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for
MACHINISTS' APPRENTICES
DY
nowARD P. FAIRFIELD
Auutant P10Je11or Mac:Auu Couf'1ldw"• Worce.u.er PoJ'JltecArik lnllilul.e
.i.\'D
PRICE, 50 CENTS
6
READING WORKING DRAWINGS
Dra,ving is the language of the engineer, designer,
and machinist. Unless a machinist can at least read
working <lra,vings he cannot be known as a skilled me-
chanic. Certain conventions relating lo vie,vs, lines,
scales, sections, and other rcpresen ta lions, are what make
up the language of drawings, and the correc.l use of
these is read1Jy learned. A set of working dra·wings
consists of
GENERAL DRA\VING, showing the entire machine
with oil the parts located in their proper relation to one
nnothcr. This drawing is usually made to a reduced
scale; for example, one-quarter or one-half size; it is
often termed the Assembled or Assembly Drawing.
DETAIL DRA,VINGS show each part of the machine
separnte]y; they are often termed "dctail,11 or "detalls."
A detail drawing should be supplied with complete data
for constructing the part, such as dimensions9 material
used, number of pieces, operations to be performed, etc.,
and should consist of sufficient , ..iews to be easily read.
In practice ~orne flrms group se,·eral details upon a single
sheet - others place a single detail upon a sheet.
SECTIONAL DRA\VIN GS show certain assembled
portions, as if a port of the stock had been sliced away
to more clearly illustrate the interior construction, often
termed "sections." Position of "section" is shown by a
full line drawn through a "vie,v" and lettered at each end.
DOLT AND SCRE,v LISTS. On these are tabulated
all boltst scre,vs, etc.9 V.'hich arc common to tbe stock..
room, and necessary lo the erecting of the machine.
l\.{OTION DIAGRAl\lS. Inslrucllon ls sometimes nee..
essary concerning the relation of certain centers lo the
motion of parts, velocity ralios, and direction of motlon;
therefore where a machine has a number of more or less
complicated motions, motion diagrams are provided.
'I
S T A R R J.: T T D O O K
8
T II E S T A R R E T T B O O I{
@I
.1 ©li..
..
•I
t ,;_"' ..
I ..........
• 1•r
0~;..
:i
.... . ....
'
~
0 !!....,.
•
-
:.a
~•.:;...~
t;::t=~?
........
t,-- --~
t;:: -::,
•• .... '.'l
-··..•i•,::
::,:
r -~
•··.:~
'i:
-~...
c.--~:~
.,•:: ,,...
THE S T A R R E T T B O O I{
FULL LINE
-- ....... ------~~-------
DOTTED LJNE
CENTER LINE
DIMENSION LlNE
◄
>4~-- --....;:,~
SHADE LINE
ZINC-
11
T H E STARRE'fT B O O I{
MEASURING TOOLS
lleasurements in general are those of length, area,
and volume. In machine-shop practice the measurement
of length is the com1non one. This is of such impor-
tance, and many of the measurements are of such exact-
ness. that o n1ultilude of measuring tools are being
marketed, nearly all of which are for the main purpo~u~
of obtaining linear measurements.
THE YARD. In the United States the Standard of
length is the-British yard, of ,vhlch two copies arc O'\Vned
by the United States Government. .
THE ~IETER, which is the French standard of
length, is also coming into use in the United States, -
notably in instrun1ent ,vork. The meter equals 39.37
inches.
The use of measuring tools in machine ,vork is
largely confined to the thirty-sixth subdivision of the
yard, or the inch. The in~h is subdivide(] into various
lengths, of which the ten-thousandth part is the short-
est practical shop measurement. ?tleasurements shorter
than this ore, however, common enough in scientific
laboratory work.
The practical 1nachinist and toolmaker divides his
work into t,vo classes~
(a) Flat ,vork and (b) Round \Vork. ,vhilc it can-
not be said that ench class has its distinctive line of
measuring tools, the workman who handles flat ,vork
only will usually have a so1newhat different set of meas-
uring tools from the workman on round work.
FLAT WORK
In general the worker on Oat work will need to be
provided ,vith steel rules, dividers, protractors, strofght
13
T II E S T A R R E T T B O O K
Combination Set
ROUND WORK
For round ,vork lhe measurements are by contact, and
the usual tools nre those having contact points. Contact
measurements are ma<le in h\'o wnys: (a) The contact
tool is first set to some standard of length, as, for cx-
aml)le, n steel rule, or a standard gage. The "set" dimen-
sion may then be used ns a standard for testing lhe ,vork.
(b) The reverse of this n1elhod .may be used for deter-
nlining sizes, viz.: by first selling the contact points lo
the surfaces of the work, aften.vard using the stee) rule
or standard gnge to read the size.
"FEEL''
The accuracy of all
- - - - - - - - contact measurements is
dependent npon the sense
of touch (feel). In the
case of skilled workmen,
as, for example, toolmak-
ers, the sense of touch is
highly developed. Using
suitable contact measur-
ing tools, the skilled me-
chanic can readily "leel"
the difference in contact
made by changes of di-
mensions ns small as
0.00025"'.
I
VERNIER CALIPERS
This tool is a combination of contact points and
steel rules. One of lhe contact points is a Jlxed part
of a graduated steel rule, ·while the other contact point
is a part or a graduated slider mounte_d upon the blade
of the first. By combining the use of the separate scales,
direct readings of one-thousandth part of an inch are
readily 1nade.
FRONT
16
'I' H E S T ,\ R R I-~ T T B O O K
17
T H E S T A R R E T T H O O I{
18
THE S T A R R E T T B O O I{
MICROMETER CALIPERS
\Vith the invention of the micrometer screw there
carne into use a new method of direcl readings in canto.ct
mcasuren1cnts. The great accuracy of the micrometer
scrc,v becomes evident ,vhen it is realized lhnt threaded
spindles v.yith a limit of error o( 0.001" in one-root
lengths are co1nmercially possible, In micrometer con ..
struclion with a used length of sc~c,v thread or one inch
only, the error is negligible. A micrometer head con-
sists of a spindle, threaded forty to the inch, fitted
through a threaded sJceve. having an enclosing thimble
fastened lo its outer end. Suitable graduations made
axia1Jy on the threaded sleeve combined with the grad ..
uotions on the edge or the rotating thimble give direct
readings of one-thousandth part or one inch. Blr means
of o vernier scale used on the reor of the sleeve direct
contact readings as smaU as one ten-thousandth parl or
one inch can be readily made.
llicrometer scre,vs arc mounted in a fran1e which
may be varied in shape and size to render it convenient
for the desired purposes. The contact points are also
shaped to the l}articular use desired, and instrun1ents of
this type in a variety of styles anrl or the highest degree
of accuracy. convenience, and finish ure purchasableJ
ror either inside or outside 1neasuremenls.
19
T H E S T A R R E T T B O O K
Micrometer Measurements
The limit of accuracy obtained by measurin~ between contacts depends on
the a:raduatioos on the instrument. It is ~vident that as the fineness of th~
,raduatioo increases, the chances Jor mist akin• one graduation ft>r another also
increase so that eome other method of determining e:r.tremely accurate measure-
ments must be devised.
The ccmmon instrumeat for making such measurements is known as a
micrometer-caliper. Jt combines the double contact of the slide calipen with
a acrew adjustment which may be read with areat accuraey.
20
S ·r A R R E 1, T ll O O K
HOW TO READ A MICROMETER
The pitch of the serc,v lhrends on the concealed pnrt
of the spindle is forty to an inch. One co1npletc revolu-
tion of the spindle, therefore, moves it lengthwise one
fortieth (or t~·enly-five thousandths) of an inch. The
sleeYe D is 1narkcd "'ilh Corly lines to the inch, corre-
sponding to the number of threads on the spindle.
Each vertical line indicates a clislance of one•forticth
of an inch. Every fourth line is made longer than the
others, and is numbered O, 1, 2, 3, etc. Each numbered
A
A.f=RAME
B·A~NIL
C-SPINOLE
D-SLEEYE
E-THIMBLE
1 2
1 0 4 56 76 ~ t
1
1111111l111l
.....4
r o
(t9&70$4- 1:1.0
SLEEVE
C
division on the thimble. Now each division on the
thimble represents one-thousandth of an inch, and one-
tenth of one ...thousandth equals one len...thousandlh. To
read a ten-thousandth micrometer, first note the thou-
sandths as in the ordinary micrometer. Then observe
the line on the s1eeve which coincides wlth a line on lhe
thimble. In the diagram s)10'\\•n abo,·e there are nine
vertical di visions visible on the sleeve, and 9 X 25 225, =
so that the readJng of the ordinary micrometer would he
.225. Line marked "7,, on the sleeve coincides with a
line on the thimble and, therefore, we add seven to the
reading of the ordinary micrometer. This seven is seven
ten-thousandths (.0007), and the readings ,vill be .2257.
ZI
T II E S T ~:\ R R E T 1, B O O K
Ha(f... Jnch Micrometer
For 1ueasuremenl
by thousandths up lo
oncphalf inch.
The anvil is shortened, for
use in places where the ordinary
anvil is too long lo be inserted.
Has lock nut nnd ratchet
stop.
Quick·Adjustiqc Micrometer
Ilas ratchet slop and lock nut.
()
Six-Inch Micrometer
For measuring round ,vork tc1 4½ inches and flat
work lo G i nchcs.
T I-I 14_: S T A R R E T T B O O K
STEEL RULES
These are thin blades of steel of varying lengths,
widths, and thicknesses, usually graduated in inches and
various subdivisions of the inch upon each edge of both
sides and often at the ends. The makers term the vari-
ous subdivisions or the inch by graduation numbers,
for example, No. 4 Graduation, 1st. edge 64ths; 2d. edge
32ds i 3d. edge 16ths; 4th. edge 8ths. By means of slid-
ing· or fixed attachments a great variety of length meas-
urements may be made with the ordinary steel rule..
SPRING CALIPERS
The most commonly used tool for contact n1easure-
ments is the ordinary spring caliper, ,vhich is used for
measuring over surfaces or between surfaces. In· shop
language this is called making-outside-or-inside 1neas--
urements. The legs of the spring caliper are curYed
down, lo make two opposite conlact points, lhe distance
between being controlled by n screw which works against
a tension spring. For either outside or inside measure-
ments they may be set to or they· may be rend to a
graduated steel rule. In ·this ,.vay a v.·orkman can trans-
fer lengths ,vith an error of less than 0.002-.. Where
28
THE S T A R R E T T B O O K
specially accurate spring caliper measurements are de•
sired, fixed gages nre used for setting the contact points.
The degree of accuracy of contact is dependent upon
\\'hat the ,,·orkn1an terms "feel!' To accurately transfer
a di1nension ·with spring calipers the sense of --reel"
must be well developed by the workman, for the contact
points are at the ends of ,,ery slender arms.
Spring calipers, both for inside and outside work,
c.an be set lo dimensions either larger or smaller than
the gages used by introducing thickness strips between
the contact points and the over or inside surfaces.
Hard, thin tissue-paper may be used as thickness
strips, or, better still, steel thickness gages or u feelers."
SPRING DIVIDERS
In this tool tlic contacts are points at the ends of
straight Jcgs. Dividers are used for measuring dimen-
sions between lines or points, for transferring lengths
taken direct from n graduated ~tee) rule, or for scribing
r·
so
T H E SrfARRETl' 13 0 0 K
Allowances for Different Classes of Fits -Table l
(Newall Engin.Mrin1t Co.)
I I
Allowaneee for Forced Fite
D
HiKh Limit
Low Limit
Tolerance
I
+O.0005 +0.0010 +0.00151 +O.OO'l5 +o.0030 +0.0035
+0.0002 +O.0007 +0.0010 +0.0015 +0.00'20 +0.0025
0.0003 o.oom 0.0005 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010
Allowances for Push Fita
LIMITS OF TOLERANCE
\\~ile it is possible lo f}roduce 1nachlne parts with
measurements refined lo any degree of nccuracy, ex-
treme precision may prove too cosily for commercial
work.
To avoid waste of time, labor, and money, the Taft-
Peirce .hlanufacturing Company has fornn1lated a set of
rules which defines the degree of accuracy to be expected
in those cases ,vhere specifications and drawings do not
call for greater precision than the rules provide for.
(1) Full information regarding HmJts of tolerance
should be clearly sho,vn by drawings 5ubmilted, or be
definitely covered by ,vritten specifications lo which
reference must be 1nade by notations on the dra,vings.
(2) \Vhere lhe customer fails to supply proper data
as to Ii1nits, this Company's Engineers '\Vill use their
best judgment in deciding just what limUs il may be
advisable to "'ork lo. The Company will nol, in any
event, assume responsibility for possible excessive cost
brought about through '\\'orking to closer limits than
may be necessary nor for pertnitling greater latitude
lhan may subsequently be found to be proper.
(3) ,\'here dimensions are statetl in vulgar frac-
tions \\"ith no limits or tolerance specified, it will be
assumed that a considerable margin lor variation from
figured dimensions is available; unless otherwise or-
dered, lhe Co1npany's Engineers ,vill proceed according
to the dictates of their best judgment as to ,vhat lhnits
should be taken.
(4) For an important dimensions Decimal figures
should be used and limits clearly stated on detail dra,v-
ings. Jr Decimal flgures are not used for such dimen-
sions o notation referring to lhe degree of accuracy
required must be placed prominently on the drawing.
(5) It is frequently necessary to reduce fractions
32
·THE STARRE'I'T D O O I{
BENCH WORK
Dench ,vork includes laying out, chipping, filing,
polishing, hand reaming, hand tapping, and all the mnny
shop jobs done at lhe bench or in a vise.
LAYJNG OUT. This is the shop term which includes
the placing of lines, circles, and centers upon curved or
flat surfaces for the guidance of the ,vorkrnan. It is some-
what analogous to mechanical dr:l\ving. It differs in one
important respect, however, that ,vbile a line dra,ving
is seldom scaled and therefore exact accuracy of spac-
ing is not required; in laid out ,vork, the lines, circles,
centers, etc., arc to be follo,ved exactly. All lines, cen-
ters, etc., should therefore be exactly localed and placed,
ancl all scriber, divider, and c-enter points should~ while
in use, be exact and sharp. Particular care must be
maintaf ned lo insure fine and accurate laying out.
PREPARING THE SURFACE. If ,vork of no special
accuracy is desired, carefully rubbing chalk, or white
lead 1nixed ,vith turpentine, upon the surface of the
"'ork ,viJI be suflkient as a coating. For fine exact lay-
outs a special murking solution must be used. The one
in common shop use Is a mixture of one ounce copper
sulphate lo four ounces "'ater. A little nitric acid may
,vith advantage be added. This solution applied to a
cleaned iron or steel surface gives a dull coppered sur-
face, and the finest line scribed upon it is brilliantly
visible.
SCRIBING I.,INES. The usual scribing points are
those common to dividers, hermaphrodite colipers,
scratch owls, scratch gages, surface gages, and trammel
1>olnts. Combined with the scribing points, may be used
steel rules. bevel protractors, ·steel squares, steel straight
edges, levels, end measuring rods, microineter or vernier
height and depth gages, and the various center punches.
Abi1Uy lo so combine and 1nake use or lhe various tools
36
T H E S T A R R E T T B O O K
36
T H E ST,\RRETT B O O K
as to insure accuracy is a considerable asset to the lay•
ing-ou t n1an.
PROTRACTORS
As. made for machine-shop use the common protrac•
lor is provided with attached straight edges, and can be
used either to measure or to lay off lines at an angle to
each other. lleasurfng lhc angularily of hvo or more
lines ,vith n protractor is termed "rending lhe angles.''
As onentimes its use is determining the angle mode by
two surfaces (a beve]). the lool is usually termed a bevel
protractor, Protractors for common shop use arc grad-
uated to degrees through a length of circumference of
one hundred and eighty degrees. An attached vernier
enables the user to read angles to one-twelfth of a degree
(five minutes).
LAYING OUT PLATE. If desirable results arc to be
ff
T H E S T A R R E T T B O O K
obtained in laying out flnt work, special metal plates
upon which to rest lhe work and the tools must he pro-
vided. These are known as Ie,·eling, surface, or laying..
out plates; they furnish an accurate plane surface upon
which ,v<'rk and tools may be placed. The size of these
plates \!'aries Crom those of small areas used in laying out
small jigs, clc., to those for large pieces, having sides
several feel in length. The work may be laid directly
upon the surface of the plate or held upon leveling strips
or blocks placed on lhe plate, and the gages, squares, and
other tools used around the ,vork. In other cases it is
convenient to clamp lhe work to knee or angle irons,
,,,hich arc then placed upon the leveling plate.
CHIPPING
Formerly many of the surfaces of mochine ports
were hand-chipped ond filed to a fit. ,vhile the mechanic
in the modern shop can usually find methods of machin-
ing most or the surfaces he neecls to fit up. lhere are still
occasions when the work hos to be hand-chipped.
TOOLS USED. The com1non chipping tools are n
hand hammer and a hand chisel. The hand hammer
should weigh not less than three-quarters of 11 pound
.,nor over t,\·o pounds, nnd may be eilher of the bnll peen
or flat peen lype. A chipping hammer should balance
,vell in the hand when fitted to a handle not more than
sixteen inches long. The handle near ,vhcrc it enters
the hammer shou1d be thinned and worked down lo a
shank that is somewhat flexible, so that the shock to the
arm and hand ,vill be Jess. The face of a good chipping
hammer should crown slightly.
Chipping chisels, ordinarily termed cold chisels, are
of various sorts, ond arc often known by the shape of
the cutting end; for example, flat. cape, roundnose, dia-
mond., and gouge chisels. The steel from which they ore
38
THE STARRETT B O O K
made should be eighty to ninety point carbon, of octa-
gon cross-section, with the cutting end forged to the
desired shape, ,veil packed by the forge hammer, hard-
ened, and the temper drawn to a medium blue. The
FILING
The file is essentially a finishing tool, and in skilled
hands surfaces may be made very accurate and smooth.
Files are designated lhus (a) by their length - this
docs not include lhe tang; (b) by their cross-section, as,
for example, squnre, round, ha.If•round, triangular, Oat,
knlfe-edge, etc.; ( c) by their cut - single or double cut;
(d) by lhe degl"ce of conrscncss.
Files for some purposes are made tapered in their
length, nnd for other uses have straight sides. The de-
grees of coarseness are designated by lhe following
names as rough, coarse, bastard; 2d -cut, smooth, and
dead smooth; extra fine flies are designated by numbers,
No. 00, No. 0, No. 1, etc., to No. 8. The degree of coarse-
ness varies with the length, for example, an 8-inch file
second cul is coarser thon a shorter Ole bastard cul.
This confuses the user somewhat, unless he is familiar
,vilh prnctice.
Single-cut files are those having teeth made by single
parallel cuts across the face at an angle of twenty...ftve
degrees. In double-cut flies the teeth nre made by break-
ing up the single cuts into points by a second cut made
at an angle with the firsL
1" H E STARREI'T B O O K
Rasp flies arc those having teeth made by a punch.
Used for hoofs1 wood, etc.
POLISHING
,\'here a particularly smooth surface is necessary, as,
for example, journal bearings, or \.vhere brilliancy of
finish is desired, lhe surfaces are polished ,vitb some
fine abrasive. For ordinary polishing of machine parts,
Journals, etc., common grain abrasive is used, - glued to
cloth or leather.
Grain abrasives are known by numbers, as, for ex-
ample, No. 100, which means that the particles nre of
a size lo readily pass through a sieve having one hundred
meshes to the linear inch. The finer sizes are often
known as flours.
GRADES OF EMERY
The numbers representing the grades of emery run
from 8 to 120, and the degree of smoothness of surface
they leave mny be compared to that left by files as follows:
8 and 10 repreaeut the cut of a wood rasp.
16 u 20 •• •• .. .. a coarse rough file.
24 •• 30 •• .. .. .. an ordinary rou11h file.
36 •, -1.0 ., •, .. .. a bastard file.
46 •, 60 " •, u .. a aecond cut-file.
70 ., 80 .. •• •• ., a 1mooth file.
90 ,. 100 ,. ., .. .. a superfine 6Je.
J20F and FF .. .. •• .. a dead-smooth file.
"
T H E S T A R R E T T B O O K
ing frame is raised by a foot lever leaving the hands free
ror work adjustments and measurements. The cutting
lubricant Is conveyed to the blade from a lank in the
column by means or a small rotary pump.
What Hack Saw to Use
No. 193 in hand f r.una, to cut cast steel, cast iron, tool steels and a\l solid
metals.
No. 1130 in hand fnames, to cut cold rolled stock and soft metals.
No. 1•2 in hand frames. to cut sheet metal and tubing 16 to 18 gage.
No.~ in hand frames, to cut sheets and tubing thinner than 18 gage.
No- lll for heavy hand frame work and light power machines, on toor steels.
No. lUB for light Power machine work on soft steel, and heavY hand frame
work.
No. Uf for general work in medium weight pov.•er machines.
No. 115 on electric:al conduit, pipe, bras! stock, Hght angle and cbana.el iron.
No. l55 on hi~h al)ttd machines cuttina tool steels.
No- :ZSSB on high speed machines cutting machinery 91:~I. c:ast Iron, etc.
No. J6l for euttini' an,te iron, bras.s stock and ornamental jron work.
No. lSli far heavy high speed machines, to cut tool steel.
No, 2548 for heavy hi.ch si:>eed machines, to cut cold rolled shafting and
machinery at eel.
No. M for cutting iron pi~. light structural iron, auto frames. ete.
No. 25i for extra h~avy power machina. to cut tool ~tee1.
No. 2560 for extra heavy power machinea.
46
T H E S T A R R E T T B O O K
DRILLING
DRILLS. A drill is an end-cutting loot, consisting
usually of two cutting edges set at an angle with the
axis. The more co1nmon lypes or drills ore llat - flot-
twisted - slrolght-nuted - spiral-fluted - and gun.barrel.
The most co1nmon, and for 1nost purposes the n1osl effi-
cient, type is the spiral.fluted, known as a twist drill.
T,vist driJls are n1ade with hvo, three, or four cut-
ting lips. The hvo-lip drill is used when drilling solid
stock. The three and four lip drills arc used for en-
larging holes previously cored or drilled. \Vhen drilling
solid stock with a t,vo-lippecl drill, the point of the drill
controls the cutting edges, and if the drill is correctly
ground the resulting hole wi)] be reasonably round,
slraight, and the size of the drill. ,vhen a drill is used
for enlarging holes already made, either by coring or by
pre,·ious drilling, the drill is guided by its sides and a
three or four nuted dril1 ,viii give better results.
FORM OF POINT. In
the types referred to all
except gun-barrel drills
are cone-pointed on the
cutting end. The gun-
barrel drill, used when
especia1ly straight, round,
and true holes are essen-
tial, has a blunt end with
a single cutting lip. Fie. 1
A cone-polnted <lrill of hvo or ntore cutting Bps
depends for its efficient '\\•orking upon rour factors:
(a) AH the cutting lips shall have the san1e inclina-
tion to lhe nxis of the drill.
(b) Cutting lips should be of exactly equal length.
(c) A proper Up clearance of the surfnce back of
the cutting edges.
''
T I-I E S T A R R E T T B O O I{
FIG. f Flo. 5
Feeding the drill freehand, if skilfully done, may
answer in certain cases, but is less effective than power
reeds, except tor smnll ,vire drills.
DRILL SPEED. This is the surface or peripheral
speed of the drill in feet per minute~ and js rated at the
outer diameter. Under average conditions the peripheral
speed recommended for carbon steel drills is thirty feel
,.
~r H E STARRE1''T 11 0 0 K
n
FIG. 6 FIG. 7
Tab!e No. 3 gives the revolutions per minute at
whJch lo run drills for various cutting or surface
speeds. For example, wilh a 1-ineh drill and seventy
feel as the selected cutting speed, read across from
1-inch In the Jeft-hand column and under heading 70'
find 267, the revolutions per minute.
F10.8
IO
'f H E S T A R R E T T B O O K
Speeds and Feeds for Drllllng•-Table 2
High.Speed Steel Drills
Cut
Bronze, lron, Cast
Feed Mild Drop Mal. Tool c..t
Sbe
of
Drill re:.
Brau, An-
300 oealed, Ha • Iro::,
Steel, Forir.,
120 fiO
Iron,
90
Steel.
60
Steel.
40
Feet 170 80Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet
Feet
lncbea Indiea R.P.M. R.P.M. R.P.M. R.P.M. R.P.M. R.P.M. R.P.M. R.P.M.
0.003 18300 l<B70 4880 7320 3«,0 3490 3fJ60 24-&0
i: 9150 1830
0,004 5185 2440 3660 2745 18.30 1220
0.005 6100 3456 1626 2440 1210 1&10 IZKI 807
0.006 4575 2593 1220 1830 915 1375 915 6l0
0.007 3~ 2074 976 1464 732 1U8 732 490
% O.OM 3050 1728 813 12~ 610 91S 610 407
"h•
~
-0.009
().010
2614
2287
1482
1296
698
610
1046
915
52'l
458
784
636
522
..58
348
3(i;
366 569 241
;t 0.011
0.012
1830
1525
1037
864
-488
407
732
610 305 458
Jti8
305 203
% 0.013 1307 741 3'9 52.1 261 392 261 17-4
1 0.014 1143 648 305 ,t58 229 3,9 229 153
0.016 915 519 24" 366 183 275 183 123
ltt
1%
0.016
0.016
762
~
432
371
204
175
~
262
153
131
212
196
153
131
102
81
2 0.tl6 571 323 )53 229 115 172 us Tl
Cut
Bronze, Iron, Cast Mild Drop Mal. Tool Caet
Sue
of
Drill
Feed
l:!.
Brua. An•
150 oealed, Ha , tro;:,
Steel, Fora.•
60 30
Jrvn,
45
Steel,
30
St~I,
20
Feet 85 ~ Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet
Feet
lnchu Indies R.P.M. R.P.M. R.P.M. R.P.M. R.P.M. R.P.M. R.P.M. R.P.M.
~.J:
l,t1
¾
0.003
0.004
0.005
!USO
4575
3050
5185
2593
1728
2440
1220
813
3fi60
IMO
l220
1830
915
610
27'5
1375
915
1830
915
610
1220
610
407
~.
0.006 2287 1296 610 915 458 6.16 458 - 305
0.001 1830 1037 ,ee 732 366 5{B 3(16 245
0.008 1525 86' 4(11 610 305 458 3a; 21)3
0.009 1307 1-41 349 523 261 392 261 174
229 153
o.on 11◄3
0.010 618 3(6 458 229 343
!1• 0.012
0.0)3
015
762
ffi4
S71
519
432
371
244
20,t
175
3416
305
262
)83
15.1
)31
U&
275
212
196
172
18.1
153
131
ll5
122
lO'l
87
77
1 0.0'4 323 153 229
0.016 (58 2!JO 122 183 92 138 92 61
1l~,
l I
2
0.016
0.016
O.ol6
381
327
286
216
186
162
102
88
Tl
153
131
115
77
66
58
106
98
86
77
66
58
51
39
...
• Copniabt. 19ll, by tbe Henry & Wright Mfg. Co.
11
T H E S T A R R E T T H O O I{
¾e in. 917. 1223. JS28. 18:W. 2140. 2445. 2751. 3057. 3668. 4280. 4891.
¼ 459. 611. 764. 917. 1070. 122.2. l.375. 1528. 1834. 2139. 2-U.5.
~., 306. 40&. 509. 611. 713. 815. H7. 1019. 1Zl2. 1426. 1630.
¼ 2'l9. 306. 382. 458. 535. 611. 688. 76'. 917. 1070. 1222.
rn. 183. 245. 306. 367. 428. 489. 5.50. 611. 733. 856. 978.
% lS3. 2(M. 25.5. 306. 3,;7_ 408. 458. 509. 611. 713. 815.
en. s2,. 6ll. 699.
~,
'½e
%
us.
91.8
175. 218. 262. 306. 3(9. 393. 437.
153. 191. 229. 2QJ. 306. 344. 382.
12.1. 153. 18'. 21,. 245. 276. 306.
459. 535. 611.
367. "28. 489.
¾ 76.3 1oz. 127. 153. 178. 200. 229. 254. 306. 357. 408.
¾ 6.5.5 87.J 109. 131. 153. 175. 196. 219. 262. 306. 349.
l 57.3 76.4 95.5 us. 134. 153. 172. 191. 229. 267. 306.
1~ 51.0 68.~ 8.5.0 100. 119. 136. 153. 170. 20&. 238. 272.
1¼ 45.8 61.2 76.3 91.8 J07. 123.. 137. 153. 183. Zl4. 24S.
1% 41.7 55.E 69.5 83.3 97.2 111. 125. 139. 167. 195. 222.
11,i, 38.2 50.8 63.7 76,3 89.2 lat. 115. 127. 153. 178. 204.
1% 3.5.0 47.0 58.8 J0.5 82.2 93.9 106. 117. 141. 165. um.
1,~ 32.7 43.E 5'.5 65.S 16.., 87.3 98.2 109. 131. 1S3. )75.
1¾ 30.«i 40.7 50.9 61.1 71.3 81.5 91.9 lO'l. 122. 143. 163.
2 28.7 38.2 47.8 57.3 66.S 7ti.4- 86.C 95.5 ns. 134. 153.
2¼ 2-S.4 34.0 42... 51.0 59.4 68.0 76.2 85.0 102. 119. 138.
2'n 2"L9 30.6 38.2 45.8 53.5 61.2 68.8 76.3 91.7 107. 1.22.
2% 2i».8 27.8 34.7 41.7 48.E 55.E 62.S 69.5 83.4 97.2 111.
3 19.1• 75.S 31.8 38.2 44.E 51.C 57.3 63.7 76.4 89.1 102.
T H E S T A R R E T T B O O K
CUTTING COA-IPOUNDS. To maintain high cutting
speeds, it is necessary to use a lubricant. Those recom-
mended have stood the test or service:
For ho.rd and refractory steel, turpentine, kerosene,
or soda water.
For soft steel and wrought Iron, lard oil, or soda
water.
For brass, parafflne oil. _
For aluminum, turpentine, kerosene, or soda water.
For cast iron, a jet of air if anything is used - usu-
ally \\"Orked dry.
LAYING OUT. Locating lhc centers Cor drilled holes
upon the body or the work is termed "laying out." On
the smaller jobs, laying out end drilling are usually done
by the vvorkmon. Larger amounts of work_warrant a
skilled "layer out." -
Laying out for drilling comes under two heads, viz.:
APPROXIA-IATE and ACCURATE. Unless the boles when
drilled are to match up with other holes or ·with fixed
stnds, it is enough if lhe center Is laid off with a chalk
pencil and n steel rule. For jig, tool, and experimental
work, the centers must be accurately laid out and scribed
upon the surface of the work. The practice is to scribe
t,vo or 1nore lines ,vhich intersect at the exact desired
point as shown in Fig. 9. Assume that the link is to
~: Fla. 9
63
THE STARRE''fT B O O K
connect two studs. Proceed to scribe -two intersecting
lines upon one of the hubs, as shown In Fig. 9, using o
combination square fitted with a center head. Al the
intersection accurately pince a light center-punch in-
dentation. Place one leg of a sprJng divider with its
point in the center n1ark and adjust the other leg to have
its point touch lhe edge line of the hub and note the
concentricity of the center. If correct, close dividers to
scribe a circle the diameter of the required drilled hole,
setting th.e points by the scale graduations upon a steel
t )P
FIG. 10
::
rule. Locate light center-punch marks on the scribed
circle as sho,vn in Fig. 10.
\Vhen the \\ ork is Jaitl out. by another than the
9
I A
-~
I
:: FIG,U
H
T H E S T A R R E T T B O O K
driller, a second circle, having a slightly greater diameter,
should be scribed. This check ,vill show whether the
hole was drilled to the original lay out. If no impor-
tance is attached to the center to center distance of the
holes proceed as before with lhe second hub. ,vhere
the center to center distance is hnportnnt, set the points
or the universal dividers to the center length, and with
the point A, Fig. 11, in the previously located center mark
scribe on the opposite hub. Scribe a short line across
its face afterward, proceeding as before.
For all accurate ,vork use the automatic center•
punch, Fig. 12, and for henvy work the machloists'
center-punch, shown in Fig. 13.
PREPARING THE SURFACE. For
a.ccurate laying out, clean the 1nachined
surfaces and ,vet the portion to be
worked upon with the copper sulphate
(blue vitriol) solution,. \Vhen dry, the
surface will distinctly show any lines
which are made upon il. Chalk well
rubbed into the surface is sufficient lor
the less accurate jobs.
STARTING THE DRILL.
After laying out and previous
to drilling, greatly enlarge the
center holes with a ccnter-
l)Unch to assist the starting of ScJuntNG CJRcum wrnr DrvtDDS
the drill. Start lhe hole with
drill point in the enlarged center, using hand feed until
a reasonable dimple is made in lhc work. Observe if
this is central with the scribed circle, and if not central
use center gouge, as io Fig. 14, and repeat until accurat~.
TO DRA\V A DRILL. \Vhen starting a drill it often
has a tendency to slide or crowd off to one- side. Where
it is essential that the drilled hole coincide or center
with some previously scribed circle or layout, the drill
16
T H E S T A R R E T T B O O K
must be brought buck inlo lhe correct posi-
tion. This is accomplished by the use of a
small gouge-pointed chisel, sometimes called
a center chisel. and the process is termed,
"'drawing the drill." First, note toward ,vhich
side of the small dimple left by the drill-point
it is necessary to shift the drill. Then
chisel a small groove in that side of
the dimple.
If the start is very eccentric, sev-
eral chisel grooves may be necessary;
\\"hereas, if only slightly eccentric, a .. ,
mere touch of the chisel will ofien
.:;..-..-r.,....", suffice. It is readily seen that the drill
is made lo cut more easily where the
grooves are, and therefore the natural
resistance of the opposite side pushes
the drill to,vard the side cut by the
gouge-pointed chisel. Drlll drawing
can only be done previous to reach...
ing the full diameter of cut.
HOLDING THE \VORK. Careless-
ness in holding the work is respon-
sible for mnny drilling accidents. If
no special holding device is. available,
tl1f' ,vork should be held in a drilling
vise. clamped directly to the drilling-
machine table, or clamped to an angle
iron. Fig. 15 illustrnlcs a method of
holding the work safely. When once
Uie work Is clamped in position on
the drilling-rnnchine table, adjust the
table to center the localed hole with
the drill rather than reclamp the work.
HOLDING THE DRILL. In Fig.
FlG. 12 16, at A, lhe drill is shown heid dl- FIG. is
18
THE S T A R R E T T B O O K
rcctly in the spindle. This is a good method if several
holes of the same diameter are to be drilled at o single
setting. \Vhen frequent changing of the drill is neces-
sary, as in drilling holes of numerous si~cs, using a
.single-spindle machine, some form of quick-acting collett
chuck should be used. The changes can then be mode
without stopping the machine,
I
®
Fla.1,
DRILI..ING FOR REAl\lER. ,vhen it is egsenlial that
the holes be of an exact standard diameter, it is cus-
tomary to use u drill .somewhat smaHer than the given
diameter, and after,vard ream the holes to standard size.
The amount left for reaming depends upon whether one
or hvo reaming operations arc necessary, and ,vhether or
not the reaming is to be done directly in the drilling
machine. If the drilling is done through jig bushings
and the holes are short as compared to their diameter,
Fio.15
17
T H E S T A R R E T T B O O K
a single reaming operation will often suffice. If the holes
are relatively long, the drill should be 1/64" to 1/32"
s1naller than the finished hole diameter, lo allow for
passing a machine reamer 0.005" small through the hole
which is afterward hand-reamed. This n1ethod gives
results as accurate as any, except by grinding, and is
accepted practice for good work.
DRILLING FOR TAPPING. 1
,vhcre a full thread
depth is essential the hole to be tapped should be made
with a drill of a diameter smaller than the noininal
diameter of the bolt by an amoun I equal to double the
depth of the thread. In practice the nearest commercial
size of drill is listed for drilling tapped holes.
A Flo.16
li8
T H ~: STARRET"f B O O K
Letter Slze1 of Drill• -Table 4
A
B
C
I'"' .234
.238
.242
N
0 ~e
p 2,¼.
.302
.316
.323
D .246 Q .3.12
E¾ .250 R 1¾!1 .339
F .257 s .348
G .261 T ,%, .358
H 1¾4, .2fJ6 u .368
I .272 V¾ 3T1
JK
L
,,2 .2.77
.281
.290
w2%_.
X
y 1,~2
.386
.397
.404
M 1'94, .295 z .413
1~2
¾6
¾
16. 18
16. 18
14, 16, 18
¼
}.(
1~,,~2.
%2
¼
,~2
1%,j.
%2
%,- 14, 16. 18 1~ 2¼,, 2¼.
~i. 14, 16 2¼... 11,u l~i:, u,_,
1%, 14, 16 2%4, ¾
12, 13, 14 ~'8 23%, .,,2
¾
•½s
~
1½e 12,
)0,
11,
14
11, 12
12
~1e %.
1~32 ½
%& '16
:ll¾J4
½
'¼e
½ "'
½
¾ 10. 11, 12 1%2¾ ¾ ¾ ¾
1'1& 10 :,1J,if3
½ 9, 10 '3/M 2%2 2o/u '%2
1*•
1
9
8
'-'44
1~p 2~'2 '%:a
►ro
/
t 0
NO.(ij590
fHt L.S.StAAAEn CO.
1110. {i)ss,
Ii.. A11-Q.,HASS U.S.A. T~ LS.~T.,t.RR£T"f CO.
J;;tO.,.KA$Si. U.S.A.
1, TAP ORllS j l
fOR . DR!t.L SrzE
M,\CHN: SCRO/ TAPS TABU:
,,.
1.ETTl:R Sli:£5
- .. ~t=t=:!it::r,~~
!
: ,~
I ,
't -
.~-
,
.,,_
,.__....c ......<M',' -
,.I •-
t4· 4 4
•I
I •
I • ,,
I • • 1055
I ; - ... Jg;~
-,
I -
I -
I •
80
THE S T A R R E T T B O O K
SIZES OF TAP DRILLS. Because of the large num-
ber of screw thread standards in use, many tables would
be required to cover an selections of tap drills.
The sizes of tap drill ror all pitches of V threads may
be found by the follo,\'ing formula.
1.400
Tap drill = D - - -
T
in which T = nllmher of threads per inch
D = dia. or tap or thread
EXA~IPLE. - \Vhat diameter
of tap drill should be used for a
¾ X 10 tap?
1.400
Tap drlll= .75 - - -
10
= .75 - .14
= .61
NOTE. For U. S. Standard
threads use same formula, but
1.3 should be used in place of
1.4.
FJc.17 DRILLING l4ARGE HOLES.
T,vh;t drHls are sold, ranging in
size from No. 80 ,vire gage lo four inches in diameter.
As the drill increases in diameter the web is corre-
spondingly thickened, and os the cutting edges at the
,veb do not cul as effectively as they do oulside the ,veb
thickness, considerable pressure is required to lorce the
lorger drills into the work nt an efficient cutting feed.
For this reason many workmen first drill o lend hole,
using o drill whose diameter approximates the web thick-
ness of lhe larger drill, as shown in FiJJ- 17. A lead hole
will also assist in centering the drill upon an inclined
surface. However. if the inclination is considerable it
is necessary Jo butt nlill or hand chip a spot giving
81
T JI ~~ S T A R R E T T B O O K
sufficient surface to work upon. The practice of some
firms is lo use in place of a single large drill a relatively
smaller one, after,vard enlarging the hole by so1ne method
of counterboring at a much less expense for tools and
at as rapid a production rate as by entire drilling.
BOI.T HOLES. ,vhcn the bolts are for holding pur-
poses only and are not used for aligning the several
pieces, it is customary to drill the holes through which
the bolts pass sornewhal larger than the bolt diameters.
Th's nllov.·s for a variation in the boll sizes and for in-
accuracy in locating the centers.
DEEP HOLE DRILLING. Under this name may be
classed the drilling of hoJcs through the axes of spindles
-lathe, milling-1nachine, and grinder - and that special
line of drilling known as gun•barrel drilling. \Vhile for
spindle dril1ing it is possible to use ordinary t,vist drills
with extended shankst it is customary in efficient drilling
of this sort to use special drills designed for the purpose.
Fig. 18 shows a special hoJlow drill often used f'or
drilling axial holes in lathe spindles, and Fig. 19 shows
the machine with the drill guides in working position.
FtG.. 18
F10.19
FJG. 20
68
T H E STARRETT BOOK
84
.THE STARRE'fT H O O K
THE LATHE
CARE OF THE LATHE. The engine lathe is capable
of producing the largest variety oC product of any of
the n1achine-tool family. Especial attention should be
given to applying a suitable machine oil to all the bear--
ings, tor improper lubrication of the wearing surfaces
is one of the immediate causes of e~cessive ,vear. A
medium-size flexible-bottom squirt can is best for this
purpose, and oiling should be frequent on those bear•
ings ,vhich are given the ~everest service, either from
excessive pressure or from high-speed rubbing. All oil
hol cs should be kept free and clean, and where possible
should be protected fro1n entering dirt. Those bearings.
as, for example, the ways upon which the carriage moves,
which by construction arc hard lo protect-from dirt,
should be frequently cleaned and reoiled. At least once
u ,veek the lathe should receive an all-over cleaning,
and the bearings should be washed out with kerosene.
A plugged oil hole prevents the proper lubrication of the
bearing.
INDICATING AND ADJUSTING. Upon the condi-
tion of the centers, rests to a large degree the accuracy
of the work produced. After attention to lubrication
the competent workman proceeds to prepare and test
the centers. Remove both centers and after cleaning
them and the tapered holes note whether they return to
their places with a successful flt. The "dend" or foot-
stock center should have a hardened point to resist wear.
The cone-points of the centers should be smooth and an
exact sixty degrees. The centers should align with each
other in the vertical and horizontal planes, and the '4,live"
or head-stock cone...point should rotate truly concentric
with its axis.
The trial .and error method of adjusting the centers
in alignment is to ftrsl bring the cone-points nearly into
88
T H 14: S"fARRETT H O O I{
CONTAcr POINTS
fl.JU. IIZ[
c.J!r Iii:
0
FIG. 22
l'1
T H E S T A R R E T T B O O K
'
..
from ordinary black bar stockJ the centers may be located
T H E S T A R R E T T B O O K
LATHE TOOLS
I 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10 II 12
TO
T H E S T A R R E T T B O O K
by scribing lines at an angle across the ends, using a
combination square wilh a center head and the provided
scriber. In place of this tool a hermaphrodite caliper
may be used to scribe the ends of the stock. The center
is located with a center-punch et lhe intersection of the
scribed lines and the coneentricity tested by spinning
the bar upon the lathe centers. If necessary, the center-
punch 1narks are shifted. If lhe piece is bent it must,
ofter centering, be straightened lo reasonable truth. For
exact turned work the centers should afterward be lightly
rereamed to correct the errors in their alignment due to
the straightening of the bar.
\Vhen the" Job is lo be turned from a forging, it b
usual to roll the forging on straight edges and scribe
lines across lhe ends, using a surface or h_eight gage.
In such cases the forging is so localed ·with "te!crence to
the straight edges as to give a fair average of the surface
~rrors due lo forging.. It is also usual lo leave a greater
excess of stock for finishing purposes upon a forging
than upon rolled bar stock. \Vhen the centers nre well
located the holes may be drilled under a drill-press or
in a hand-lathe, as convenient. \Vhere much bor stock
must be centered a special self-locating centering machine
is often used.
LATHE TOOLS. A set of tools for use in the engine
lathe is shown in the chart on page 70. While in com-
mon shop language all these are known as cutting tools,
technica11y speaking, many of lhcm separate the stock in
a manner that is analogous lo cro,vding off the 1nelnl
rather than by pure cutting action. Cutting in its proper
sense is a splitting action, and a properly ground and
properly set culling tool is a ,vedge in that it splits off
the excess stock. Among the common lathe tools, the
side tool and the diamond-point tool are the best exam-
ples of wedge or splltting action.
The nose of a cutling tool has several sides, two of
n
T H E Sl'ARRETT B O O K
which £>Orne together al some angle to form a cutting
edge. The angle formed by these surfaces must be sum~
cient for strength, nnd to furnish enough metal to con-
duct away the heat generated by the cutting action. For
turning ordinary soft steel and son gray iron an angle
of sixty degrees is good practice. For harder materials
the angle may be increased. In the case of forged lathe
tools, the ,vorking end of the tool is forged upon lite end
of a short piece of square or rcctanguJar bar stock. The
length and size of the shank of the forged tool depend
upon the size of chip and lhe machine used.
'RAKE. The angle which lhe upper side of lhe tool
makes wilh the horizontal is termed the rake. If the
l>::P
i______
'I
CUTTINO
ANGL~
•I
I
L---------:... ~
: FIIO'tT\
Clc.A"A.Jc~
FrG. 23
• I
..
' '(. .,..15•,
\
,
.
,y
,
FJG.!4
.fined cutting edges, and the angularity of the surfaces
which meel lo form the cutting edge can often be meas-
ured with a bevel protractor, and in the case of a sixty-
degree angle the center gage is suitable. This tool is
also used to test the S)ngle when grinding a vee-pointed
thread tool, es illustrated in Fig. 24.
TESTING THE CUITING ANGLES. As the usual
machine construction materials arc not excessively hard,
a cutting angle of not far from sixty degrees may
be maintained on such tools as the side tool and the
diamond point. In this case the angle can be tested by
use ot the usual center gage. ,vherc cutUng angles other
Ti
T H E S T A R R E T T B O O K
thnn oo• arc used, also for testing clearances, the uni•
versal Bevel Protractor is useful.
TOOL HOLDERS. The high cost of the materials
used for modern cutting tools has resulted in the mar-
keting of a vuriely of holders designed to bold cutting
points. In this manner a large number of relatively
inexpensive cutting points ore made lo interchange in
a single shank or holder. One form of tool-holder is
made .to hold points forged in the regular forms sho",."
in the. chart, page 70. In some examples, however, the
holders ore made to carry short bils broken from s<11u1re
bar stock and niter-ward sharpened into some resen1-
blance to the true forged shape. {See Fig. 25.)
FIG. 2S
, Dimensions of Nute
if i ... Arealn
Sq. Jnc:bea
aud Bolt Heads
?~ 0
~; r~
1~ ~
~
¾
,~(.
i5t--i
0.049
0.026 ½
0.076
0.045 1,~2
J.--i
0.578 0.707 ¾
0.686 0.840 ~8
¼
1,64-
¾ 16 0.294 ~6 0.068 11/ia
0.110 0.794 0.972 ¾ 1~~2
%0 14 0.345 2 ~e. 0.093 2 ➔-:12
0.150
:17Jo, 0.196 0.126 ¼
0.902 1.105 ~'18 2o/iw
½ 13 0.400 1.011 1.237 ½ T./2.s
%s 12 0.454 1 ~92 0.248 0.162 !tl/22 1.119 1.370 'he 3lfaoi
¼11 0.507 1;s2 0.307 0.202 I½, 1.227 1.502 ¾ 1~~~
¾10 0.620 "~i, 0.442 0.302 I¼ 1.444 1.768 ¾ ¾
¼9 0.731 ¾ 0.601 0.419 11Aa 1.660 2.033 ¼ l%s,
1 8 0.838 ~64 0.785 0.551 l½ 1.877 2.298 1 13/is
I.¾ 7 0.939 3¾J:, 0.994 0.694 11 ¾6 2.093 2.563 l},'e 2 ,12
l¾ 7 1.064 lo/a2 1.227 0.893 2 2.310 l¾ 1
2.828
l¾ 6 1.158 1¾2 1.485 1.057 2¾tt 2.527 3.093 l¾ 1%2
I½ 6 1.283 1u,s2 1.767 1.295 2~•'8 2.743 3.358 l½ l¾a
1% 5½ 1.389 }2~6~ 2.074 1.515 21½e 2.960 3.623 l!•i 1~~2
1¾ 5 1.490 11~~% 2.405 1.746 2¾ 3.176 3.889 1,,, 11/e
I¼. 5 1.615 12~,,2.761 2.051 21 ¾e 3.393 4.154 l¼ 11 %2
2 4½ 1.711 1'%, 3.142 2.302 3J,i 3.609 4.419 2 1,,.
2¼ 4½ 1.961 2¼" 3.976 3.023 3½ 4.043 4.949 1¾
21/
,,4
2½ 4 2.175 2•%, 4.909 3.719 3½ 4.476 5.479 2½ }1'11
2¾ 4 2.425 2s;6.., 5.940 4.620 4¼ 4.909 6.010 2¾ 2¼
3 3½ 2.629 21;1.8 7.069 5.428 4¾ 5.342 6.540 3 2o/ie
3¼ 3½ 2.879 21 ¾6 8.296 6.510 5 5.775 7.070 3~i 2½
3~ 3¼ 3.100 31%, 9.621 7.548 51/s 6.208 7.600 3½ 21 ~i.
33 41 ~ 3.317 3¾ 11.045 8.641 5¾ 8.131 3¾ 2¼
6.641
4 h1 3.567 3¾ 12.566 9.96.1 6¾ 7.074
8.661 4 3¾e
4¼ 21/a 3.798 3:i#~~l 14.186 11.340 6½ 9.191 4¼ 3¼
7.508
4½ 2¾ 4.028 4%2 15.904 12.750 6½ 9.721 4½ 3~18
7.941
4!i 2¾ 4.255 4~ii6 17.721 14.215 1¾ 10.252 4¾ 3¾
8.374
5 2½ 4.480 4,,.6
19.635 15.760 71/, 10.782 5
8.807 3 1 *8
5¼ 2½ 4.730 4 ¾e 21.648
1 17.570 8 9.240 11.312 5¼ 4
5½ 2~/, 4.953 5¼2 23.758 19.260 8¾ 9.673 11.842 si, 4~,
5¾ 2¾ 5.203 5,~2 25.967 21.250 8¾ 10.106 12.373 5¾ 4¾
6 2¼ 5.423 5~i 28.274 23.090 9½ 10.539 12.900 6 49h,
CouaTBST OF ., MAawa:KY "
See al9o pagea 55. 56. 168 and lfl>.
'18
T H E S T A R R E T T B O O K
definite rate of advance as the work• rotates. As the
train of gears usually furnished with an engine lathe
can be ehnnged to give different rates of advance, it is
In this manner possible lo cul lhreads or a .large variety
of pile.hes. In practice a set of several gears having dif-
ferent numbers of teeth are furnished with each lathe.
Those furnished will usually provide for cutting all the
threads within the usual range of the lathe with which
they come. These arc known as "change gears/' and
thejr use is obvious.
SEJ..ECTING CHANGE GEARS. Given the number
of threads per Hnear inch lo be cut and the number of
threads per linear inch of the lead screw, the problem
is to select gears giving the desired ratio of cut to lclld
screw. For example, it is desired that single seven
threads per linear inch shall be cul upon 'I 1 ¼-inch
bolt, and it is found by scaling that the lathe lead screw
has single five threads per linear inch. The ratio of elll
to lead screw is then that of .seven to five ( 7/5). The
change gears selected should, therefore, be as seven is
to flve. If both members of a fraction are multiplied
by the same number, the ratio is not changed. This
allows of raising the fraction to suit the gears ,vhich arc
, a 35
in the set fL1rnished; for example, -- X - = -. II gears
5 5 25
having thirty.Rve teeth and twenty..five teeth, respec-
tively, are found in the furnished set, the selection of
these gears will give, ,vhcn rightly placed, the desired
tool advance for cutting seven threads per linear inch.
The directions above refer to the most simple form
of lnthe. Various 1athe manuracturers have introduced
different arrangement~ of the gearing, but with any lathe
the above procedure v,dll give correct results if it is first
determined whet number of threads per inch will be
cul if gears of the same number of teeth arc placed on
spindle stud and lead screw. This number caned the
79
THE S T A R R E T T B O O K
80
1'' H E S T A R R E T T B O O K
Fie. 21
TAPER TURNING. ,vhere two perts are to flt firmly
together when in use, as, for example, centers into lathe
spindles, and it it desirable lo have them easily remov-
able, what are known as Laper-fits are used. For this
purpose several rates of change in diameter have become
stmndards. Pages 87 and 88 give the n1ore common stand-
ords. The Brown & Sharpe Standard is in general use
for lhe spindle tapers in milling machines. The l\lorse
taper is the one commonly used for all drills and dri11-
ing mnchinery. Either of these may be used for the
tapered hole in lathe spindles, while some lathe manu-
facturers have establlshed standards of their own.
86
T H E S T A R R E T T B O O K
Brown & Sharpe Taper Shanks-Table 7
""''"'
"' ..""..
~ .........
TANII
L
1" f
I I d
~
I I s
I J
I
Taper~ ft. ia ~ in., except for No.10 shank. where the tal)er is 0.5161 in. per ft.
0 il
--lio~ i
j
,W 4)
co GI
....0 ~
t 1;l Cl
'l.i
=
iS::
'Ei,
~
0 j>,
....= ~£ -O:,., ........ .... 0
BC)
~~
0&1
-
]! u
e·CI Eo .!~
0 li CID"l 0 .cl
=~ !~ ~~ .....Ill.E--ia
,0
._ I\,) I'll
~~
0 "'
e.:~ o;s:: ~~
:,r:-
I'll
·-1
0 ...
1.c '"':lo e ...5i
,Q
! .,,0
ca-
C >.
4J :it
yO
~
II,)
A B C D E F C I{ -K L M
-l 0.239 1,s.2 l¾s 0.200 1%s l¼tt J&.10 ~ O.llS ¾o
~.
~11
2 0.299 )11r12 l½ 0.250 1~. l¾~ 11¼4 ½i 0.166 ¼ %:t
3 0.375 lB¼:i Bs 0.312 l½ l~~ 11 %a Ye 0.197 ltJ.41 '1.11
3 0.385 211.1 2¼ 0.312 11'-', I¼ li¼:i ¼ 0.197 I\.),
3 0.395 21~~.:.J 2's 0.312 z 2~i 1e;-a~ % 0.197 ~u, ~lG
•'
0.402
0.420
1,~
2•he
1u,~, 0.350 11/L
2,,:1 0.350 ]1½8
1'¥,
}lfu
l" Jl~
lt¼-1
1 ¼ti
...
~141
0.2?.8
0.228
l~W2
l.%2 ~"
~s:!
~•1
5 0.523 2,,:1 .2,1n 0.450 P½.11 0.260 ¼
5 0.533
5 0.539
21 '!,-ii, 2l'ts
221,,:? ~is
0.450 2
0.450 2~s
i~
21/,
11,~,
21/tft
¾
¾
0.2fi0
0.260
¼
¼
6 0.599 25 1.a:.1 ~i 0.500 ~8 2¼ 21 ~-&t H
r-, 0.291 %s %2
6 0.635 32 ~·12 3•'
,.f, 0.500 3¼
2~,
3H 31¼, 0.291 'f/2 .,
,,_,
~:I
z,,~, ...,,.,
7 0.704 3¼ 3~31 0.600 2'Aa 218-112 1glll 0.322 1,1)1
1 0.720 3\ir J1%11 0.600 th 3 22~1t) 0.322 1%:IJ ~\e
7 &.ns 3~8 3 1 %■ 0.600 3 3¾ 1 ~in 0.322 1%2 ¾•
7 0.167 4~ 41,,, 0.600 4 4¾ 31%2 11)11 O 322 1%11 ~~fl
8 0.898 4 f, 4~ 0.150 3~ii, 31½.B 32 '!~ 1 0.353 ~!I
,,.
1¼12
8 0.917
9 l.067
411/ie
'4%·'ie 0.750
0.900 4' 4~
4~
36~'M l
31-~ H}
0.353 »ta
0.385 "14
l>,f,:r
'B,11
g 1.077 5 4¼ 0900 4+'. 4 ·Hs l1 0.385 ~.,
10 1.260 511,..~ 62:Jil, J.0,U6 5 Mi 42 ~:S2 1~~8 0.447 lt¼,2 ~\e
1.04,6 5?o 51r,iJ1 0.447 2 ~ii2 %.
10 l.289
10 1.312
ll 1.496
61 !-~2 61¾:1
71/i• 61¾-,
62 %2 &?~llz
1.0446
~.
@ 2
1.250 Slo/.i.
51 !¾e
61 ~B2
61/11\
~o
51 %2
ltie
I'Vio
1~16
0.447
0 447
2 ~19
1 ¼ui
J~i,
~,.
1A•
11 1.531
12 1.7'¥!
13 .2.073
71 ~~9 11 r;a.1
8½.o
~t"
71 ~11.1
11•,-111'
1.250
1.500
1.750
2.000 ea,,.
1~~
7a'
.-t
6J,i
1;.
7¼
61%2
~,.
61%, 11/2
l'Ytn
B' 0 510
0.447
0.510
~,
¾
~1•
1,~
~~
14 2.34-4
IS 2.615
16 2.885 10%
91%2
l
9%■
~it 2.250 8:1/,-1
2.500 9¼ !ij
8¼1
81'¾3
9
1411.1 0.572
P½.o
l¾
0.572
0.635
•~s. ~"'
2%11
l'},h
~-,
~,
17 3.156 . ., . . . . . 2.150 ~ 9? . .. .
. ...
. ... ..... .. .... ......
.... ....
18 3.421 . .. . .. . . 3.000 ]OJ,~ 10~ "' • ■ Ill I
87
T H E S T A R R E T T H O O K
Mone Standard Taper Shanks-Table 8
~t{~•t i~~~
·r
1
I f1
SOCl<!TOA
~P, .. C>I.E
-
-"«I~
- -=~ ....
cl...... ~ ..1 -g ... 1:-=
- ~t
~J aJ C. .:a: 'o >. :I C,11
-»
...
.: ! .. 0
-.c: C: 0 .c ft! "' ::I
~I
p
0 IQ
.8 ~tit-: c"°
~~ !. t,l "C~
z
e• E2co
....
:i f-c ~A. E
'Ci~ is~
00
'C :
C
Cl
..,
C/)5:;
bO
;ii
o l. ca
~
Q;:t,:
s:: ..
IIJ~
.g~ ~~ ;it ~
,:.,:~
~~ i="e> ·-
~::ii:: ~~ f-,
..
..:.=..i::
Q "' ~ H
- - -- - - - - - - - -- -- -- ---- -- --
D A p B H K L T t w s
- - - --· - - -- - -· --- - - -- - - -
,1.
~ ~
0 0..252 0.356 2 ~ii~ 2¼, 11~,. i,~ ~it, 0,16() 2",a% .623
1 0.31:9 0.475 2~ . 0 2~ • 2¼e ¾ ¾fl ~ t 0,213 2~8 .600
2 0.572 0.700 2~in 3~111 2~ 2¼ ~11
'A ¼ 0.200 2,s .60'l
3
"56
0.778
1.020
1.475
0.9:ffl 3'1.a 3¾
1.23] 4-J.ls 4~~
].748 53/i, 6
3¼
4¼
5¼
3¼e
37 s l¼
,f,l~ie l½
11/141
,~
~e
½
~I 0.322
1-,,30.478
'8 0.635
4~,
3'11
5~4
.602
.62.1
.6.10
2.116 2.494 7¼ 8'1/i, 1,11 7 1¾ ¾ 0.760 8 .626
1 2.7Stl 3.270 10 ll~e 201,8 9% 2~ ""
ns He l.135 lH~ .625
Shott Shanks
7~,
0
1
2
3
4
5
0.271
0.388
0.600
0.816
1062
l.532
0.356 ]~
0.-'75 1¾
0.700 2
0.938 2~11
1.231 3114
1.748 0111
)8¼2
~le
2'½.e
3¼
4½e
Mh
12¾: Jl~it
]1'1_c,
2;~"
21,,
3'½i,
4i,,e
12;,,
J2Tj:.,
VS.!l
28 ¼2
33 ~R2 2
~"
11!-i,e
l'ie
1%.e
1¾
¼
'1e
7
~~e
~
1/,
111
l
~-~,
~ti
¼
5111
0.1951
0.260
0.3B7
0.514
0.6'39
1:
2
2"'
21 ~~a
31~,
1.0U .,'¾t
.625
.600
.602
.602
.623
.630
6 2.201 2.494 5~i;i 'Ah 5¾ S¾i!i 2¾ He I¼ 1.2(,6 6¾ .626
7 2.857 J.2';0 '11 o/i:. 91 ½a S¾e 7~1 Jl!ia H2 M8 1.642 9o/Je .625
The dimensi011s given above for regular (full length) Mone taper shanks are
those which have been accepted as etandard and are used b.1 most man1Jfacturen.
In a recent catalo,rue of the Morse Twist Drill & Machine Co., boweve-r, a table- is
aiven in whkh the length of the tang and, consequently, the whale len~h of the
shank is s1i•htly in<:reased. The increase in length. however, ie so slight that it
d0e:1 not prevent the 9hank from titting into the ordinary standard taper socket.
88
T H E S T A R R E T T B O O K
TURNING TAPERS. Ordinary tapers are rated at
the amount ,vbich the diameter changes in a foot's length;
as, for example, the Brown & Sharpe taper of ~ inch
per fool. To turn a taper it is necessary lo use a lathe
provided with a taper attachment or to adjust the foot-
stock of the engine lathe sufficiently off center to give
- - --- - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _---,1
.
-~-----.------ '
---
~.,..- -~ ------
''
~----i-~---I
- -
'
I
89
THE S T A R R E T T 8 0 0 I{
'S
11
!l-1
Taper per Foot
(UOO
½1 %. ¼ ¾ % ¼ % 4i 1 I¼
-- ------------ --
.oom ,0002 .0003 .0007 .0010 .0013 .0016 .0016 .0020 0.0006 0.0(83
I
¼
.oom _OOOj .000'/ .0013 -.0020 .0026 .0031
.rmt .0010 .0013 .0026 .0039 \ .0052 .0062
.0010 .0015 .0020 .0039 .005~ , .0078 .OO';M
I
.0013 .0020 .002() .0052 .001s i .-0104 .0125
.0016 .002-t • •oo.13 ,006.S .0098 , .0130 .0156
I
.oo.13
.0065
.0098
.0130
.01~
,0039 I 0.0052
.0078 · 0.0104
,0117 0.0156
,0156 0.0208
.0195 0.0260
0.0065
0.0130
0.0195
0.026(1
0.0326
i!:
~
.0000 .0029 .0039 .0078 .0111 I .0156 •. 0181
.0023 .0034 .0046 .0091 I .0137 I .01821.0219
,00'})6 .0039 r .0052 .0104 I .0156 .0208 .0250
.Ol9S
.O?.28
.0260
.0234 I 0.0312
.0273 ! 0,036,5
.0012 '/ 0.0417
0,0391
o.°'56
0.&621
lti•
~
•½•
.0029 ,O(),U .oo.59 .0117 .•0176 : .0234 .0281
.0033 .0049 .0065 .0130 ; .0195 ) .0260 Jl3l2
.0006 .0054 .0072 .0143 1.0215 i .01.86 .004-t
.0293
.M26
i
.Ol58
i
.0352 , 0.0469
.0391 0.0521
.!MJO 0.0573
O.C6a6
0.0651
0.0716
¾ .0009 .0059 .0078 .0156 .02.3' .0312 .0375 .0391 .0469 : O.061.S 0.0781
,.
1~. .0042 .0003 .0085 .0169 .02.54 . .0339 ,0(06
.0046 .OOG8 1 .0091 .0182 ,0273 j .D365 .0437
.0423
.°'-56 I
.0008 I 0.0677
.0547 0.0729
0.0846
0.0911
1~. I
.0049 .007'3 .0098 .0195 I .0293 t .0391 .0469 .0488 .0586 0.07el 0.0977
1
2
.0052
.Gl04
.0078
.0156 ~
.0104
.0208
i
.0208 .0012 .CM17 -~ .0521
.0on1 .0625 ! .0633 .1000 .1042
.0625 , O.Olm
.1250 j 0.1667
0.1042
O.:.D.'J
3 .01S6 .C>'D' .0312 .0625 I .0937 .1250 .1500 · .1562 .!ij75 , 0.2500 0,3)25
.0208 .0012 .0417 .08331.1250 .1667 .2000 .2083 .2500 0.3333 0.·'167
'6
5 .02fi0
.0312
.0391
.04EB
.0521
.0625
!
.1042, .1562 1 .2083 .2500 ,260(
.1250 \ .1875 .2500 .3000 .3125
.3125 0.4167
.3750 0.5000
(1,5208
0.6250
7 ,o.,gs .0547 .072'J .1458 ..2187 .2917 .3500 .3646 .4375 0.5833 0.7292
8 .Otl7 .0625 .08.13 .1667 I .1500 : .3333 .4000 .4167 .5000 0.6667 0.&133
9 .0489 .0703 .0937 .1875 .2812 .3750 ... 500 .4(187 .5625 0.7500 0.9375
.0521 .0781 .10.2 .2083 .3125 .,167 .5000 .5208 .6250 0.8333
10
11
12
0573
.oms
.0859 .1146
.0937 .1250
.229'l .3437 .45&3 -~ .sm
.2500 .3750 .5000 .6000 .6'2.50
.687S 0.9167
.7500 1.0000
1.0417
1.1458
1.2500
T H E S T A R R E T T B O O K
operate the val vcs of steam engines. If the work has a
hole through it, us in the above exan1plc 1 the hole is first
finished to required din1ensions. A rnnndrel is then used
for carrying the ,vork on the centers. \Vhile the n1andrel
has been built on one set of centers exactly true ,vith its
axis, tor eccentric turning it has n second set of cenlers
\.\'hlch arc offset the amount required ror the eccentricity
specified. In the case of eccentrics made solid with the
FJG.28
shaft, the two sets of centers, one for turning the shaft
and the other for finishing the ·eccentrics, are made
~ide by side in the ends of the shaft, as shown in Fig. 28.
\\'hen the specified ececntriciJy is too extreme lo
allow both pairs of centers coming within the limits of
the diameter of lhe shaft, special ends may be cast or
forged on the ends of the workt and ean afterward be
machined off. In crnlik-shaft turning, special attach-
ments are provided for the ends of the shaft. Special
eccentric turning chucks .1uay be made to hold the work.
CHUCKING. Chucking includes, not only the mount-
ing of the ,vork in the chuck. but performing the neces-
sary operations on it while so held. The name "chuck"
Is given to a line of tools having a variety of forin, all
98
- - - -STr\RRET'T
T H E
---· 11 0 0 I{
-----
94
T H E S T A R R E T T B O O K
of which are designed to hold work or tools upon th~
nose of Q spindle. In general the heavier sorts are
mounted upon a face-plate which sercws upon the end
of the spindle, while smaller sizes are fitted "·ith o taper-
shank which flts tightly into the tapered hole in the
spindle. The smaller sizes are used for carrying tools,
such as drills, also scre,vs, sluds, wire pins, etc.; and arc
kno,vn as drill-chucks.
The larger sizes or~ widely used for holding work
for 1nachine operations, and are sometimes called uwork-
chucks." On their face they are provided with adjust-
ing juws movoble regularly to and from the center; these
ja,vs are so designed that a considerable variety of work
may be readily held and successfully worked upon ,vith
common cutting tools. The jaws are moved by means
of scrc,vs or gears1 and ca:n be adjusted in.dependently,
the chuck being called an independent jaw..chuek; orJ
all the jaw~ may be made lo move together, in which
case it is known as a Universal chuck.
HOLDING THE '\'ORK. The work must be clamped
firmly in the chuck "·bile being machined. Care must
also be laken that the clamping of a slender piece is
not so firm ns to distort or spring ft. If ,vork slips,
tools may be broken. and if held too tightly and sprung
or crushed, the work i.s injured and in some cases en-
tirely ruined.
TRUING THE \VORK. Adjusting the chuck-Ja,vs
so that the work will run as true as desired is termed,
"truing up the work!' This is preliminary to any tool-
ing which may be done on the job. Often this truing
of the work con be accomplished hr holding a piece
of chalk to just touch the work, leaving a plain mark-
ing- this method is used ·when chucking rough pulleys
for drilling out the hole in the hub. ,\'here greater
accuracy ls required, the work is indicated with a Uni-
versal dial test indicator.
96
THE B O O K
CHUCKING TOOLS. \Vith lhe ,vork located in the
chuck it moy be tooled with ordinary lalhc tools, such
as sho,vn in the tool-ehart (page 70). or it may be drilled
with two, three, or four fluted twist drills, ancl reamed
with machine reamers, or specia] shell bits and coun-
terbore5.
CHUCKS ON TURRET LATHES. In turret lathc-
work, for bar..stock, the chuck is a port of the regular
tool equipment; these chucks are often of special design,
so made that they open and close by hand-operated
levers or automatically-operated cams.
KNURLING. The surfaces of adjusting scre,vs and
small machine parts are often given a regular rough sur-
face for easy gripping. In the machine shop this is
done by using a tool known as a ''knurl" or "knurling
tool," which consists of one or more indented rollers or
knurls mounted to rotate in some form of holder.
TOOL-MAKING
Under the name "tools'' are listed the various small
or tool-room tools used either by hand or in various ma•
chines. So important has their use become that large
Industries ere devoted to their n1anufacture, and most
1nachine-building firms now buy their more common
tools rather than maintain a tool-making plant of their
own. For exan1plc, drills, reamers, milling cutters,
counterbores, colletts, etc., are usually purchased in the
open market. Every skilled machinist, however, should
kno,v the principles upon which such tools are 1nade,
and should be oble to make any or al1 of them.
DRILLS. Drills are now largely of the twist type,
nnd the most efficient are machined and milled from
solid bar-stock, and for this purpose both carbon-tool
~tccl and high-speed steel are being used. The prevailing
type has a straight or a tapered holding shank, spiral-
milled flutes o.nd a conc..poinl with effective cutting lips
as noted under drill sharpening. The flutes or. lands
toper slightly from full diBmeter •
size at the cone-point
to several thousandths inch smaller nt or near the hold-
ing shank. To prevent rubbing on the sides of a hole,
the flutes are also cleared back from the front edge
throughout their length. The grooves are milled v,tith
cutters having a form that gives the maximum' chip
capacity, yet leaves the culling edge of the drJll-lip a
straight line.
Several makers of twist-drills increase the lead of
the twist when milling the grooves; such drills are known
as "increase twist" drills. The web is as thin lls con•
sfstent with the required strength, and with some makers
is thicker near the shank than at the point. Drills
are carefully heat-treated~ straightened, and ground to
diameter.
REAMERS- The lcrm '•reaming" is given lo the proc•
9T
THE STARRE1"T B O O K
ess of enlarging a drilled hole. Reamers are of h\"O well-
defined types, kno,vn as "fluted" reamers and "rose,.
reamers.. The flufcd reamer is one ha,·ing numerous
flutes on the circumference of the c.utting portion of
the tool. In other ·words, the cutting is don c on the cir-
c um(eren ce instead or at lhe end, as with o drill.
The number of flutes on the surface of a reamer
varies with the diametert and with some n1akes the num-
ber of flutes is greater for a given diameter ,vhen the
reamer is to be used in a machine instead of for hand
reaming.
As ils name implies, a fluted hand reamer is made
for hand use, and is seldom ca11cd upon to enlarge a
hole more than .007" for any dinmetert and not more
than .003" in lhc smaller sizes.
In the cnse of machine or lathe reamers, the ,length
of the flutes for any given diameter is. fifly per cent
Jess lhnn lhe standard length for hand reamers. The
depth of flute is usually somewhat in excess of that of
hand .reamers. In most cases machine reamers are used
for enlarging drilled holes lo a diameter which only
allows sufficient stock for hand reaming. \Vhen lhe holes
are not lo exceed a diameter in length, machine reamers
n1ay be used for finishing the drilled hole lo its full
diameter; but v;hen straight, round, accurate holes arc
to be of exact diameter the better practice is to first drill
1/32" lo 1/16" under size, enlarge to hand reaming size
with a n1achinc reamer, and then carefully hand ream to
exact size.
ECCENTRIC FLUTES. Formerly fluted reamers had
an odd number of flutes, such os nine or eleven. Although
this method eliminated chaltering lo some exlen~ It had
the disadvantage or making it difficult to caliper the
di ameler of Lhe cutting edges. Eccentric flu Ung, as fl
is called, consists in milling the flules with uneven spac-
ing to obviate chattering~ bul having the1n exactly oppo-
98
S T A R R E T T B O O I{
FIG. 30
~· .
..., l.
\
.
I I ' ~-.. '
•-ww•••~••-• , ( l
r J ' ~
...~.,,.-.
r;f,'.::I
; ! f':.~: : I
..
r•·:---• .......-.--~....,__...,__.
' '
... . . .,.
1 • I • I
: ·. -~-~:.::-:_·:;·------;-·--c;
~ '-l: _____,. _____ __..., __I
_ _.I :• ..,4
\ ~
.._ - -::;.::.:.-!~~,----..... ---·
':-=-~.._•~3'
FIG.31
'When the allo,vable error is very small a more accurate
scheme must be followed, and the best of several rneth..
ods for the average lool-muker is that kno,vn as the
button method. In this the holes are located by hiying
out scribed cenler Jines and locating intersections where
the boles are to be centered. Instead of drilling antl
reaming lhe bushing holes, holes are drilled and tapped
to fit the button screws. The jig buttons arc sma1l,
accurately ground cylinders, as sho~rn in Fig. 32. Tllese
are held by means of the .screws, lightly clamped in place,
102
T H E STARRET1"' B O O K
Flo. 32
([)
FrG. S3
103
T H E S T A R R E T T B O O K
with a Universal Dial Indicator, as shown in Fig. 33.
The jig body is then clamped tightly u1>on the face•plntc.
After removing the jig bullon, the hole is first rough-
Bunor:s IN Pl.Ac£
AoJUSTING BurroNs TO SmB OP Pu.TE
105
T H E S T A R R E T T B O O K
106
T H E S T A R R E T T B O O K
•I
•' t
•
I
I
•••
•
• •
l i
GRINDING
In the machine shop the term "grinding" refers to
the producing or Jlnished surfaces by means of rotating
grinding ,vhccls, and the process of grinding as used
in finishing machine parts is to-day the most cfllcient
method devised for lhe purpose. With o proper selec-
tion of grinding inachinc and grinding wheel, all or the
com1non machine construction materials may be readily
and accurately finished.
Grinding machines are classified into l\\•o groups,
(a) those for curved surfaces; as, for example, cylin-
drJcal ,vork; nnd (b) those for plane or flat surfaces.
The first of these is usuolly called a cylindrical grinder,
and the second is known as a surface grjnder. Each
group hal!i many designs, made necessary by~ the varied
uses to which grinding is adapting itself.
GRINDING \VHEELS. These are now known as
abrasive wheels, and the material from ,vhich they are
made is termed an abrasive. The abrasives in common
use are the mlnera1s emery and corundum, and the
manufactured abrasives, sold under the lrnde names or
Alundum, Aloxite, Carborundum, Crystolon. Owing to
the uniformity of the product as it comes from the
electric furnace, manufactured abrasives are at present
more largely used thon natura1 abrasives.
~I.AKING ABRASIVE \VHEELS. An abrasive wheel
is made up of one of the above-named ABRASIVES and
a BOND. The bond is, as its name indicates, something
for holding the abrusive in mixture. Grinding ~vheels
are made by three processes, known as Vitrified, Silicate,
and Elastic.
VITRIFIED ,vHEELS. In wheels made by the Vitri-
fied process, the bond is of c~rth or clay ,vbich hardens
or vitrifies· when subjected to o temperature of about
2500• F. to 2800° F. for a definite period of time. Vari•
109
T H E S T A R R E 'I' 1· H O O l{
Length, lnchea
..:
"' z
~t
~-
3 I I i I I I I
6 9 12 1s 1s 24 30 I 36 t 42 I 48
Allowance, Inches
110
T H E S T A R R E T T B O O K
ous grades of hardness arc obtained by using bond.s of
different tensile strength. The ideal bond is one which
retains the grains of abrasive until sufficiently dulled
by use, and then ollows them lo break away, nnd in this
manner bring fresh cutting edges and points Into grind-
ing contact.
SILICATE \VHEELS. Silicate of Soda is the bond
used in silicate wheels; and wheels made by this proc-
ess are 1nost efficient for tool and knife grinding.
ELASTIC \VHEELS. This process of bonding is
generally used for the very thin wheels used for slitting
1netals. The principal ingredient of the bond is shellac.
GRADING THE ABRASIVE. By numerous crushing,
grinding, cleansing, and sorting processes, the abrasive is
graded into a series of sizes which give the wheel its
grain number. This number conforms lo tb·e sieve mesh
through which the abrasive is passed; for example, graio
No. 40 indicates that the abrasive was graded through a
sieve having a mesh of forty to the linear inch.
COAlBINATION \VHEELS. 1-..or many grinding pur-
poses the combination wheel Is preferred to a wheel of
single grade. Combination wheels are made up of abra-
sives of several grain numbers.
BONDING. The ideal bond is one which is imper-
vious to 1noislure, does not soften by heal, and which
holds firmly the cutting points of the abrasive un lil they
become dulled by use. The bond then releases the dull
abrasive and permits fresh, sharp points to begin cutting.
\Vilh J\brnsiyes of equnl quality the mnk~r who nearest
approaches the ideal bond produces the superior wheel.
GRADING THE \VHEELS. In grinders' language,
abrasive wheel.s ore known as hard wheels and soft
wheels. The 1naker, therefore, lists his wheels as hard
or soft by so1ne scale of numbers or by letters. A prom-
inent firm uses the letters of the alphabet, as shown in
the following list In which ")I" is medium.
111
T H E srrARRETT B O O K
Norton Grade List
The following grade list is used lo designate the
degree or hardness of our Vitrified and Silir.ale \\rheels,
both A]undum and Cryslolon.
E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. _. . . . . . . . . . . . Sofl
F
G
H
I .................... !tfediu1n Son
J
K
L
!\IEDIU~f. ......... ~I. ............... ~IEDit:\f
N .
0
p
~ledi um Hard ........... Q
R
s
T
Ha rd ...•.•................... U
V
,v
X
Extremely Hard ..................... Y
z
The lntermcdiale letters between those designated as
soft, medium sort, etc., indicate so many degrees barder
or softer; c. g., L is one grade or degree softer than me-
dium; O, two degrees harder than medium, but not quite
1nedl um hard.
Elastic ,vheels are graded as CoJlows: 1. 1 '½. 2, 211.., 3,
4, 5, and 6. Grade 1 is the softest and grade G the hardesl.
11J
T H E STARRETT B O O K
CYLINDRICAL GRINDING. \Vhen the pieee being
ground is rotated, the process is kno\vn as cylindrical
grinding, and the development or machines for grind-
ing cylinders has gh·cn the pr~ccss a great impetus.
While it is possible to grind frotn the rough stock with-
out previOU$ lathe work, the method usually followed is
to first rough turn the work.
ROUGHING FOR GRINDING. This process includes
the work done in removing excess stock previous to
finishing lo size in the grinding machine. Unless a study is
made of the conditions surrounding the ,,•hole operations
of the Jalhe and the grinding machine, lack of efficiency
1nay result. In general ,vhere the ,vork is lo be ground it
is best to consider the lathe as a mere roughing machine
for removing the excess of stock at as deep a cut and as
coarse a feed as is consistent with an efficient cutting
speed, leaving the job of finishfng lo the grinding ,machine.
A)IOUNT TO LEAVE FOR GRINDING. If the grind-
ing machine is 111odern in design as much as 1/32 of an
inch, or even more may be left on machinery steel parts
for removal in the grinder; the amount varying with
the size of the '\\'ork itself. An allowance of 1/64 or an
inch is genera] on the smaller machine parts, but this
allowance should be increased on larger sizes. Table 10.
page 110, shows allowance for grinding as reco1nmended
by one maker of grinding machines, and Table 11 shows
grinding ,vheel speeds.
SELECTING THE \VHEEL. The selection of the
wheel to be used in any grinding operation can, per-
haps, best be made by reference to Table 12, page 115,
,vhicb fairly represents general pTactice. As the hard-
ness of material and the area of contact made by the
,vheel have a marked influence, no table can entirely
solve the problem, but it may be used as a start· In the
right direction. In general a soft wheel should be used
on hardened work and e harder wheel on soft materials.
111
T H E S T A R R E T T B O O K
Table of GrindlnK; Wheel Speeds-Table 11
,.
1
• 1 inch about 25 15,279 19,099 22,918
2
3
.. ....
4'
50
75
7,639
5,093
9,549
6,366
11,459
7,639
4 •• 100 3,820 4,775 5,730
u
5 " .... 125 3,056 3,820 4,584
6 "· 150 2,546 3,183 3,820
1
"
8 ,. ..
u
175
200
2,183
l,910
2,728
2,387
3.274
2,865
10
12 '} ....
u
250
305
1.528
1,273
l,910
1~92
2,292
1,910
14
16 ..
fl
"'
355
405
1,091
955
1,364
1,194
1.~7
1,432
18 " "C4 455 849 1,061 "1,273
20 II 505 764 955 1,146
22 (I
" 515 694 868 1,042
••
24
26 ..
u
"
610
660
637
586
796
733
955
879
28
30 "
u
..
'4
710
760
546
509
683
637
819
764
32 " " 810 477 596 716
.... ....
34 " u
860 449 561 674
36 910 424 531 637
38 ., 965 402 503 603
40
42 ...." .....
0
1,015
1,065
382
364
478
455
573
546
44 I ,,
1,115 ·347 434 521
1,165 415
46
48 .. " 1,220
332
318 ·397
498
477
n
50
52 ,. 44 .." 1,270
1,320
306
294
383
369
459
441
54 0
1,370 283 354 425
u u
56 ., 1,420 273 341 410
u
58
60 .. "
1,470
1,520
264
255
330
319
396
383
11,
'I' H E STARRE~fT B O O K
Grade and Grain of Grindloe Wheels for Different Materials*
Table 12
CThe Norton Co.)
Alundum Cryatolon
Cius of Work
Grain Grade Grain Grade
Aluminum castinp ................. 36 to 46 3 to, 20 to 24 PtoR ~
Etas.
Brass or bronze c-utlnp (large) .... ......... 20 lo 24
........ ~toR
• ■ ' •• ■ ••
........
I • • lo • • • •
30 to 50
36to 50
I ■ ■ ■ I ■
£/oK·
toN
30to50 KtoM
... . . . .. . . ........
I' I lo ., I I • I • , • 4 ••••
.
St~el (aoft), cylindrical grindirui:. ·•
Lto
to 60 LtoN
........
• - • • • 'I • • I • I I I • I I
....... , ■ • -. I ■ • • •
.........
I, •
Flo. 34
parts. such as boxes, tables, cross-slides, faces of nuts,
etc.; and ( b) fine tool work, as, for example, steel blades,
scales and rulers, straight edges, elc. Until recently the
first-named class of \York was done by reciprocating
the work beneath the circumferential Cnce of on abrasive
wheel in a machine which, in princip!e, is not unlike a
snu1ll planer. The use or machines ,vith CUP \VHEELS
has practically revolutionized such grinding, ond an
exactness of surface is being obtained on fine flat work
which leaNes little to be desired.
LAPPING. In certain lines of work the Roal grind•
ing process is often made, not with ohrasive wheels as
previously described, but by using metal discs, rings, or
cylinders, the surfaces of which have been charged with
a fine flour abrasive. Such a tool is called n "lap,11 nnd
its use "lapping." Laps were first used by lapidaries in
finishing the surfaces of mineral specimens, but laps
have been in common use for a considerable time on fine
,vork in the machine shop.
11,
T H E S T A R R E T T Il O O K
Fie. 3.5
In some of the finer grinding operations the lap is
charged with diamond dust which bas been precipitated
or settled in a suitable dish of olive oil. The several
grades are denoted by the time taken to precipitate; as,
for example, fineness No. 5 lakes ten hours.
Since lapping is a somewhat slo,v and tedious proc-
ess it should be used only for the removal ot small
amounts of stock.
CO!\IMON USES OF LAPPING. The more common
uses of lapping are those of finishing micrometer ends,
plug and ring gages, holes in jig bushings, and in the
finest die and punch work.
118
TH. E S T A R R E T T B O O K
Flc.36
Having decided upon the location, the machinery
may be aligned in these positions by measurc1nents from
some base line made upon the floor or ceiling; or a
leveling instrument,• such as shown in Fig. 36, may
be used.
Ordinarily the machines are aligned by .simple meas-
• See pqe 124 for dlrectJom for aettins up a level.
119
T ff E S T A R R E T T B O O I{
Fla. 31
Mercury Plumb
Boba
w
T H E S- 1' A R R E T T B O O K
LEVELING INSTRUMENT
,Vhile the surveyors> transit can be used Jn shop level-
ing nnd in shaft aligning a much simpJer and a more
inexpensive instrument termed a levcHng inslrnrnent is
all lhat is needed.
It consists of a table capable of being adjusted in the
horizontal plane, which carries a yoke which in turn
carries a twelve-inch brass tube. The whole instrument
is placed upon n suitable tripod. The tube has no lenses
and therefore is not a telescope as In the surveyors'
instrument.
Al one end of the tube are the usual cross hairs
which locate the axis and al the opposite end is a peep
hole or sight piece for the eye. The yoke which carries
the tube is attached to a graduated arc which is let Into
lhe upper part of the table; this allo"·s the instrument
to s,ving to read angles in the horizontal plane.
ADJUSTING THE INSTRUMENT. In using this in•
strument it is important that the tnble be earefully lev-
eled~ It ls pivoted on the tripod tube by a ball and socket
joint. Three knurled-head adjusting screws threaded
through the tripod top and resting against the under side
of the table furnish a means or adjuslins the table. Upon
the table carrying the yoke Is a benl•tube spirit level with
a sensitive air bubble. After the tripod legs have been
placed to roughly level the instrument, adjust the knurled
leveling scre,vs to give .as correct a centering for the
air bubble as is possible. To test this adjustment s·wing
the yoke, which carries the air bubble, lo several posi•
lions and note any change in the position of the bubble.
lf there is a change, reodjllst the leveling screws until
the yoke can be s,vung through lls travel with the air
bubble maintaining its central position.
USING THE LEVELING INSTRUMENT. \Vbile it is
possible to so mount the leveling instrument upon a plat-
112
T H E S T A R R E T T B O O K
form that its height will be sufficient tor lhe use of
targets mounted upon the shaft, the usual method is to
hang targets upon the shaft and adjust them to s,ving low
enough lo allo,v the leveling instrument to be set with
its tripod on the floor or on some convenient foundation
spot.
THE TARGETS. These consist of stirrups which
carry a spirit le,·el and block ,vith vertical and horizontal
lines crossing each other. A plumb is hung upon the stir-
rup in such manner as to be readily raised or lowered.
One of the targets may be hung upon the shaft free to
swing plumb, the other is used as a fixed wall target.
USE. After the shafting has been roughly aligned
with the woll of the building or with a line of co1umns,
this being done by measurement, the leveling instrument
is placed vertically beneath one end of the shaft. To
locate the leveling instrument, plumb dO'\\'n from the
center of the shnfl 1 using the hanging target plumb bob,
and locate a point in the floor or board placed on the
foundation. A prick punch mark in the flat head of o
,vire brad previously driven into the floor provides a
permanent point. Set the tripod of the leveling instru-
ment directly over this point, using the plumb bob hang-
ing from the center of the table. Next carefully level
the table as already described. Hang the portable target
closely in front of the cross-hair end of· the tube and
level and adjust its height until the horizontal cross hair
of the tube coincides with the horizontal cross line of
the target.
Remove the target to the far end or the shan and
swing the tube of the leveling Instrument until the sight
through the tube coincides with the verlicol line on lhe
target. With the hanging target displaced, mount n 0xed
target upon the wall at the far end of the shaft and
adjust it until its cross lines coincide ,vlth the cross
hairs of the tube ns sighted. If the instrument is in its
113
THE S T A R R E T T B O O I{
121
S T A R R E T T B O O K
ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA
1,-fany engineering and shop problems can be solved
more readily with algebra than by means of arithmetic.
In fact, some problems cannot be solved by arithrnctic;
as, for example, when the conditions are not fully and
concretely slated. Algebra is applied by expressing the
relations in algebraic tern1s. forming them into an equa-
Lion, which states the conditions, o.nd lhen solving the
equation.
In arithmetic a figure has a definite valu~J 4 or 20
for instance, and the value remains unchanged; it is
aI,vays 4 or 20. In algebra letters a.re used. and as these
letters do nol always have a definite value, their use adds
flexibility to malhematical operations. S01ne find It easier
at lhe beginning to think of the letters as abbreviations.
SYMBOLS
Some of the symbols or signs of algebra are the
same as those used in arith1nctic.
THE SYllBOLS OF QUANTITY arc the figures used
in arithmetic and the letters of the alphabet.
THE COl\IllON SYllBOJ.,S OF OPERATION ore the
signs used in arithmetic; they are as follo,vs:
+ is the sign of addition, called plus. If no sign
precedes numbers or letters the plus sign is understood;
that is, 2abc is + 2abc.
- is the sign of subtraction, or difference, called
minus.
X is lhe sign of multiplication, called times. \Vhen
there is no sign between letters or between letters and
figures, multiplication is understood. Thus 3cd means
3 X c X d. But this does not apply to numbers: 328
is not 3 X 2 X 8, but 328, sa1ne as in arithmetic..
ue
THE S T A R R E T T Il O O K
SYMBOLS OF AGGREGATION
( ) Parentheses.
[ J Brackets.
! I Braces.
Vinculum.
v Radical Sign (square root).
Letters or quantities enclosed in parentheses are to
be handled as B single quantity.
5 (c + d) means that c + d as one quantity is to
be multiplied by 5.
Or (a+ b) + (x + y) means that a+ b taken as a
single quantity is to be divided by x + y taken 88 a sin..
gle quantity. Another way of expressing it is, llte sam<'
operation performed on a must be performed on b also.
Again - (a + b) means that the sum of a and b taken
as a single quantity is to be subtracted. H does not mean
that a alone is to be subtracted.
THE RADICAL SIGN. This sign is used as in nrith-
melic; that is, it shows that some root of lhe quantity
is to be found, or expressed.
The small number or index used in connection with
the radical sign denotes what root is meant. Thus~ a
is rend "the cube root of a.'" ~b is read the firth root
of b.'• 'When no index figure is used the squore root is
underslood. V x + u = the squnrc rool of x + y.
\Vhen the horizontal line extends over the expression
U means that the indicated root is lo be found of the
entire expression. v m + n = "the .',qunre root of m + n."
128
T H E S ·r A R R E T T B O O 1(
ADDITION
Addition is finding the sum of two or more quantities.
Arithmetic Algebra
4 apples 4ab
3 apples 3ab
10 apples lOab
17 apples 17ab
\Vben the terms are nJike, we add them h:r adding
the coefficients i when they are not alike the addition
is expressed.
6ac added to 15xy
6ac ·+ 15.z:y
119
T H E S T A R R E T T B O O K
If the terms have different signs they co.n be added
by algebra.
- 6ac added to 18ac :::::: 12ac
- 6ac nclded to lBxy = 18:ry - 6ac
\Vhen there are several quantities ·~;hich are alike,
but the signs unlike, ,ve odd them by adding all the posi-
tive or plus terms, then subtract the sum of all the nega-
tive or minus terms. For iustanceJ
51nn
-2mn
15mn
3mn
-6mn
15mn
The positive terms in the above equal + 23mn and
the negative terms equal - 8mn, the result being
23mn - 81n11;: 15mn.
Had all the signs been changed, lhc answer would
hnve been - 15,nn; for the sign prefixed to the anS'\ver
is that or the greater sum.
SUBTRACTION
Subtraction in many '\\·nys Is like addition; that is,
like terms can be subtracted in the same ,voy that they
can be added, and unlike terms are subtracted by indi-
cating the difference.
Subtraction is the process of finding the DIFFER-
ENCE between two quantities.
In arithmetic the larger cannot be subtracted from
the smaller, but in algebra Ibis can be done by express-
ing the difl'erence.
In arithmetic 11 cannot be subtracted from 4, but
in algebra 7 - 11 == - 4; that is, 7 lacks 4 of being equal
to 11. It is minus 4.
130
T H E S T A R R E T T B O O K
The difference (in number of units) between 8 nntl
2 is 6, whether it is 8 - 2 or 2 - 8. \Vhether the differ:.
ence is - 6 or + 6 depends upon which number is being
subtracted.
These fe,v rules should be remembered.
Subtracting a + quantity is the same os adding a
minu~ qonntily.
Subtracting a <1uantily is lhe same as adding a
plus quantity.
The sum of a minus quantity nnd a. plus quantity is
the difference between the quantities, ,vith the prefixed
sign or the larger.
The difference between a plus quantity and a minus
quantity is equal to the sum of the quantities.
MULTIPLICATION
l\lultiplicalion is a short method of addition; that is,
if you add 4ac five times, the result is the same as mul-
tiplyin1f 4ac by 5.
4ac
4ac 4ac
4ac 5
4ac 20ac
4ac
20ac
:Multiply 4 +3 + 2 - t by 6
Instead of ndding before multiplying let us multiply
each number by O:
4+ 3+ 2-1
6
24 + 18 + 12 - 6 = 48
If ,ve use letters also, ,ve proceed in the same '\Vay:
l\fultiply 4ac + 3ab + 2c - c by Ga.
4ac + 3ab + 2c - c
Ga
24a'c + 18<rb + 12ac - 6ac
Con1bining shnilar terms. 24cfc + 18atb + Gae
~lulliply 2a + 4b by 3a - 6b
2a+ 4b
3a- 6b
oa=i+ 12ab
- 12ab - 24b9
6d - 24b1
181
THE S T A R R E 1, T B O O K
The obove cxa1nplc should be thoroughly understood,
for it involves multiplication, addition, and cancellation
of like terms.
Ir three quantities are to be multiplied, first multiply
two of them, then 1nuUip]y the product by the third.
DIVISION
Division is the process of finding how 1nany titnes
one (ft1antity is contained in another.
In nrith1nclic dividing 20 by 4 is flnding how 1nany
times 4 is contained in 20.
In algebra dividing 25a1 bc by 5ac is finding ho,v
1nany ti1ncs Sac will go in 25a'bc.
First divide the coefficient 25 by 5, lhei:r divide the
letters by subtracting lhe exponents of the sa1ne letter,
= =
ct-=- a a because 2 - 1 1. \Vhen no shnilar letter is
in the dividend, as in the case of b, there is no exponent
lo subtract, therefore we pul lhc b in the quotient. In
the case of the
•
letter c, c goes in c once or 1.
5ac ) 25d'bc ( 5ab
25a C
ab
EQUATIONS
AN EQUATION is an algcbrai~ expression in ,vhich
hvo or more terms or quontities are connected by the
sign of equallty. The l\vo ter1ns or expressions arc called
me1nbers or sides of the equotion; the term on the lefl.
hand side is called the first, and lhnl on the right-hand
side is called the second term.
The Jetter whose value is to be found is called the
"unkno,vn quantity,'~ and it is usual to represent the un-
known <1uantity by· lhe letter (x).
To soh·e nn equation is lo find the value of the un-
kno,vn quantity, either in terms of numbers or in terms
or nurnbers and ]etters.
A very imporlnnt fact to remember about equations Is
that lf the same operation is performed on both ~ides of
1M
T H E S T A R R E T T B O O K
the equation the left-hand side will stiU be equal to the
right-hand side.
The equation will continue to be an equation if
a. The same quantity is added to both sides.
b. The same <1uantity is subtracted from both sides.
c. )loth sides are divided by the same quantily.
d. Both sides arc 1nultiplied by the same quantity.
e. Bolh sides are raised to the san1e power.
/. The sQ1ne root of bolh sides is extracted.
This fact is made use of in solving an equation; for
instance,
5x=20
DiviclJng both sides by 5. "·e have
X == 4
=
Agnin, 1/5x 20
:Multiplying both sides by a. we have
5 X 1/5x = 5 X 20
x= 100
Before solving an equation H is usually easier to
rewrite or rearrange the terms so that x with its coem-
cient v.Till be alone on the leR-hand side. Changing the
ter1ns from one side to the olher is coUed "transposing."
It is evident that In transposing the truth of the sign of
equality 1nusl not be destroyed.
Bearing in mind the fact that if the same operation
is performed on both sides of an equation the left-hand
side remains equal to the right-hand side, ,ve can trans-
pose terms.
x-2a=b
Adding 2a to both sides, we have
x-2a+2a=b+2a
131
1~ II E S rr .A R R E ~r 1" H O O I,
-------
As - 2a cancels + 2a, we have
.:t=b+2a
\Ve see from this that the 2a has been lransposcd
from one side to lhe other, and that in transposing the
only thing thnl happened lo it "'as that i ls sign was
changed.
Numerous examples would show this simple Cact that
to transpose a quantity from one side of an equation to
the other, it is onJy necessary to ,vrile the quantity on
lhe other side ,vith its sign changed; plus changed lo
minus or minus to plus.
If the term containing z ls a fraclion, the deno1n-
inntor can be elirninatcd, so that ~ ·will be alon~, by mul-
tiplying both sides of the equation by the denominator.
z m'J+n• n
C b b
First, combine the frnclions on the right-hand side,
because they have the same denominator, thus!
~ m 1 +n1 -n
-=-----
C b
To get :r alone on the left-band side, multipb• both
sides by c.
c (m' + n 1 - n)
x=
b
Suppose z is in lhe denominator instead r,f in the
numerator.
6 a+b
-=---
z lOc
Multiplying both sides by x gives
(a+ b) z
6-=----
lOc
138
T H E S T A R R E T T B O O K
Now transpose all terms
(a+ b) x
---=6
toe
Or dividing both sides by a+ b , the coefficient of x.
10c
,vc have
(a+ b) z 10c 6 (10c)
-----x - - = - - -
10c a+ b a +b
60c
x=--
a+b
The short cut lo the same resull is to invert both sides.
8 a+b
-=
% toe
z 10c
-G = a+b
Then multiplying both sides by 6,
60c
x=---
a+b
-zS =-210
5
2z 420
= 42 milling machines and - = - =140 lathes.
3 3
In designing, formulas are used, and these formulas
are Jn the form of equations, the lctten having definite
values. Usually the values or all bot one letlcr arc kno,vn
or assu111ed. The problem then is to find the numerical
value of the unknown by substituting the known valuos.
For instance, in designing keys some use this formula:
126,000 X H.P.
P=------
DN
in which P = the total twisting moment on the shaft,
H. P. = the horse-power transmitted, D = diameler of
shaft In inches, and N = number of revolutions of the
sha fl per ml nute.
118-
1'' 11 E STARR:ET1' B O O I{
T = .14 if 8 X 27
~ .14 X 6
= .84 inch or % inch
139
'r H E S T A R R E T T 13 0 <l K
MENSURATION
ANGLES. Of all the plone .figures ,vhich the machin~
ist hos lo deal ,vith, the angle is the most imporlant, and
also the most troubleso1nc. Exa1np1cs of '\vorking to an
angle arc found in the setting of the compound rest ,._·hen
taper turning, setting the head of the milling 1nachine
for milling spiral flutes in twist drills or rcnmers, :uni
in the culling of be,·el gears. In lasing out ,,·ork the
n1achinisl 1nust understand the properties of angles and
lhe use of the protractor, so thal he n1ay ·work to lhe
angle that i~ wanted, not lo some other angle.
An angle is sometimes defined as the difference in
direction of two straight lines; another definition is: an
angle is the space bet,veen two straight lines that meet,
or would meet if produced. Angles are also used for
measuring rotation or circular 1nove1ncnt.
If a circumference or n circle is
dra'\vn, hnving for a center the vertex
of tbe angle, the mensurc of the angle
~--1s will be that arc included between the
sides of the angle. Angle A O B is meas•
urcd by the arc A B.
The circumference or lhe circle is
divided into 360 equal parls, each called
u degree, Each degree is tli vided into 60
equal parts called minutes. Each minute
into 60 equal parts called seconds. The
angle A O B "·ill be an angle of 60• if
the arc A n is one-sixth of the circu1n-
fercnce.
It makes no difference ·what lhe radius of the circle
or arc may be, the difference in direction is the same,
and the number or degrees is Lhe same.
140.
1· H :g STA.BRETT B O O K
A RIGHT ANGLE is one formed by two lines per-
pendicular lo one another. The arc which measures it
is a qu11rter circutnfcrence or 90°. The tool most com-
1nonly used for measuring a right angle is a try-square.
Two right angles arc formed \\~hen a line so meets an-
other line that the t,vo anglc.s arc equal.
AN ACUTE ANGLE is an)'· angle of less than 9.r.
AN OBTUSE ANGLE is any angle of more than 90°.
The complement of an angle is the angle which 1nust
be added to the given angle to make a right angle or 90a.
The complement of an angle of 37° is 53°. EHhcr of
these angles is the complement or the other.
The suppleruent of an angle is the angle which must
be added to the gh•en angle to make 18O~, or two right
11
angles. The supplement of an angle of 63 is 1 l..7°. Either
of these angles is the supplement of the other.
The instrument most eommonly used for 1neasuring
angles is the protractor. It mar be in the form of the
combination set (page 14), or the protractor shown in
the accompanying i1luslration. The protractor is a grad-
uated disc on a fixed bl~dc and adjustable stock. Any
given angle may be laid out or measured by setUng the
blade at the desired angle with the stock. The ongle
shown here is a little less than 55 °.
To set the protractor at an angle of less than 90° is
an easy matter, because the instrument reads directly,
being graduated from zero to 90°. But when the desired
angle is greater· than 90°, the supplement of the angle
must be round and the protractor set lo the supple1nent.
Thus, to lay off an angle of 150° we first find lhe supple,.
menl or 30° and set the protractor at 30a. Ilut the proper
scale must be selected. It often happens that a protractor
set to 60° actually measures 120 '. \Vlth the Starrett coin•
bination set, all angles are read direclly because of the
two scales, each graduated from zero to 180°.
1'1
T H E S T A R R E T T ll O O I(
PRoTllACTOR
SOLIDS
A solid having six faces, each a
s<1uare. All faces and edges are equat
Volume := cube of edge.
=
Edge ~ volume.
I.OU
CUIII:
Total area =
square of edge X 6.
1ff
'r H E STARRET'I' R O O K
1t7
T H E S T A R R E T T B O O K
,,.-Jo-
=
Volun1e 3.1410 X altitude X (.~c1uare
of large radius - square of small radius).
'
Volume =3.1416 X altitude x thick-
hOUOW C::'r"UNC,[,_ ness X (large diameter - thickness).
A sphere is n solid bounded by a
curved surface every point of ,vbich is
equally distant from a point within, c31led
the center. It is a solid of re\.,.olution;
that is, it is generated by revolving n half
circle on the dinn1cter as on axis.
SPHUI'.
4 X 3.1416 X cube of radius
Volun,e = ------------
3
= 4.1888 X cut..c of radius
__ ~~/volume
Radius -y
4.1888
= .6204 X f/-,-?o-1u-m---e.
149
T I-I E STARRE'fT B O O K
Area= 4 X 3.1416 X square of radius,
=
12.5664 X squaro of radius.
I area
Rnd1us
•
=
'Y - - -
J.
12.5664
3.5447 X v-
= -
area
Hollow sphere.
Volume =
difference in volumes of h,·o spheres.
Volume == 4.1888 X (cube or large radius - cube of·
sn1all radius),
A spherical segmen l ls f onued hr
passing a plane through a sphere. If the
plane passes through the center, the seg-
1nent is one-half the sphere. If it does
not pass through the center -
Volume ; 3.1416 X square of height
X (radius - one-third height). _
Radius of segment = \/height X ( dia-
meter of sphere - height of seg111ent) •
Surface of spherical segment = 2 X
3.1416 X radius of sphere X height.
Surface or spherical segment
6.2832 X radius of sphere X height.
160
T H E S T A R R E T T B O O K
MECHANICS
A FORCE is any callse which lends to produce or
modify motion .. It is measured in pounds, usually. Force
has three characteristics - direction. place of applica-
tion, magnitude.
\VORK is the product of force and distance. It is
measured in foot-pounds or in inch-pounds. Work does
not involve the element tim~.
PO\VER is the amount of work done in a given time.
It is the product of force and distance divided by lime;
and is expressed in fool-pounds per mjnute, or foot-
pounds per second. The element of time is always
included.
Po,ver should not be given the same meaning as force,
although some carelessly refer to an applied force as
being a po,vcr.
VELOCITY is rate of motion. It is distance divided
by time, and is expressed in feet per minLlle or feet per
second. Velocity does not include force nor ,vei;;cht.
l\IO?\fENT OF FORCE. The moment of a force is
the force multiplied by the perpendicular distance from
the fixed point to the direction of the force. The fixed
point is called the center of moments, and the perpcndic•
ular distance is called the lever arm of lhe force. l\loment
of force is measured in foot-pounds or inch-pounds.
GRAPHJCAL REPRESENTATION OF FORCES. A
force may be represented graphically by a straight line,
the length being proportional to the magnitude. That is,
tbe line is drawn to some scale. One end of the line
represents the point of application, and an arrow bead
at the other end represents the direelion.
Two or more forces may act together on a body.
To flnd a single force which produces the sorne efTect
as two or more forces, is to find the RESULTANT. The
operation is called the COMPOSITION OF FORCES.
181
T ll E S ·r 1\ R R E T' 1' B O {) I{
~
~ sides of II parallelogram, the rcsultanl
will he reprcsente<l in direction and mag-
nitu<le by the diagonal of the parallelo-
• ~ grau1. A B and A C arc the forces and
A R the resultant.
If l~\·o forces act in lhe same rlireclion, the resultant
is equal to lheir suin.
If l\vo forces act in opposite directions, the resultant
is their ditTerence.
PARALLEL FORCES. \\'hen t,vo
forces o.re parallel anrl act in the sarue
A..--,---➔) ~ dircclion, bul not frC)m lhc same point,
1tuuLTANT their resultant is parallel to both, and is
Er--.....,.;.=~-~, equal to their sum. The rcsnJtanl is
located bct,vcen the forces at a poinl thnt
diYides the line joining lhe points of
application inversely as tbc magnitudes.
C D
CD:AB=.AE EC
If the forces act in opposite direc-
tions, the resultant is parallel to both,
but is located outside of them on the
line (pro<lul"ed) joining lhe points of
r;P-----~o application. It is nearer lhc greater force
and takes Lhe same direelion os Lhe
greater for<·e, but in intensity it is equal
lo the tli lfercncc bct'\\'('~ll the compo-
nents. The point of application of the
resultant is:
AB CD=CE AE
162
l' II E STARRET1" B O O K
LEVERS
1\lomcnts of forces are very important factors in
n1achines. They may be illustrated in levers.
A lever is an inflexible rocl, ,vhich may move about
a fixed, point caJled the fulcrum. The lever arms are the
portions between the weights or forces and the fulcrum.
To sol vc all probletns relating to the lever, it must
be re111embered that the moments arc the weights or
forces 1nultipJied by the distances from the fulcrum;
that is, by the le\·er arms.
As the lever is considered in bnlonce~ the product of
the weight and length of weight arm is equal to the
product of the po,vcr and length of power nrm.
,vhen the fulcrum is betv.·een the
4L ~ l----t'l weight and the force, nnd both ,veight
and force oct in the same direction:
' \V XL::: F XI
or \V : F = l L
F XI FXI
\V=-- L=
L ,v
\V XL ,vxL
F=--- l=---
1 F
~ \Vhen the weight or load is between
t=: L 4 1~ the fulcrum and the point at ·v:hich the
J: X force fs applied, the same principles
~ apply; in fact, the same formulas are
---L
f-tj !)
.....__1...,_______.
,
used.
In the third form of lever, the force
is applied at ::a point between the fulcrum
w and the weight. The same formulas are
used.
If the "'·eight of U1e Jever itself is to be considered,
the moment of force (F X O remains the same, but there
163
T H E S T A R R E T T B O O K
are then several moments of weight. The additional
moments of \\'eight are found by multiplying the weight
of the lever arm IJy the distance of its center or gravity
from the fulcrum. In a lever of the first class there wil1
be hvo moments of weight due to the "reight of the lever,
one will act with the moment of force and the other act
with the moment of weight. \Vith levers of the second
and third class, the additional moment of weight will
act ,vith the original moment of weight, and, therefore,
is added to it.
THE \VINDLASS. The moment of
force and the mo1nent of weight are the
means for finding tbe force required to
lifl a weight by a rope wound on the
dru1n of a ,vlndlass.
FXL=\VXl
\VX l
F=---
,. L
PULLEYS OR BLOCKS. The force
required to lift the ,veight is equal to
the weight divided by the number of
ropes that are shortened.
,v
F=-
N
If there are five ropes and the weight
F is .300 pounds. the force is:
300
F = -5 = 60 pound:s.
The velocity ,\"ilh which the weight
is rnised is equal to the velocity of the
force divided by the number of ropes
shortened.
Velocity of F
Velocity = N
1M
T H E STARRET1~ B O O K
PULLEYS
A 5imple way to transmit po\\'cr, either at the same
speed, or a change of speed, is to place a pulley on the
driving shaft und another on lhe driven shaft and pass
an endless belt over them. It is evident that the linear
speed of the pulleys is the same; that is, one revolution
of the driving pulley pulls the belt through a dislance
equal to ils circumference, nnd a point on the periphery
of the driven pulley will be pulled through this distance
,vbether or not the periphery is equal to the circumfer..
ence of the driving pulley.
To change the rotative speed of shafts it is only
necessary to place on them pulleys of unlike diameters.
The revolutlons are inversely proportional to the
circumferences and, therefore, to the diameters. The
smaller pulley runs at the higher rotative speed.
D = diameter of driver.
d= diameter of driven.
=
Revs. of driven : Re,•s. of driver D : d.
Revs. of driven X d= Revs. of driver X D.
The product of the re,,olulions and diameler of one
pulley is equal to the product of the revolutions and
diameter of the other pulley.
From Revs. of driven X d -= Revs. of driver X D
Revs. of driver X D
we have d = - - - - - - - - -
Revs. of driven
Revs. of driven X d
and =---------
D
Revs. of driver
To find the diameter of the driven pulley, multiply
the revolutions of the driver by its diameter and divide
by the revolutions of the driven.
1&1
S T A R R E l" '1" H O O K
Hcvs. of driver X D
Revs. of driven = --· d
270 X 16
---=240
18
Example: T,vo pu])eys, one of 14 inches dinmeter
and the other of 18 inches diameter, arc available. The
driven shaft is to run nl 120 revolutions per minute. If
the 14-inch pulley is pine.eel on the driven shan what
should be the s1>eed of the driver?
Revs. of d ri,·cn X r1
Revs. of driver = --------
D
120 X 14
----=931-3
18
1200 X 4 X 5 := Revs. of D X 12 X 16
24,000 =
Revs. of D X 192
24,000
Revs. of D
192
125
OA
LATHE GEARING
The apprentice who v..,.ishes to fl81)re change gears
for screw cutUng should understand the principles, as
161
T H E S T A R R E T T Il O O K
= 10
The above assumes lbat the lathe is geared 1 : t ; that
is, the lathe screw constant is equal to the number of
threads pet' inch on lbe lead screw. If the lathe is not
so geared, the lathe screw constant should be used in
place of the threads per inch on the lead screw.
161
T H E S T A R R E T T B O O K
188
1" HE S T A R R E T T B O O K
Table 13
Specific Gravity and Properties of Metala
189
T Ii E S 'f A R R E T T B O O l{
Table 14
Average Specific Gravity of Mlacellaneoua Substances
A9beat.c)g. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
=~
2.8
Wf:lJh! per
Cubic Foot.
Lba.
115
Asphaltun, ............................. : ........ . 1.• 81
Borax ............................•·•.. • .. -•, • • • • · • 1.75 109
Brick, commoa ...................•....... , ..•... 1.8 111
Brick. fire ......... , ................. , . , , . •... • • • - 2.3 14"
Brick, hard ..................................... . 2.0 125
Brick, pressed .................................. . 2,JS 13'
Brickwork, in motor ............................ . 1.6 JOO
Brickwork. tn cement ........................... . 1.8 112
Cement, P~laod ............................... . 3.1 19'
Chalk ...............................•............ 2.6 16.1
01.arcoal ........................................ . o., 25
Coal, anthracite ...•............................ l.& 9'
Coal, bituminout ................................ . 1.27 79
Concrete ........................................ . 2.2 137
Earth, looee....................... , . . . . . ....... . 1.2 '15
Earth, r.unmed ................................. . ].6 ]00
Emery ................ .-....................... - .. 4.0 DI
Gian ........................................... . 2.6 163
Granit~ ..................... : ................... . 2.85 186
Grave1 .......................... , •.••............ 1.15 109
Gypsum .......................... , . , ........... . 2.2 1J7
Jee .............................................. . 0.9 56
Ivory ........................................... . 1.115 115
I.imestoae ................•...................... 2.6 1m
MaTble ...•....................................... 2.7 1•
Masonry. ....................................... . 2., 150
Mica ............................................... . 2.8 l'm
~lortar . ............. : ........................... . 1.5 9C
Phosp~nie .............. · · . -· ---· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 1.8 112
P'laster of Pam . ........................ -....... . 1.8 llZ
Quaru .. ............... ' ............. -.......... . 2.6 163
Salt, common ..........•..............·.......... . 2.1 131
Sand. dry .•...................................... 1.6 100
Sand. wet ...•.••...•............................. 2.0 135
Sand.atoae . . . . . . . . . .. ... . . . . .. " .- . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2.3 1,4
Slate ........................ , ...................... . 2.8 115
Soapstone .•.......................••••.•..•..•.. 2.7 19
Sail, oommon black ... .......................... . z.o 125
Sulphur ..•.................. ; ..............•. : .. . 2.0 t:lS
Trap ..................................... : -..... . 3.0 111
Tile . ....... -.... -............. -· . · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 1.8 IU
170-
T 1-1 E S T A R R E T T B O O K
Table 15
Specific Gravity of Gasea
<At 32 defn'ees F.)
Gas
Sp. SP.
Gr. -Gr.
Air I • II • • • • • ~
• • I • 411 1 4 I • • I •
1.000 Hydrogen ............. . 0.069
Acetylene .............. . 0.910 Illuminating gas ....... . 0.040
Alcohol vapor .......... . 1.601 Mercury vapor ......... . 6.940
Ammonia .......... _... . 0.592 Marsh gas ....... _.... _. 0.555
Carbon dioxide.... . .. . 1.520 N~tr~en............... . 0.971
Carbon monoxide ...... . 0.967 Nitric oxide ......... ; ... . 1.039
Chlorine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2.423 Nitrous oxide . . . . . . . . . . . 1.527
Ether vapor . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.586 Oxygen ......... , ....... . 1.106
Ethylene .............. . 0.967 Sulphur dioxide .....•... 2.250
Hydrofluoric add ....... . 2.370 Water vapor . . . . . . . . . ... 0.623
Hydrochloric acid ...... . 1.261
1 eubic foot of alt' at 32 dqrcea F. and atmaepherlc presaure weigha 0.0807 pound
Table 1,
Specific Gravity of Liqutds
Sp. $p.
Uqnld Gr. Uqold Gr.
1Tl-
T H E STARRET'f B O O K
Table 17
Composldoo of Misc~llaneous Alloys
>.
Alloys
j 1D -.~
~
- -
-
IQ J
- -
.....~ 3z
-
11,1
..!Iii
-
~
-
~
u
Gun metal 8 l
Copper flanges 9 0.26 1
Bronze Stattwy 91.4 1.37 1.7 5.&1
German Silver 2 6.5 7.9 6.3
Britannia metal 50 25 25
Pattern letters 15 15 70
Bell metal 4 1
ChioeaegOJlll 40.5 9.2
171
T 1-1 E S T A R R E T T B O O K
Table 18
A verace Speclfie Heats of V arioua Substances
Subatance Subatance
178
T H E S T A R R E T T B O O K
Table 19
Templets for Drilling Standard and Low Pressure Flanared
Valves and Flttinp-Amerlcan Standard
-
G
.!:I
U.l
'!.,
. co
ec
".!!
c~
if .....
~ 1111
...o-
ez..
t='e>
ere
eu .....
S;j ~ii
0~ ~!I
l!
Ul vi
Cl
N
~=fe]
--i;a;.
~
It
.:=
~o
~]
EU
-
...~~"" ai ~~ .§)
~! tn
Cl
1111 ...
-. 'ge
-- - - -- I
- - --
~
1
l¼
1~
2
21'i 7
4
·Oi
5
6 ~-"
15.e
}i
l¾e
3
3~
3¼
•¾
S.½
4
4
..
4
4 ¾
%1
1ie
~
~
~
44
46
48
50
52
53
55¾
S7¼
59½
61.¾
2¾
2¼
21 ½.e
2¾
2"
2¾
49½
s1,-,
53¾
56
58¼
36
40
40
-44
-44
l¾
1¾
Ui
1"1
Ha
" '''l¾
3 1½ ¾ 6 4 6( 60½
3½ 8½ 7 fi6¼ 3 62¾
~
Oi
9
9¼
1~6
1¾•
l,i,e
7½
7¾
'8
8
JI
¾
¾
54
56
58
68¾
71
3
3}i
&.;
61¼
4&
48
,ta
1-':(
1¾
s r,o
6
7
10
11
12H
]
1½,
1~, 8½
9½
10¾
8
8
s
"'
¾
¾
62
6'
73
75¾
78
3¾
3¾
3¼'
69.!4
71"
7<1
52
52
52
1¾
l¼
l:ii
8 13-"' l¾ 11¾ 6 ¾ 66 80 3~ 76 52 1~
9 15 l¾ 13¼ 12 ¾ 68 82¼ 3" 78~ 56 n,
10 16 l¾e 14¼ 12 ¼ 70 84.~ 3½ soi, 56 1¼
12 19 1¼ 17 12 ¼ 72 86¾ 3½ 82H eo l¼
14 21 1'-' 18¾ 12 1 74 88½ 3~ 84½ 00 l>i'
15 Z'l¼ Hi 20 16 1 76 90¾' 3~ 86~ 60 Hi
16 23,!,i 1~~. 21¾ 16 1 78 93 3¾ 88¾ 60 2
13
20
25
27½
l~e
111/ie 25
2'l¾ 16
20
1~
Ui
BO
82
95¼
97}i
3"
3¾
91
93¼
60
£iO
2
2
22 29~ 11iy.. 27J( 20 1¼ 84 991.4 3¼ 95H 6' 2
24 32 Hi 29½ 2D !¼' 86 102 4 97,~ 64 2
26 34¼ 2 31¾' 24 I}.( as 104¼ 4 100 68 2
28
30
36½
38~ 2Ji
2½• 34
36
28
28
I~
J~
90
9:?
106).i
108K
'~
◄¾
102¾
lOC½
68
68
2~
Z¾
3Z 41¾ 2¼ 38½ 28 1½ 94 111 4¼ 106¼ 68 2~
34 43,i ir.i.e '°½ 32 I½ 96 113¼ 4¼ 108½ 68 2¼
1½ 4~ 110¾ 68 2¼
36
38
.t6
.t8¾
2""
2¾
42¾
45¾
32
32 Bi 100
98 1)5~
ll7" 4'4 ll3 68 2¾
4() SO¾ 2½ 47¾ 36 Hi • I I I
.... • 41 • ,.
Bolt holea are drilled Joi inch larger than DOminal diameter of bolt.a.
1'14:
T H E S T A R R E T T B O O K
Table 20
Templets for DrlllinK Extra Heavy Flanged Valves and
Fittings-American Standard
Size
Diam.of Thidm.esa Diam.of No. of Size of
Flanae crf F1anae Bolt Circle Bolta Bolt•
1
l¼
4½
5
l½e
¾
3¼
3¾
4½
•4
½
½
I¾ 6 'IK• 4 ¾
2
2½
3
;~
8¼
1
1¾
¼ 5
5~
6¾
4
4
8
~
a,
¾
3½ 9 l~G 7¾ 8 ¾
4
4½
10
10½
1¾
l~G
7¼
8½
8
8
¾
¾
1¾
~
5 11 8 ¾
12½ 1¾
n
6 l~i.6 12
7 14 l½ 11¼ 12
8 15 1¾ 13 12
9 16¼ l¾ 14 12 1
10 17½ 1½ 15¼ 16 1
12 20½ 2 17¾ 16 1¼
1, 23 2¾ 20¼ 20 1¼
1S 2'½ 2'ie 21½ 20 1¼
16 25½ 2~ 22½ 20 1¾'
18 28 2¾ 24¾ 24 1¼
1¾
~~
20 30½ 27 24
22 33 29¼ 24 1½
24 36 2¾ 32 24 1~
26 38¼ 21 ~1. 34½ 28 1¾
28 40',4 21'1s 37 28 I¾
30 43 3 28 1~
32 45¼ 3¾ 39~
41 ~ 28 1¼
34
36
47½
50
3¼
31/s
43½
46
28
32
lij
l¼
38 52¾ 3'¼, 48 32 1¾
40 54½ 3~6- 50¼ 36 1¼
42 57 3l~i_o 52¾ 36 1~
44 59¾ 3¾ 55 36 2
46 61½' 3¼ 57¼ 40 2
48 65 4 60¾ 40 2
BoJt holea ans drilled )i iDcb larger than nominal diameter of bolts.
1'16
T H E S T A R R E T T B O O K
Table ll-Tap DrtUa
For A. S. M. E. Standard and.Special
Machine Screw Taps
1be diameter given for each hole to be tapped allows for a
practical clearance at the root of the thread of the screw and will
not impose undue strain upon the tap in service.
0 80 .0465 9 32 .1405
1 8' .OU 10 2' .140
1 72 .0595 10 30 .152
2 58 .H'10 10 32 .15'
2 64 .070 12 24: .1.18
3 48 .8'10 12 28 .173
3 56 .0785
.ISO
14:
• .182
'' 38 14 24 .1935
40 .082 16 20 .209
4 -t8 .089 16 22 .213
i 31 .0935 18 18 .228
i 4:0 .098 18 20 .234
5 44 .0995 20 18 .2o1
G 32 .1015 20 20 .261
0 36 .1065 2'l 11 .rn
.6 40 .110 22 18 .281
7 38 .113 24 16 .295
7 32 .116 u 18 .302
7 36 .120 26 ti .316
8 30 .1286 26 16 .32.3
8 32 .1285 28 14 .339
8 36 .136 28 11 .MS
I 21 .:1285 30 14 .368
9 30 .136 30 16 .377
Non:- Special Tapia are ni Bold Face Type.
1'19
THE S 1" 1.\ R· R E T T B O O K
Table 2J ---Tap Drills for Machine Screws
!2 c.,,s
~i~I ~-
-1111 a
lx«>}
3 x.48 .22N2 39
49
,1 14x20}
14 r 22 .oo.O&t ¼
JS
11
3x 56 45 UxM. 10
4z3Z}
4 s36 .20431 33
4,6
44
15:a:18}
15x20 F
12
10
43 LS lt 2'l .057068 8
':s.40
15x24 7
Sx30l
5z32 .18194 ~
43
42 16:x 16}
16:x 18 .06082 I
12
8
5 :ir.36 4.1
5z40 38 16x20 1
38 17 X ]6} 8
"'301
6:a:32
6 .1t 36
6x40
.16202 21 37
36
3.5
17 :x 18
17 lt 20
.045257 L 4
3
18 .1t 16} 2
7x~}
7 x30 .14428 Z4
34
3.l
18 s 18
18.x 20
.040303 l'{u. 2
1
7 x32 32
19:116} 1
31 19 :1 18 .03589 'K, B
8x24}
8 X 31) .128(9 :n 19x 20 C
19
I
Bx:32 30 C
20.x 16} p
30 2Dx 18 .03l961 E
9h24
x28 28 20x20 F
lx30 .11~ 16 28 22 X 16} H
9x32 36 22 x 18 .025347 s I
10 x 2'}
10 Jt~ .10189 11
26
24 2'xl.fl
U x 16 .mot %
L
M
10x32 24 Z4x18 N
11:-.24} 21 14}
11 x28
11 it 30
•0907,2 &
•
19
2'x
26z 16
2Sx14}
.GlSN 1%1
0
p
R
TA,
12"201
12 z 22
24
• 28 :1t 16 .Gl26&1 s
lZ 112'
lZ • 1.8
.080808 %1 19
18
30 X
30 :x 16
t,} .Gl0025 ~
u
V
1n
INDEX
Abbreviations for Drawlnga . • . . . • . . . • 12
Abraelves. Grain . . . . . . . . . . . . , • , • • 43
Adjuetfng Toolmakers· Buttons with Mlttf>metcr • I .. II • • 104
Al~cbro lr Signs . . . . . . . . . • . • . . . • , 132-13B
Altgn)Dg Shotting . . . . • • . • • . • . . 110
Alloys, Composltfon of . • . . . . • . . • • li2
Angle, MeA.RU remen t of • • • • . • • • . • . • 140
..
Bench Work . . • . • . •
Bolt anti Screw Lt1ts . .
Boring Ilolcs In 11,; ttody .
. . . '
:i.t
7
10:l
l\uttons' ·toolmaker!\" . . . . . . . 104
Calipering over o Flange . . . . . . .. 21
Ca llpers, tor 'l'estlng ~rew Threads . .
CaUpers, Hermaphrodite • • • • • . . 83
60
Calfpe1·~. Jnstde and Outl'lde • .
Cal lpers, M!cromctcr . • . • .
Collpere, Spring . . • • • . • • .
. . . .. ..
'
27
19
2(l
<'all1,ers. YernJcr . . . . . .
C'arbon ~teel . . . . . . .
Carbon Steel Drllls, SJM!ed ot
I • •
--
16
' &)
51
Center Ga~e . . . . . . . . U7
Cooter l"Uncbes • • . • • ~6
Cllange Gean . . . . ~o
Chlppin~ . . . . .
Cbteehlll for Chlpplll~
Chucking . . . . .
• .
• •
.
. ~ .. .. .. :l8
:t8
98
90
Cbucll:ln1t 'rools . . . . . . . . . -
<:oefficlent (Al~bra.) • • . . • . . • .
l omposltlon or All&)·lll • • • • • • • •
" .. . 127
11:!
Compound Gean for Thread Cutting . . .
Contact M('asurfng
Coun tel'borloK . • . . . . . • ... . . M2
l;i
62
Cup \\'hffl& . . . , • • . .
Cutting C'ompounds tor DrillH ... .. ... . .. 117
!i:~
Cutttng Llps of Urll111 •
Cutting Screw Threa48 . . . . . .. . .. .. . "
47
'11
Deep Hole Drllllag . . . • • G~
UetalJ Drawlnp • , . . . , . . . 'i
Dividers, Spring . 28
Drow l,"lllo~ • . . . • . . . . . 42
l)rawlng the Drtll • . . • . ~O
Drlll Hrtndlng . . • • • • , • • • 4~
Drill Sp(!ed . • . . • . . • . • . • ~1
Drlllln,c . . . , . . , • • • . • 48
Drtlling Deep Holca • • . . . , . . ·. . . .. • • • d2
Drtnlng. lJrnwlng the l>rl11 . . , • • • ~:')
Drlltlog for Ilea.mer . • , . . . • . , , , fJ'i
Drtlllnlli: tor Tappin,:: . . • . • .
Urllllng. HoldlnA" \\ ork . .
llrllllng Large Tl oleA . . . . . . . . . . , . . • • , . . ,
. •
• •
•
.
,o
liR
61
Dr HI ID.It, Starting Drill . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . • ~"i
Drllllng, Templet■ for Extra Jlt"a'f'J Flan~ Valves and Flttloga • 130
1'18
T H E S T A R R I~ T T 13 0 0 I{
nrtlllng, TempJete tor Standa1·<1 and Low 1•1·eRsure L4,la11g~ Valves
and Flttlnp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . .. • • 17-1
Drllhs, Cuttloig Compound& • •
Dr Ills, Cu UlnM' Lips . . . . •
nrma. Kinds . • . • . . • •
. , • . . . . • . . . • • • .
. • . . . • . . • . . . . . . .,tT
:;a
.. ~2
105
Standard Flanged Fittings . • • 1~4
StarUng J>rm . , . . • . M
Stelli te . . . . . . • . . 76
Surta.ce Pia tee . . . . . . 38
..
Table 1 AHowancee tor Dltrerent Claaea ot Flt& •
~ Speed& a.nd Foeda tor DrlJHq •
.. 3 Speed of DrllJa . • • . • , •
31
ril
r,2
II 4 I..ette-r Slze-s of Drllls . . . . . ~9
u
u
5 Sizes of Ta_JJ Drills . . . . ._ .
6 TJ. S. StancJo.rd Serew 'l"bre&d119 .
.. - 50
7ij
" 1 llrown & Sharpe, Ta.per ShanlE.111 • • • • • • 87
.. 8 Morse Tape,r Shanks • . • . . . . . • 88
•• 0 Ta))E' rs . • . . • • . • • • .. • • • • • • • • •" 1)2
H 10 Allowoncee tor Grh1dh:1g . • ·• . • •• 110
" 11 arlndlng Wheel Speeds . . . . . . • . . . . 114
u 12 Grlodln~ Wheels tor Different Materlala . tl!i
0
13 SpeeUlc Gravity and Properties of lfetala • 169
0
14 Spedftc Gravity ot Subt!ltance11 • • . • • • • 170
"'15 S~ltlc Gravlt.v of Gaaes • • • . . • . . 171
.. 10 Speclflc Gravity of Liquide • , . • • . . 171
'"IT Composlttou of Alloys . . • . . . . . . 172
u IR Specific neat ot Substanc>{'H . . . . • • . • • . • • . 173
•• 10 Temple-ts for DrlUlng Stllndo.rd and J.,ow Pnawre Flanl@d
Vo.Ives o.nd ~ttln,:ts -American St1mdard . . . . . 174
u 20 Tem_pleta tor Dr1111:ag Extra. Ile>avy Flan~ Valves and
FftUn~s - Arnerlcan Standard • • . . . . . . • • 17~
••0 21 Tap Drlll,i, A.8.M.E. Standard . . .• . • • 170
:!2 Tap DrJlls tor l.lachlae Screws , • . • . • • 177
Tap :Urllls, Sizes of . . • . . • . . • . • • , ~g. 78, 1 T6, 177
Taper ln Given Length . . • . • • • . • • • , 00
Taper Shank& . . . . . . . • . . . . . • • . 87, 8S
Taper Turnlns • . . . . . . . . . . 80
"l'.op,er TurnlDa, Offset ot Centers. Amount • , · no
Tapera, Testtng • , , • • .. • , • • . • • • • • • • 91
181
THE S T A R R E T T 8 0 0 K
'l'argt"lG . . . . . . . . • . . 12..,
Testlng- Cutting I.lps or HrtU11 • ~u
Testing Flat Filing . . . . . ◄2
'l'e11t Indicator . • • • •• . 87
rreettng 1.·urned. 'l'ape,r IH
'rhread Tool, J<"orm of 82
Thread Tool, Setting • • M4
•rof('ro.nce, Llm•te of . 32
Tool Irolde:rs . . . . . 7~
Tool MaklQ,: . . . . 07
Toolinaken' Buttons . . 10.1
'l'raln of GearM . . . . • 16a
Tran&!erring ::Me-a1mr~ments • 26
Trutnx Work in Chuck& . Oti
'J'uruing, "•ork Centers . . 6fl
lTnlYe-rSD.I Dtal Te!Bt lndlca tor • 6i, 10::!
Yernler Ca.ll1~n . . . . . . . Hl
Vernier Jletgbt Gage . • . • . . li, 10~
Vernier, How to Read . . . . . ~:!
Vt"rnl~r :\Ucrometer, llo"· to Read
\'ltrffled \Ybe-els . . • . . . . . , ]ott
SETS OF TOOLS
FOR APPRENTICES AND STUDENTS
SET NO. 900
IN FOLDING LEATHER CASE
Size of case folded, 7" x 4~ 4~x I¾•
SETS OF TOOLS
FOR APPRENTICF.S AND STUDENTS
SET NO. 901
IN NICELY FINISHED WOODEN CASE
Size of case, 12• x 7' x I½•