patrol report is now being
implemented and monitored with specific targets of activities and patrol log.
According to an interview to the members of the DCPS Station personnel and
attendance to their meetings, the pre-deployment and post deployment briefing conducted
by the COP and supervisors reminding the personnel to have the knowledge and skill in
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their particular work and develop that right attitude while in the performance of their
respective duties and responsibilities.
The conduct of security survey to private establishment are being done by civilian
entity as requested by the owners but some establish in some occasion request for a
security survey but on some limited area of the establishment such as parking lot,
perimeter.
According to Dr. Jezreel Vicente, a security professional recognized by the
Philippine Society of Industrial Security (PSIS), the conduct of security survey to private
establishment is a choice of the management of each establishment. But there should be
an ordinance that requires private establishments to undergo security survey at least once
a year.
3.3 Instrumentality
Table XIV presents the measures that can be proposed to address the problems
encountered in the implementation of the Police Integrated Patrol System (PIPS) focused
area according to Instrumentality.
The DCPS personnel provided an overall weighted mean of 4.26, interpreted as
“Highly Recommended.” Considering all ratings, the indicator “Conducts Operation
“Kap-kap” in regular basis inside night clubs and bars and along crime prone areas”
obtained the highest mean of 4.35, interpreted as “Highly Recommended.”
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The Barangay Officials/Force Multipliers likewise gave an overall weighted mean
of 4.17, interpreted as “Recommended.” The highest mean obtained was 4.23, interpreted
as “Highly Recommended.” This interpretation was derived from two indicators,
“Educate force multipliers like security guards, civilian volunteer groups, and barangays
officials on crime prevention tips and on the modus operandi of criminals” and “Educate
the community on the importance of implementing the rules of law, fair and impartial
investigation.” The computed lowest mean was 4.06, interpreted as “Recommended”
with the indicator “Provide training on checkpoint procedure with the barangay officials
or by those deputized by them.” This means that setting good foundation is seen to be an
effective strategy, like educating the police, force multipliers, and other sectors in order
to boost their moral and polish their knowledge and skills. In doing so, the community
needs to be educated also for they are always part of the process.
The civilians in the community should be educated the most for they will help the
police in times of problem solving. As Robert Pell has said “The police are the public and
the public are the police,” which means, the police can be effective if the community
helps them.
On the other hand, the indicator “Educate small sari-sari stores selling
intoxicating liquors on rules and regulations regarding selling of liquors” obtained the
lowest mean of 4.17, interpreted as “Recommended.” This implies that in general, the
police are implementing the identified indicators in order to address crime problems. This
further shows that the police are active and regular in the conduct of their police duties.
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The community residents set an overall mean of 4.20 which means
“Recommended.” But considering all the indicators, the indicator “Conduct security
survey to business establishments to determine vulnerabilities and criticalities” obtained
the highest mean of 4.26, interpreted as “Highly Recommended.” On the other hand, the
indicator “Provide training on checkpoint procedure with the barangay officials or by
those deputized by them” obtained the lowest mean of 4.11, interpreted as
“Recommended.” This means that the community residents play very important roles in
crime prevention. The residents have seen that preventing the commission of crimes
maybe done through proactive means by conducting security surveys to buildings and
establishments. This strategy provides guidelines of owners and occupants of buildings to
be aware of risks that may lead to disaster.
In summary, the level of measures that can be proposed to address the problems
Area relative to instrumentality as element of crime as perceived by the PNP personnel,
Barangay Officials/Force Multipliers and the Community residents had an overall
weighted mean of 4.21, interpreted as “Highly Recommended.”“The conduct of
Operation Kap-kap in regular basis inside night clubs and bars and along crime prone
areas” was rated the highest mean of 4.27 interpreted as “Highly Recommended.”This
implies that the DCPS is enhancing its methodologies in crime prevention by doing
coordination efforts with many establishments for the implementation of this activity.
“Educate small sari-sari store owners selling intoxicating liquors on rules and
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regulations regarding selling of liquors” obtained the lowest weighted mean of 4.14,
interpreted as “recommended.” This implies that there is a need to revisit the programs
being delivered to sari-sari store owners and other business establishments.
Although “kap-kap operation” are not regularly done in Station, they rely on the
assigned security guards for doing the same and report any violation to the police on
patrol of immediately call the hotline numbers for police assistance. Oplan Bakalsita or
spot inspection are being conducted by the City Mobile Group and Special Weapon and
Tactics team.
As mentioned by Dasayon (2013), the more police we have, the less crime there
will be. While citizens and public officials often espouse that view, social scientists often
claim the opposite extreme that “the police make only minimal contributions to crime
prevention in the context of far more powerful social institutions, like family and labor
markets.
The programs that maybe included for business owners would be orientation on
the limitations of their business considering safety and the legal parameters of operating
business like sari-sari store.
The researcher observes that in Dagupan City, many sari-sari store owners do not
know their limitations as to what are the items to be sold in their shops. Likewise, many
owners believe that if they were authorized to do business, they can now offer everything.
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Table XIV

Focused Area According to Instrumentality

Multipliers
(n = 70)

1. Provide training on checkpoint 4.28 HR 4.06 R 4.11 R 4.16 R
procedure with the barangay officials
or by those deputized by them
2. Conducts Operation “Kap-kap” in 4.35 HR 4.17 R 4.27 HR 4.27 HR
regular basis inside night clubs and
bars and along crime prone areas
3. Educate small sari-sari stores selling 4.17 R 4.09 R 4.17 R 4.14 R
intoxicating liquors on rules and
regulations regarding selling of liquors
4. All ATMs must be in close watch of 4.23 HR 4.20 R 4.21 HR 4.21 HR
security guards on duty
5. Conduct security survey to business 4.27 HR 4.21 HR 4.26 HR 4.25 HR
establishments to determine
vulnerabilities and criticalities.
6. Educate force multipliers like security 4.27 HR 4.23 HR 4.13 R 4.21 HR
guards, civilian volunteer groups, and
barangays officials on crime
prevention tips and on the modus
operandi of criminals.
7. Educate the community on the 4.24 HR 4.23 HR 4.23 HR 4.23 HR
importance of implementing the rules
of law, fair and impartial investigation.
Overall Weighted Mean 4.26 HR 4.17 R 4.20 R 4.21 HR
Legend:
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According to a Barangay Chairman, the monitoring of selling of liquor is not the
sole responsibility of the barangay officials and the police but also the other offices of the
City and agencies of the government.
3.4 Summary of the Measures that can be Proposed to Address the

Problems Encountered on the Implementation of Police Integrated
Table XV presents the summary of the Measures that can be proposed to address
the problems encountered on the implementation of Police Integrated Patrol System
(PIPS) Focused Area of Dagupan City Police Station.
The overall mean for DCPS personnel group is 4.22, interpreted as “Highly
Recommended,” the Barangay Officials and Force Multipliers gave a rating of 4.08,
interpreted as “Highly Implemented,” and the Community Residents responded with a
mean rating of 4.18, interpreted as “Implemented.”
Considering the three variables, the Intent and Motive, and Opportunity gave an
overall mean of 4.18 and 4.08 respectively, interpreted as “Recommended.” The
Instrumentality element was rated by the respondents “Highly Recommended.”
Significantly, the Opportunity as one of the elements of crime and one of the three
variables was the only variable which was rated consistently by the three groups of
respondents. This shows similar recommendations from the three groups of respondents.
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The overall weighted mean from the three groups of respondents is 4.16
indicating “Recommended” level of the measures that were proposed. This means that
the three groups of respondents agree that the PIPS implementation in Dagupan City as
one of the strategies in crime prevention must enhance its implementation by adopting
the selected indicators as a result of this study.
Table XV
Summary of the Measures that can be Proposed to Address the Problems

Encountered on the Implementation of Police Integrated Patrol System (PIPS)
Focused Area of Dagupan City Police Station
DCPS Brgy. Officials/ Community Grand

Variables Personnel Force Residents Mean
(n = 88) Multipliers (70) (n = 228)
(n = 70)
W VI WM VI WM VI WM VI
M
1. Intent and Motive 4.25 HR 4.07 R 4.22 HR 4.18 R
2. Opportunity 4.15 R 3.99 R 4.11 R 4.08 R
3. Instrumentality 4.26 HR 4.17 R 4.20 R 4.21 HR
Group Weighted 4.22 HR 4.08 R 4.18 R 4.16 R
Mean
Legend:
2 1.80 – 2.59 Less Recommended (LR) GWM – Group Weighted Mean
4. Test of Significant Differences in the assessments of the Respondents on the

Police Integrated Patrol System (PIPS) Focused Area in Dagupan City Police
Station
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4.1 Test of Significant Difference in the Implementation of the Police
Integrated Patrol System (PIPS) Focused Area of the Dagupan City Police
Station
4.1.1 Intent and Motive
Table XVI shows the test of significant difference in the respondents’ assessment
in the implementation of PIPS in terms of motive and intent as one of the elements of
crime. Statistical analysis revealed that the computed F-value of 18.012 is higher than the
Critical F-value of 3.55, indicating the rejection of the null hypothesis. This means that
there is significant difference in the respondents’ assessment in the implementation of
PIPS considering motive and intent as element of crime.
This further means that the respondents have different experiences when it comes
to the implementation of PIPS. Considering that PIPS involves different components of
sub-systems, not all of its components are implemented in every station, just like in the
place of study.
In relation to the findings above, in an interview with barangay officials, they
have confirmed that the police are doing their best in ensuring peace and order in their
barangays.
All force multipliers deployed for patrol are now closed coordinated with police
personnel assigned in the area for proper deployment such as police intern and tanods/
volunteers task to direct traffic during rush hour in the morning and afternoon that allows
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police focus their attention on other importance task of ensuring peace and order and
public safety.
According to other Barangay Chairmen, they have a regular meeting with the
police. Unfortunately they don’t have enough barangay tanods to augment the police
force. An average of 2 to 3 barangay tanods in every barangay for some reasons such as
lack of fund since only 2,500 per month is given to every barangay tanod which is subject
to the approval of the Local DILG head. Some barangay also mention that they have to
screen their tanod very well since some have criminal or derogatory records or involved
in illegal activities.
On the part of the researcher, police and barangay officials as well as force
multipliers are really that very cooperative considering programs being implemented
involving the three groups. “Barangay Ugnayan” is regularly conducted among and
between barangays officials and police representatives.
The findings imply that the respondents see the indicators of instrumentality in
different way, considering that the police is the major initiator of crime prevention
programs, in coordination with barangay officials and force multipliers.
Relative to the findings above, the national government and the local government
units must allocate sufficient financial assistance to the police stations. Moreover, the
problems must be given attention by the higher authorities in the PNP and their
operational plans be considered.
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Table XVI
Test of Significant Difference on the Level of Assessment in the Implementation of
the Police Integrated Patrol System (PIPS) Focused Area considering
the element of crime of Intent and Motive
Sum of Degrees Sum of Mean F-Value Decision Interpretatio

Variatio of Square Square Compute Critica n
n Freedo s s d l
m
Between 2 1.909 0.955
Groups With
Within 226 0.946 0.053 18.012 3.55 Reject Significant
Groups Null Difference
Total 228 2.855 1.008 Hypothesi
s
Level of significance – 0.05
4.1.2 Opportunity
Table XVII reveals the test of significant difference in the respondents’
assessment in the implementation of PIPS in terms of opportunity as one of the elements
of crime. Statistical analysis revealed that the computed F-value of 16.438 is higher than
the Critical F-value of 3.55, indicating the rejection of the null hypothesis.
This means that there is significant difference in the respondents’ assessment in
the implementation of PIPS considering opportunity as element of crime. The result
further shows that the three groups of respondents have different views when it comes to
opportunity as one of the elements of crime.
Relative to the findings above, a personnel from DCPS stated that since not all
barangays are covered by the implementation of PIPS, criminals may move from crime
prone to another barangay, which could be peaceful in general. This means that even
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adjacent barangays may be affected by crimes committed in the focused areas of PIPS.
Focus areas would mean crime prone areas based on the GIS-BCA.
Table XVII
Test of significant difference on the Level of assessment in the implementation of the

Police Integrated Patrol System (PIPS) Focused Area considering
The element of crime of opportunity
Sum of Degrees Sum of Mean F-Value Decision Interpretat

Variatio of Squares Squares Compute Critical ion
n Freedom d
Betwee 2 1.052 0.526
n With
Groups 16.438 3.55 Reject Significan
Within 226 0.570 0.032 Null t
Groups Hypothes Difference
Total 228 1.622 0.558 is
4.1.3 Instrumentality
Table XVIII shows the test of significant difference in the respondents’
assessment in the implementation of PIPS in terms of instrumentality as one of the
elements of crime. Statistical analysis revealed that the computed F-value of 11.954 is
higher than the Critical F-value of 3.55, indicating the rejection of the null hypothesis.
This is another evidence that shows, the three groups of respondents have
different responses as to instrumentality as one of the elements of crime. It should be
noted that the primary implementer of PIPS are the police personnel, except for those
assigned with admin functions.
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Although, based from the latest memorandum from the PNP National
Headquarters, all personnel must render services by patrolling for at least 4 hours.
Table XVIII
Test of significant difference on the level of assessment in the implementation of the

Police Integrated Patrol System (PIPS) Focused Area considering
The element of crime of instrumentality
Sum of Degrees Sum of Mean F-Value Decision Interpretatio

Variatio of Square Square Compute Critica n
n Freedo s s d l
m
Between 2 1.553 0.777
Groups With
Null Difference
Groups Hypothesi
s
Total 228 2.731 0.842
4.1.4. Summary Results on the Test of Significant Difference in the

Assessment of the Respondents on the Implementation of the Police
Integrated Patrol System (PIPS) Focused Area of the Dagupan City
Police Station
Table XIX shows the summary results of the tests of significant differences in the
assessments on the implementation of the PIPS focus area of the Dagupan City Police
Station in terms of the three variables such as the intent and motive, opportunity, and
instrumentality.
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On intent and motive as one of the variables, it revealed that the computed F-
value of 18.012 is more than the Tabular Value of 3.55, thus the null hypothesis is
rejected and shows significant difference.
On opportunity, the computed F-value of 16.438 is more than the Tabular Value
of 3.55. This lead to the rejection of the null hypothesis, thus there is significant
difference on the responses of the three groups of respondents.
On Instrumentality, the computed F-value of 11.954 is more than the Tabular
Value of 3.55 which indicates rejection of null hypothesis, thus interpreted as there is
significant difference. This means that regardless of the group of respondents, their
responses have similarities.
In summary, the findings of consistency of the rejection of the null hypothesis and
of having significant difference is attributed to the fact that regardless of the group of
respondents, they have seen and experiences similarities in the implementation of PIPS in
Dagupan City by the DCPS personnel and other allied forces.
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Table XIX
Summary Results on the Test of Significant Difference in the Assessment on the

Implementation of the Police Integrated Patrol System (PIPS) Focused Area of the
Variable F-Value Decision Interpretation

Computed Tabular
1. Intent and Motive
With
18.012 3.55 Reject Null Significant
Hypothesis Difference
2. Opportunity
With
3. Instrumentality
With
4.2 Test of Significant Difference on the Problems Encountered in the

Implementation of the Police Integrated Patrol System (PIPS) Focused
Area of the Dagupan City Police Station
Table XX shows the test of significant difference in the respondents’ assessment
in the implementation of PIPS in terms of intent and motive as one of the elements of
crime. Statistical analysis revealed that the computed F-value of 2.550 is lower than the
Critical F-value of 3.55, indicating the non-rejection of the null hypothesis.
The computed result above tells that regardless of the group of respondents, their
responses are similar. The police primarily implements with the help of the barangay
officials, security guards and members of BPATs as well as other volunteer civilians.
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In an informal interview conducted by the researcher to one of the barangay
officials, he said that their barangay has very limited no of BPATs considering the small
number of residents because mostly are transients only to include those business
men/women inside the jurisdiction of the barangay.
In the research of Vicente, et.al. (2013) entitled Crime Prevention Program of
Baguio City, reveals that not all barangays have “tanod” members. The ones utilized to
do the functions of “tanod” members are the “kagawad” themselves and other volunteer
resident civilians in the barangay.
Table XX
Test of significant difference on the level of problems encountered in the

implementation of the Police Integrated Patrol System (PIPS)
Focused Area considering the element of
crime of intent and motive
Sum of Degrees Sum of Mean F-Value Decision Interpretation

Variation of Squares Squares Computed Critical
Freedom
Between 2 0.203 0.102
Groups Accept No
Within 226 0.714 0.040 2.550 3.55 Null Significant
Groups Hypothesis Difference
Total 228 0.917 0.141
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4.2.2 Opportunity
Table XXI reveals the test of significant difference in the respondents’ assessment
in the implementation of PIPS relative to opportunity as one of the elements of crime.
Statistical analysis revealed that the computed F-value of 2.197 is lower than the Critical
F-value of 3.55, indicating the acceptance of the null hypothesis. This means that
regardless of the group of respondents, they perceive no differences in the
implementation of PIPS and in the elimination of opportunity as a crime element.
This implies that the respondents regardless of their group have similarities when
it comes to problems on the implementation of PIPS relative to opportunity as an element
of crime.
Table XXI

crime of opportunity

Freedom
Between 2 0.289 0.145
Groups Accept No
Total 228 1.481 0.211
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Table XXII reveals the test of significant difference in the respondents’
assessment in the implementation of PIPS in terms of instrumentality as one of the
Relative to the findings above, it shows that PNP has the more equipped
personnel and resources in the implementation of crime prevention efforts. The
respondents, regardless of their affiliations encounter similar problems along the way of
implementing the crime prevention programs in the City of Dagupan.
From the findings above, the respondents see opportunity as same factor that
affects the implementation of the crime prevention efforts in the City of Dagupan and
needs to be addressed.
In summary, the groups of respondents when it comes to intent and motive and
opportunity, the three groups of respondents’ response were found to be not significant,
while on the element of instrumentality the group of respondents were found to be
significant.
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Table XXII

crime of instrumentality

Freedom
Between 2 0.774 0.387
Groups Reject With
Total 228 1.410 0.422

Assessment of the Problems Encountered in the Implementation of
the Police Integrated Patrol System (PIPS) Focused Area of the
Table XXIII presents the summary results on the test of significant difference on
the problems encountered in the Implementation of the Police Integrated Patrol System
(PIPS) focused area of the Dagupan City Police Station in terms of the three variables
such as intent and motive, opportunity, and instrumentality.
On the first variable, intent and motive, the computed F-value of 2.550 is less than
the Tabular Value of 3.55, thus the decision is to accept the null hypothesis. This is then
interpreted as there is no significant difference. This shows that the three groups of
respondents have no similarities of their responses.
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On the second variable, the opportunity, the computed F-value of 2.197 is less
than the Tabular Value of 3.55, in which case, the null hypothesis is accepted and is
interpreted as there is no significant difference, which means, the respondents have
similarities as to their responses.
On the third variable, instrumentality, the computed F-value of 11.057 is more
than the Tabular Value of 3.55, in this case, the null hypothesis is rejected, and is
interpreted as with significant difference. This means that the responses of the groups of
respondents are different from each other. In the implementation of crime prevention, it is
always the police that is considered in the forefront of implementation. The barangay
officials/force multipliers and the residents are mere supporters and reporters to
violations of ordinances and laws.
Table XIII
Summary Results on the Test of Significant Difference in the Assessment on the

Problems Encountered in the Implementation of the Police Integrated Patrol System
(PIPS) Focused Area of the Dagupan City Police Station

Computed Tabular
1. Intent and Motive
2.550 3.55 Accept Null No Significant
2. Opportunity No Significant
2.197 3.55 Accept Null Difference
Hypothesis
3. Instrumentality With
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4.3 Test of Significant Difference on the Measures that can be Proposed to
Address the Problems Encountered in the Implementation of the Police
Police Station
Table XXIV reveals the test of significant difference in the respondents’
assessment in the level of measures of PIPS in terms of intent and motive as one of the
This means that the participating groups of respondents have different perceptions
as to the element of crime which is intent and motive. It should be stressed out that PIPS
is implemented by the police with the aid/support of barangay officials and residents
volunteering.
The implementation of PIPS goes with the concept of participative law
enforcement where police cannot be effective without the support of the community. This
is part of the vision and mission of the PNP Police Community Relation. Relative to the
findings, Robert Peel said “the police are the public and the public are the police,” that
would explain, both the two mentioned need each other in order to survive.
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Table XXIV
Test of Significant Difference on the Level of Measures that can be Proposed to

Address the Problems Encountered in the Implementation of the Police Integrated
Patrol System (PIPS) Focused Area Relative to the
Element of Crime of Intent and Motive

Freedom
Between 2 0.126 0.063
Groups With
Total 228 0.252 0.070 Hypothesis
4.3.2 Opportunity
Table XXV reveals the test of significant difference in the respondents’
assessment on the measures that can be proposed to address the problems encountered in
the implementation of PIPS in terms of opportunity as one of the elements of crime.
Statistical analysis revealed that the computed F-value of 9.000 is higher than the Critical
F-value of 3.55, indicating the rejection of the null hypothesis.
Results imply that there is similarity of responses of the PNP personnel, force
multipliers/barangay officials, and residents in the community. Relative to opportunity as
element of crime, the respondents claimed that they have similar views and experiences.
In summary, if opportunity is eliminated, there’s no crime to talk about.
Opportunity is an element that included leaving things unattended, leaving houses
unlocked, and unusually showing of valuable items in public.
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Table XXV
Test of Significant Difference on the Level of Measures that can be Proposed to

Address the Problems Encountered in the Implementation
of the Police Integrated Patrol System (PIPS) Focused Area
Considering the Element of crime of Opportunity

Freedom
Between 2 0.103 0.052
Groups Accept No
Total 228 0.442 0.071
Table XXVI shows the test of significant difference in the respondents’
assessment on the measures that can be proposed to address the problems encountered in
the implementation of PIPS in terms of instrumentality as one of the elements of crime.
Statistical analysis revealed that the computed F-value of 3.750 is higher than the Critical
F-value of 3.55, indicating the rejection of the null hypothesis.
The table above shows that the respondents have differences when it comes to
instrumentality as one of the elements of crime. This may go to the nature of their works
and experiences in which the police personnel implement, the barangay officials support
in the implementation and the concerned residents feel the implementation of these
measures.
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In summary, relative to the three elements of crime, the tests of significance imply
that the PNP personnel, Barangay Officials/Force Multipliers and Resident community
groups have their own way of perceiving how crime prevention measures are being
implemented. Though in the element of crimes such as intent and motive as well as
instrumentality, the responses of the groups of respondents were found to be significant,
while in the element of instrumentality, the responses of the groups of respondents were
found to be not significant. This is because PNP has its own method of implementing the
crime prevention program and is being coordinated with the Barangay Officials/Force
multipliers and is being implemented towards affected barangays.
Table XXVI
Test of Significant Difference on the Measures that can be Proposed to Address the
Problems Encountered in the Implementation of the
Police Integrated Patrol System (PIPS) Focused Area
Considering the Element of Instrumentality

Freedom
Between 2 0.029 0.015
Groups With
Total 228 0.099 0.018 Hypothesis
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Assessment of the Measures in the Implementation of the Police
Police Station
Table XXVII presents the summary results on the test of significant difference in
the assessment of the measures in the implementation of the Police Integrated Patrol
System (PIPS) Focused Area of the Dagupan City Police Station in terms of the three
variables of the study such as the intent and motive, opportunity, and instrumentality.
The Intent and motive as elements of crime and variable of the study got an F-
value of 9.000 which is higher than the Tabular Value of 3.55, in which case the null
hypothesis is rejected, interpreted as with significant difference. This means that the
responses of the groups of respondents have differences.
The opportunity variable obtained an F-value of 2.737 which is lower than the
Tabular Value of 3.55, thus, the null hypothesis is accepted. This is interpreted as there is
no significant difference. This means that the groups of respondents’ assessments have no
differences.
On the third and last variable of Instrumentality, the computed F-value is 3.750
which is higher than the Tabular Value of 3.55. The result lead to the rejection of the null
hypothesis, interpreted as with significant difference. This shows that the three groups of
respondents such the DCPS personnel, barangay officials/force multipliers, and the
community residents have differences in their responses.
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Table XXVII
Summary Results on the Test of Significant Difference in the Assessment of the

Measures in the Implementation of the Police Integrated Patrol System (PIPS)
Focused Area of the Dagupan City Police Station

Computed Tabular
1. Intent and Motive Reject Null With
9.000 3.55 Hypothesis Significant
Difference
2. Opportunity Accept Null No
Difference
3. Instrumentality Reject Null With
Difference
The Public Safety Development Plan
Considering the significant findings of this study, there is a need to make a Public
Safety Development Plan that identifies the problems and how to deal with those
problems in a step by step basis. The said program on crime prevention shall be limited to
the Police Integrated Patrol System (PIPS) by the Dagupan City Police Station in
Dagupan City.
The Public Safety Development Plan can be more effective with the help of all
stakeholders like the officers and men of the Philippine National Police (PNP); public
officials from the Mayor, councilors, and barangays officials; force multipliers such as
security officers and guards; and concerned private sectors and residents of specific
barangays in Dagupan City.
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The salient findings of the study were the following: On the assessment, all the
responses of respondents to the three elements of crime were found to be all
“implemented” level. The overall level of assessment of the three groups of respondents
on the implementation of Police Integrated Patrol System (PIPS) Focused Area was 3.61,
interpreted as “implemented.” On the problems encountered, the three (3) groups of
respondents found out that each of the element of crime was rated “moderately serious.”
As to the summary of the problems encountered, the grand rating given by the three
groups of respondents was 3.26, indicates “moderately serious” level of response. On
measures, both the intent/motive and opportunity were interpreted to be “recommended”
while the element on instrumentality, it was interpreted to be “highly recommended.” The
overall mean of the three elements of crime such as intent/motive, opportunity, and
instrumentality was 4.16, interpreted as “recommended.”
With the Public Safety Development Program, it will encourage sectors
participation because crimes must have to be addressed in a holistic manner, and the
holistic approach is the involvement of the members of a community allowing the law
enforcement agencies as leaders and other sectors to be followers and supporters of the
program.
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Chapter 5
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the summary, conclusions, and recommendations of the
study.
This study aimed to assess the implementation of the Police Integrated Patrol
System (PIPS) Focused Area towards a more effective crime management in the City of
Dagupan. Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions: How do the
respondents assess the implementation of the Police Integrated Patrol System (PIPS)
Focused Area considering the elements of crime such as intent and motive; opportunity;
and instrumentality. The second problem dealt with problems encountered in the
implementation of Police Integrated Patrol System (PIPS) focused area as regards the
above-cited variables. The third problem determined the measures that can be proposed
to address the problems encountered in the implementation of the Police Integrated Patrol
System (PIPS) Focused Area relative to the above-cited variables. The significant
differences in the assessment of the three (3) groups of respondents on the Police
Integrated Patrol System Focused Area in Dagupan City Police Station, problem
encountered and the corresponding measures relative to the three elements of crime was
also determined. The last was the formulation of the action plan that can be proposed for
the enhancement of the implementation of Police Integrated Patrol System (PIPS). There
were three (3) groups of respondents who participated in this study namely: 88 PNP
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personnel, 70 barangay officials/force multipliers, and 70 out of residents. The researcher
sought permission from the Chief of Police of Dagupan City Police Station to conduct the
said study in his area of jurisdiction. The data that were obtained from the survey were
statistically treated using percentage distribution method, weighted mean, the five-point
scale was used, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and F-test considering that there are 3
groups of respondents of the study.
Summary of Findings
The following are the findings of the study:
1. Assessment on the Implementation of PIPS by the Baguio City Police
Office
1.1. Intent and Motive. The level of assessment on the implementation of the
Police Integrated Patrol System (PIPS) Focused Area relative to intent and motive as
element of crime as perceived by the PNP personnel, Barangay Officials/Force
Multipliers and the Community residents had a mean response of 3.66, interpreted as
“Implemented.” This implies that the police personnel assigned at Baguio City Police
Office (BCPO) are following the mandate of the national headquarters of the PNP on
police presence instead of police visibility.
1.2. Opportunity. The level of assessment on the implementation of the Police
Integrated Patrol System (PIPS) Focused Area relative to opportunity as element of crime
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as perceived by the PNP personnel, Barangay Officials/Force Multipliers and the
Community residents had a mean response of 3.54, interpreted as “Implemented.”
1.3. Instrumentality. The level of assessment on the implementation of the
Police Integrated Patrol System (PIPS) Focused Area relative to instrumentality as
element of crime as perceived by the PNP personnel, Barangay Officials/Force Multiplier
and the Community resident had a mean response of 3.58, interpreted as “Implemented.”
2. Problems Encountered in the Implementation of PIPS by the Baguio
City Police Office.
2.1. Intent and Motive. The level of problems encountered in the implementation
of the Police Integrated Patrol System (PIPS) Focused Area relative to intent and motive
as element of crime as perceived by the PNP personnel, Barangay Officials/Force
Multipliers and the Community residents had a mean response of 3.17, indicating a
“Moderately Serious.”
2.2. Opportunity. The level of problems encountered in the implementation of
the Police Integrated Patrol System (PIPS) Focused Area relative to opportunity as
Multipliers and the Community residents had a mean response of 3.34, which means
“Moderately Serious.”
2.3. Instrumentality. The level of problems encountered in the implementation
of the Police Integrated Patrol System (PIPS) Focused Area relative to instrumentality as
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Multipliers and the Community residents had a mean response of 3.30, interpreted
as“Moderately Serious.”
3. Measures that can be Proposed in the Implementation of PIPS by the
Baguio City Police Office.
3.1. Intent and Motive. The level of measures that can be proposed to address
the problems encountered in the implementation of the Police Integrated Patrol System
(PIPS) Focused Area relative to intent and motive as element of crime as perceived by
the PNP personnel, Barangay Officials/Force Multiplier and the Community resident had
a mean response of 4.18, interpreted as “Recommended.”
3.2. Opportunity. The level of measures that can be proposed to address the
(PIPS) Focused Area relative to opportunity as element of crime as perceived by the PNP
personnel, Barangay Officials/Force Multipliers and the Community residents had a
variable mean response of 4.08 which gives a verbal interpretation of “Recommended.”
3.3. Instrumentality. The level of measures that can be proposed to address the
(PIPS) Focused Area relative to instrumentality as element of crime as perceived by the
PNP personnel, Barangay Officials/Force Multipliers and the Community residents had
an overall weighted mean of 4.21, interpreted as “Highly Recommended.”
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4. Test of Significant Differences of the Groups of Respondents Relative to Intent
and Motive, Opportunity, and Instrumentality.
4.1 Test of Significant Difference on Assessment. As to the test of significant
difference in the respondents’ assessment in the implementation of PIPS in terms of
motive and intent as one of the elements of crime. Statistical analysis revealed that the
computed F-value of 18.012 is higher than the Critical F-value of 3.55, indicating the
rejection of the null hypothesis. On opportunity as one of the elements of crime, the
computed F-value of 16.438 is higher than the Critical F-value of 3.55, indicating the
rejection of the null hypothesis. On instrumentality as one of the elements of crime, the
computed F-value of 11.954 is higher than the Critical F-value of 3.55, also indicating the
rejection of the null hypothesis.
4.2 Test of Significant Difference on Problems Encountered. On the tests of
significant difference in the respondents’ assessment in the problems encountered in the
implementation of PIPS relative to intent and motive as one of the elements of crime, it
statistically reveals that the computed F-value of 2.550 is lower than the Critical F-value
of 3.55, indicating the acceptance of the null hypothesis. On opportunity as one of the
elements of crime, the computed F-value of 2.197 is lower than the Critical F-value of
3.55, indicating the acceptance of the null hypothesis. On instrumentality as one of the
elements of crime, the computed F-value of 11.057 is higher than the Critical F-value of
3.55, this means the rejection of the null hypothesis.
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4.3 Test of Significant Difference on Measures. On significant differences on
the respondents’ assessment in the level of measures of PIPS in terms of intent and
motive as one of the elements of crime, it reveals that the computed F-value of 9.000 is
higher than the Critical F-value of 3.55,thus, null hypothesis is rejected. On the element
of opportunity, statistical analysis revealed that the computed F-value of 9.000 is higher
than the Critical F-value of 3.55 and this indicates the rejection of the null hypothesis. On
instrumentality as one of the elements of crime, the computed F-value of 3.750 is higher
than the Critical F-value of 3.55, indicating the rejection of the null hypothesis.
Conclusions
The following were concluded based from the findings of the study:
1. The assessment in the implementation of PIPS considering the element of
crime such as motive/intent, opportunity, and instrumentality reveals that the overall
result is “Implemented” thus, the PNP personnel, Barangay Officials/Force Multipliers
and CommunityResidents have the similarity of assessment as to crime prevention efforts
and their activities are coordinated with each other as evident by the police programs that
are responsive to the needs of the community.
2. On the problems encountered by the groups of respondents were assessed as
Moderately Serious. The PNP personnel is more aggressive in the implementation of the
crime prevention measures undertaken in the community.
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3. The three groups of respondents Recommended the indicators of intent/motive
and opportunity as element of crime, while indicators for instrumentality were found to
be Highly Recommended as the respondents are effective in eliminating the means and
chances of criminal elements but lack some measures in eliminating or capturing
essential materials in the commission of the crime.
4. On significant differences, the PNP personnel group and Barangay
Officials/Force Multipliers group were found to be statistically different from the
responses of Resident Community group, the implementers of the PIPS on the focus areas
are the police and its force multipliers and the recipients of the program are the
community members.
Recommendations
Based on the findings and conclusions of the study, the following were drawn:
1. For the DCPS to constantly coordinate with the Optical Media Board (OMB)
for the monitoring and confiscation of illegality manufactured and/or sold CD/DVD
especially pornographic materials. This must be done regularly with constant
coordination with agencies and other authorities.
2. Illegal vendor clearing may not only be conducted by the DCPS but barangay
officials and Public Order and Safety Office (POSO) in their respective areas of
jurisdictions. A systematic and well-planned execution must be regularly studied and
conducted. This can be undertaken with the aid of some barangay officials.
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3. To address lack of materials for crime prevention posters and slogans, the
DCPS may sponsor income generating activities such as fun-runs, benefit concerts, find
for sponsors, and request for special fund. The posters/slogans must be strategically
installed. This kind of activity must be coordinated with some sectors, organizations,
schools, and other establishments for their participation.
4. In order to lower down robbery/theft related incidents to business
establishments, their security education program must be created or enhanced, if existing
by doing an annual security survey in order to identify risks to property and people. This
activity may done by security professionals from private firms or security agencies in
close coordination with the DCPS.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. Books
Adams, Thomas F. (2010). Police field operations. New Jersey: Prentice Hall
Gage, Nicholas (2013) The Mafia is not an equal opportunity Employer. New York City:
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Gottfredson, Michael R., and Travis Hirschi.(1990). A General Theory of Crime.

Stanford, C.A.: Stanford University Press.
Hagan, Frank E. (2014) Criminology and Crimes. Chicago: Prentice Hall
Klecak, F.E. (2012) Principles of Investigation. New York: Random House
Schafer, Stephen (2013) Theories in Criminology: Past and Present Philosophies of the
Crime Problem. New York: Random House.
Seigel, Larry (2013). Introduction to Criminology and Typology of Crimes. New York:
West Publishing Company
Skogan, W.G. & Steiner, L. (2006). Community Policing in Chicago, Year Ten. Chicago:
Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority.
Timpac, T (2011) The Criminal Justice System of the Philippines. Tarlac City: TJS
Publishing House
Vicente, J.B., et. al. (2013) Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation: Quezon City:
Wiseman’s Books Trading
White, R. and Haines, F. (1996).Crime and Criminology: An Introduction to Concepts

and Explanations. Melbourne, AUS: Oxford University Press.
Wolfgang, M.E. (1964). Crime and Race: Conceptions and misconceptions. New York:
Institute of Human Relations Press
Zvekic, U.A. (1993). “Victimisation in the Developing World: An Overview” UNICRI

Publications
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B.Journals/Pamphlets/Publications
Braga, A.A., & D. L. Weisburd. The effects of focused deterrence strategies on crime: A
systematic review and meta-analysis of the empirical evidence. Journal of
Research in Crime and Delinquency.2001
Gen. Coronel, (Ret) (1996). People Empowerment Against Crime. A written article,
Police Digest Magazine.
Sampson, R. (2003). Crime Prevention Studies, vol. 15. pp. 239-256.
Shaw, Margaret and Travers, Kathryn (2005, April 25). Montreal Montrea Strategies and
Best Practices in Crime Prevention in particular in relation to Urban Areas and
Youth at Risk Paper presented at the 11th UN Congress on Crime Prevention and
Criminal Justice, Bangkok, Thailand.
UNAFEI Newsletter No. 116 (Feb. 2005) “Crime Prevention. The 21st Century –
Effective Prevention of Crime Associated with Urbanization Based Upon
Community Involve and Prevention of Youth Crime and Juvenile Delinquency”
C. Unpublished Theses and Dissertations

Allan, P.J. (2013). Integration of the Geographic Information System (GIS) in the Police
Integrated Patrol System towards a more effective crime management in the City
of Baguio. Unpublished Thesis at Philippine Public Safety College.
Bergonio, R.O. (October 2011) “Assessment of the Mobile Patrol Operations in Crime
Prevention and Control in the City of Manila Towards Improved Performance”
Unpublished Thesis, Philippine Public Safety College.
Dasayon, H. (2013). Police Integrated Patrol System in Eastern Police District (EPD).
Unpublished Thesis at Philippine Public Safety College.
De La Rama, Raymundo, &WanasenJr (2010). Police strategies against street crimes in

Bicol Region. Unpublished Thesis at Philippine Public Safety College.
Gubatan, FT (2011). The effectiveness of crime prevention strategy of Taguig City Police
Station: An Evaluation. Unpublished Master’s Thesis at National Police College.
Protacio, J.V. (July 2009). “Calamba City Police Station Crime Prevention Strategy”
Unpublished Thesis, Philippine Public Safety College.
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Rafael, L.D.G. (July 2009). “Police Community Partnership in Crime Prevention in the
Province of Cagayan.” Unpublished Thesis, Philippine Public Safety College
Flora, R.T. (2013). The Crime Situation in the City of San Fernando, La Union.
Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Baguio.
Petras, J. I. (2007). Status of community policing in Baguio City. Unpublished Master’s

Thesis, University of Baguio, Baguio City.
Quilang, L. R. U. (2007). Analysis of crime situation in the City of Cauayan, Isabela.

Unpublished Master’s Thesis, University of Baguio, Baguio City.
Tad-awan, F. P. F. (2007). Patterns and trends of crime in the Province of Tarlac.

Unpublished Master’s Thesis, University of Baguio, Baguio City.
Verceles, R. B. (2003). The Baguio City crime situation: An analysis. Unpublished

Master’s Thesis, University of Baguio, Baguio City.
Clinard&Quinney (2013). A Disseration entitled “The occupational crimes consist of

offenses committed by individuals for themselves in the course of their
occupations and of offenses of employees against their employers”
D. Other References
Baguio City Police Office (BCPO) IMPLAN 33/10 “Police Integrated Patrol System
(PIPS)” to PROCOR IMPLAN 23/10 and PNP LOI 62/2010 “Police Integrated
Patrol System (PIPS)”
Caparas, DL A. (2004) “Participation of the Public and Victims for More Fair and
Effective Criminal Justice Administration in the Philippines” National Police
Commission, retrieved on June 16, 2012 at
http://www.unafei.or.jp/english/pdf/PDF_rms/no56/56-20.pdf. Retrieved on December 5,

2015.
Efren Q Fernandez (2011). “The Director’s Report.” Quezon City: Criminal Investigation
and Detection Unit-Philippine National Police (CIDG – PNP)
Geographic Information System Based Crime Analysis (GIS-BCA) of Baguio City
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Integrated Barangay Defense System (IBDS). Camp Crame, Quezon City: Philippine
National Police
PNP-PGS/P.A.T.R.O.L. Plan 2013. Camp Rafael Crame, Quezon City: Philippine

National Policeangkok
Revised PNP Operational Procedures December 2013 Edition

Statistics on all crime incidents referred/processed/gathered by reporting PROs. (2012).
Retrieved on October 8, 2012 from
http://didm.pnp.gov.ph/Statistics/2012/Crime%20Statistics%20July%202012.pdf
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Appendix A
Republic of the Philippines
National Police Commission
PHILLIPINE NATIONALPOLICE
PANGASINAN POLICE PROVINCIAL OFFICE
LETTER TO RESPONDENT
September 22, 2017
Dear Respondent:
The undersigned is undergoing Doctorate course at the Nueva Ecija University of Science
and Technology and is currently conducting a research study entitled “THE
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE POLICE INTEGRATED PATROL SYSTEM
FOCUSED AREA BY THE DAGUPAN CITY POLICE STATION.” This study
aims to assess the status of the Police Integrated Patrol System (PIPS) as implemented by
the Dagupan City Police Station. The study serves as one of the major requirements of
the course mentioned above.
In this regard, the undersigned is humbly asking your expert opinion by answering the
attached questionnaire checklist.
Rest assured that the responses with be dealt with utmost confidentiality in accordance
with the ethics of research.
Thank you.
Very truly yours,
PSUPT FERDINAND Z DE ASIS

Researcher
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Appendix B
QUESTIONNAIRE-CHECKLIST
“THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE POLICE INTEGRATED PATROL

SYSTEM FOCUSED AREA BY THE DAGUPAN CITY POLICE STATION”
Part I. PROFILE OF RESPONDENTS
Directions: Please put a check mark (/) on the space provided as applicable to you.
NAME (Optional): _________________________
1. Category: PNP Personnel ( )

Barangay Official/Force Multiplier ( )
Community Resident ( )
2. Sex: Male ( ) Female ( )
3. Age: 21-30 ( ) 31-40 ( )

41-50 ( ) Over 50 ( )
4. Civil Status:Single ( ) Married ( )
5. Highest Educational Attainment:

High School Level/Graduate ( )
College Level/Graduate ( )
Masteral Units/Degree ( )
Doctoral Units/Degree ( )
Part II. ASSESSMENT of the implementation of Police Integrated Patrol System

Focused Area of Dagupan City Police Station
Directions: Read the indicators below and put a check (/) mark on the appropriate
column using the scale below:
Scale Verbal Interpretation Symbol
5 Highly Implemented HI
4 Much Implemented MI
3 Implemented I
2 Less Implemented LI
1 Not Implemented NI
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A. INTENT and MOTIVE
Indicators 5 4 3 2 1
HI MI I LI NI
1. Uses radio and television programs to
explain crime prevention programs.
2. Conducts “Ugnayan” with barangay, school,
NGO officials and stakeholder’s
3. Deploys PNP to visible outpost manned by
police and/or barangay officials
4. Implements Oplan “Tambuli” where
residents are given information by police
with the use of megaphone
5. Sees to it that selling of pornographic
materials are prohibited in stores and other
establishments
6. Facilitates the distribution of flyers, slogans,
and posters on crime prevention tips to
residents and posted in electronic billboard.
7. Employs joint patrol with members of the
BPATs and Tanod.
B. OPPORTUNITY
HI MI I LI NI
1. Observes deployment of personnel to
identified hot spot areas following the “crime
clock” of GIS-BCA
2. Facilitatesthe installation of CCTVs to

business establishments
3. Provides seminars in schools and other
establishments
4. Observes profiling of in and out criminals
5. Utilizes vendor clearing on streets and
sidewalks
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6. Observes lighting conditions in areas where

more lights are needed
7. Enforces the implementation of curfew to
minors from 10PM to 4AM
C. INSTRUMENTALITY
HI MI I LI NI

1. Enforces “Oplan “Bakalsita” or Spot
Inspection regularly in designated places
2. Conducts Oplan “Kap-kap” in bars/night
clubs with assigned team leader in
coordination with business owners
3. Enforces the implementation of Liquor ban
during special occasions and events
4. Monitors ATM compounds through police
installed CCTVs and police presence
5. Conducts security survey to establishments
to determine security hazards
6. Enforces the prohibition of drinking of
intoxicating liquors along streets/roads,
public places like parks, parking lots.
7. Facilitates for the arrest and prosecution of
suspect/s and charged individuals through
police quick response and proper
investigation.
Part III. PROBLEMS encountered in the implementation of Police Integrated

Patrol System Focused Area of Dagupan City Police Station.
5 Very Serious VS
4 Serious S
3 Moderately Serious MS
2 Less Serious LS
1 Not Serious NS
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VS S MS LS NS
1. Has no regular media program for crime
prevention program dissemination
2. Some barangay officials have no and/or very

minimal number of barangay tanods
3. Some barangays have no outpost for police
and/or barangay officials
4. Information dissemination on crime prevention
done by police is not on regular basis
5. Pornographic materials are flagrantly
displayed along streets in the CBD of Dagupan
6. Lack materials on crime prevention posters
and flyers
7. Conduct of patrolling of police and barangay
officials is not synchronized
B.OPPORTUNITY
VS S MS LS NS
1. Lack of personnel to be deployed in identified
hot spot area 24/7
2. Some crucial areas are not installed with
CCTV
3. Not all schools and students are reached for
crime prevention dissemination
4. Most arrested persons are minors, they are
released to the DSWD for proper disposition
5. There’s no permanent solution of DCPS how
to deal with vendors
6. Many streets/roads which are crime prone
places are still with no street lights installed.
7. Curfew is not implemented considering that
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Dagupan is a highly urbanized city.
C.INSTRUMENTALITY
VS S MS LS NS

1. Checkpoint/Spot Inspection is not conducted
in all barangays
2. OplanKap-kap is only focused to night clubs
and bars, not covering all business
establishments and parks
3. Many shops/stores are selling intoxicating
liquors despite not covered by their permit
4. Some ATMs are not installed with CCTVs and
are located away from streets/roads.
5. Security survey is not a requirement for getting
or renewing permit
6. Lack of trained personnel and resources for
patrolling
7. Interventions of politicians and other
government and private employees is
observed.
Part IV. MEASURES that can be proposed to address the problems encountered in
the implementation of Police Integrated Patrol System Focused Area of Dagupan
City Police Station.
5 Highly Recommended HR
4 Recommended R
3 Moderately Recommended MR
2 Less Recommended LR
1 Not Recommended NR

HR R MR LR NR
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1. DCPS must create a regular radio time and/or
create regular articles in print media.
2. Educate the barangays on the required no of
tanods and BPATS as provided under the
Local Government Code
3. The DCPS may request crime prone barangays
to prioritize outposts for patrolling and
monitoring
4. Provides seminars and trainings on crime
prevention and intervention are regularly
conducted among barangay officials, force
multipliers and residents
5. Educate the owners of stores and other
establishment on the prohibitions of selling
pornographic materials.
6. Displays crime prevention materials such as
tarpaulin, posters and flyers to be posted in
strategic places and distributed to the public
7. Police and barangay should make prior
coordination to synchronize their patrolling
effort to effectively prevent the commission of
crimes
B.OPPORTUNITY
HR R MR LR NR
1. Observe the 90-10 deployment of uniformed
personnel in the identified crime prone areas
2. Initiate activities (fun-run, concert) where
proceeds will be used in purchasing additional
CCTVs
3. Recognize institutions/companies that have
strong crime prevention programs
4. Conduct dialogue with parents of minors
arrested
5. Educate the vendors on the policy on
“Prohibited Selling in public places”
6. Conduct seminar among officials and active
residents on Home Security and Crime
Prevention Tips
7. Orient the community on curfew hours
implementation.
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C.INSTRUMENTALITY
HR R MR LR NR
1. Provide training on checkpoint procedure with
the barangay officials or by those deputized by
them
2. Conducts Operation “Kap-kap” in regular
basis inside night clubs and bars and along
crime prone areas
3. Educate small sari-sari stores selling
intoxicating liquors on rules and regulations
regarding selling of liquors
4. All ATMs must be in close watch of security
guards on duty
5. Conduct security survey to business

establishments to determine vulnerabilities and
criticalities.
6. Educate force multipliers like security guards,
civilian volunteer groups, and barangays
officials on crime prevention tips and on the
modus operandi of criminals.
7. Educate the community on the importance of
implementing the rules of law, fair and
impartial investigation.
Thank you
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Appendix C
Republic of the Philippines

National Police Commission
PHILLIPINE NATIONALPOLICE
PANGASINAN POLICE PROVINCIAL OFFICE
LETTER REQUEST CONDUCT STUDY
September 22, 2017
THE CHIEF OF POLICE

Dagupan City
Sir:
The undersigned is undergoing Doctorate program at the Nueva Ecija University of

Science and Technology and is currently conducting a research study entitled “THE
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE POLICE INTEGRATED PATROL SYSTEM
FOCUSED AREA BY THE DAGUPAN CITY POLICE STATION.” This study
aims to assess the status of the Police Integrated Patrol System (PIPS) as implemented by
the Dagupan City Police Station. The study serves as one of the major requirements of
the course mentioned above.
In this regard, may I request permission from your good office for me to administer
questionnaires among the officers and men of your office. Their responses are of great
help for the realization of this study.
Rest assured that the responses with be dealt with utmost confidentiality in accordance
with the ethics of research.
Thank you.
Very truly yours,
PSUPT FERDINAND Z DE ASIS

Researcher
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CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Information
Name: FERDINAND ZAMORA DE ASIS
Mailing Address METRO-DAGUPAN COLLEGES
Tel. No. (075) 522-6367
Mobile No. 09274286647
Email Address bingodeasis@yahoo.com
Date of Birth May 23, 1968
Educational Attainment(Add rows if necessary; Start from the most recent)

Degree Obtained MASTER IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
Date Graduated March 2015
Institution METRO-DAGUPAN COLLEGES
Degree Obtained BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

Date Graduated March 1993
Institution UNIVERSITY OF LUZON (formerly LUZON COLLEGES)
Work Experience (Add rows if necessary; Start from the most recent post occupied)
Designation CONSULTANT ON ACADEMIC AFFAIRS
College/Department ADMINISTRATION
Period Covered January 2014 to Present
Designation FACULTY MEMBER

College/Department COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
Period Covered June 1996 to present
Designation OJT COORDINATOR

College/Department COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
Social and Extracurricular Activities(Add rows if necessary)

Affiliation PHILIPPINE ASSOCIATION OF GRADUATE EDUCATION – REGION 1
Position Held Member
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TECHNOLOGY
Period Covered July 2015 to present
Affiliation MANGALDAN LODGE 354

Position Held PAST MASTER
Period Covered MASONIC YEAR 2011-2012
Affiliation PANGASINAN ASSOCIATION OF INFORMATION OFFICERS

Position Held President
144

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Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology

General Tinio Campus, Cabantuan City

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Crime is a violation of societal rules of behavior as interpreted and expressed by

girls which is a kind of crime (Vicente, 2013).

enforcement agency crime reports, collected monthly by the Federal Bureau of

Investigation and processed annually as Uniform Crime Reports (UCR); victimization

newspaper reports often tell us that crime continues to rise.

be performed mostly by its personnel.

psychology, evidence collections of forensics and proven studies and strategies.

The public confidence in any police organization is determined by the

performance of itspolice personnel in solving crimes and apprehending offenders. The

passage of time, unfortunately, did not result to a perceptible improvement in the

brazen and sophisticated in terms of organization, modus operandi, weaponry, and

logistics (Gubatan, 2011).

implementation of PIPS in all stations.

advantage of the situation and intensify their trade.

coordination with the different agencies involved in the administration of justice.Crime

participation is defined as “crime prevention.” It includes government and community-

To succeed in crime-fighting capabilities, the government needs to establish a

factors present the greater risk of criminal involvement.

like schools, health center and library.

On November 27,2010, the Philippine National Police (PNP) issued a Letter of

the other PNP regional offices to implement the same.

particularly street crimes.

to the regional office.

version of Integrated Patrol Plan.

strategy in its crime prevention program.

However, considering that Dagupan City is a highly urbanized City, it is always

expected like other highly-urbanized cities/metropolis that opportunists/ unscrupulous

Stations. Consequently, with the implementation of the program, intensified law

enforcement operations have been conducted through aggressive police visibility/

to various criminogenic factors that drive a person to commit a crime.

most importantly through the “preventive actions” of the Police.

visibility patrol; engagement of beat patrollers with the community-at-large; police

Aside from these concepts, DCPS is re-engineering its organizational structure

incident-driven response to a crime incident/assistance to a more proactive and

responsive means, hence this IMPLAN.

Dagupan, officially the City of Dagupan (Pangasinan: Siyudad na Dagupan;

Filipino: Lungsod ng Dagupan) or simply Dagupan City, is a 1st Class Independent

Component City in the province of Pangasinan, Philippines. According to the 2015

census, it has a population of 171,271 people.

Located on the Lingayen Gulf on the island of Luzon, Dagupan is a major

modern medical services, media and communication in Northern Luzon. Dagupan is

situated within the fertile Agno River Valley.

province. From 2001-2003, Dagupan's milkfish production totaled to 35,560.1 metric

grew in brackish water fishpond

patrol, anti-criminality campaign and public safety services in coordination and

collaboration with other law enforcement agencies, Local Government Units,

Government and Non-Government Organizations/entities, force multipliers/volunteers

and other stakeholders.

concept of policing, namely: Intelligence, Operations, Investigation and Police

Identification of Focus Areas. All field units shall maintain an updated

aggressive police visibility/presence (foot and mobile patrols), checkpoint/ chokepoint

operations, OplanBakal/Sita and other related anti-criminality and security operations.

This study is anchored on the theory on the anatomy of crime. According to

Theory of Police Omni-presence.This was claimed by Thomas F. Adams in his

eliminating desire in committing crimes (Adams, 2010).This theory, when implemented

will eliminate intent/motive, opportunity, and instrumentality as necessary in the

of eliminating opportunity of would be criminals.

According to Moore (1983) as cited by Dasayon (2013), the random preventive

If this theory is practiced, it strengthens police visibility and is very effective in

eliminating opportunity, capabilities or instrumentalities of individuals in committing