1 Exercise 3.

17

Given:

V1 = 3.25cm3
d = 6.35mm

Use ∆P = −ρg∆z:

PB − PA = −ρoil g(zB − zA )
PD − PC = −ρw g(zD − zC )

Use PA = PC = Patm , this gives

PB = Patm − ρoil g(−L)

PD = Patm − ρw g(−(L − H))

Since PB and PD are at the same height and same fluid PB = PD . This gives

Patm − ρoil g(−L) = Patm − ρw g(−(L − H))

−ρoil g(−L) = −ρw g(−(L − H))
ρoil g(L) = ρw gL − ρw gH
ρw gH = ρw gL − ρoil g(L)
 
ρoil
H =L 1− = L (1 − SGoil )
ρw
ρ
With the specific gravity SG = ρw . This value can be found in Table A.1 in
the appendix: SGoil = 0.827.

1
Determine the length from the volume and diameter.
V 4V
L= 2
= = 0.103m
πr πD2

This gives H = 0.0178m.

2 Exercise 3.Y

Determine gage pressure in kN/m2 .

Gage pressure = total pressure - atmospheric pressure.
Define points at the interfaces (A,B,C). Point D is located at the same height
as a, where we want to know the pressure. If you want you can use the point
B 0 and C 0 as well, see the detailed description on next page.

2
Use PA = Patm .

PB = Patm + SG2 ρw g(zA − zB )

PC = PB + SG1 ρw g(zB − zZ )
PD = PC + ρw g(zC − zD )

zA − zB = 0.5
zB − zC = −0.25
zC − zD = 0.375

PD;gage = 1.20 ∗ 1000 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 0.5 − 0.75 ∗ 1000 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 0.25 + 1000 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 0.375
= 7725N/m2 = 7.7kN/m2

Detailed version. Steps with the prime points (B’and C’) can be left out.

PB0 − PA = −ρB g(zB 0 − zA )PB = PB0 (because same height and same fluid)
PC0 − PB = −ρA g(zC
0
− zB )
PC = PC0 (because same height and same fluid)
PD − PC = −ρw g(zD − zC )

zB − zA = −0.5
zC − zB = +0.25
zD − zC = −0.375

Use PA = Patm , and subsitute to find expression for PD

PD = Patm + g ∗ ρB ∗ 0.5 − g ∗ ρA ∗ 0.25 + g ∗ ρw ∗ 0.375

Write in terms of specific gravity
PD = Patm + g ∗ ρw (SGB ∗ 0.5 − SGA ∗ 0.25 + 0.375)
PD = Patm + 9.81 ∗ 1000 ∗ (1.20 ∗ 0.5 − 0.75 ∗ 0.25 + 0.375
PD = Patm + 7725
PD,gage = 7725N/m2 = 7.7kN/m2

3
3 Exercise 3.X

P (y) = ρgD + ρgy sin Θ

dF = P (y)W dy
dM = P (y)W y dy
Z L
M= P yW y dy
0
Z L
Dy + y 2 sin Θ dy


M = ρgW
0
 L
1 1
M = ρgW Dy 2 + y 2 sin Θ
2 2
 0
2 1 1
M = ρgW L D + L sin Θ
2 2
 
1 1
M = 1000 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 2 ∗ 22 ∗ ∗ 1.0 + ∗ 2 ∗ sin Θ
2 3
= 65.4 kNm
M
F = = 32.7 kN
L

4 Exercise 3.48
P
Equilibrium so M = 0. The moment of the mass is MF = mgL. To calculate
moment of the water, we define variable y as indicate in the figure. In this case,
the vertical coordinate z can be written again as z = sin Θy. The pressure of

4
the water is given by

P (y) = ρgy sin Θ

The force on a small part of the rectangular with length dy and width W is given by
dF = P (y)W dy
The force of the water at ’y’ workd over a distance (l-y), so the moment is given by
dM = P (y)W (l − y) dy

Integration results in
Z l Z l
M= P (y)W (l − y) dy = ρgy sin ΘW (l − y) dy
0 0
Z l
M = ρgW sin Θ y(l − y) dy
0
Z l
M = ρgW sin Θ ly − y 2 dy
0
l 
1 2 1 3
M = ρgW sin Θ ly − y
2 3 0
d3
 
1 3 1 3 1
M = ρgW sin Θ l − l = ρgB 2
2 3 6 sin Θ

5
where we P
used that the depth d = lsinΘ
Use that M = 0 and MF = mgL

1 d3
mgL = ρgW 2
6 sin Θ
1 d3
mL = ρW 2
6 sin Θ
s
2
3 6mL sin Θ
d= = 2.66m
ρB

5 Exercise 3.81

Use the hydrostatic balance : dP

dz = −ρg.
neglect Patm since this works from both sides (water level and hole below
sphere). Total buoyancy is the buoyancy of a sphere minus the lost upward
pressure at the bottom.

6
 Fbuoy = Fbuoy;sphere − Fbuoyloss
4πR3
Fbuoy;sphere = ρw gV = ρw g
3
Fbuoy;loss = P A = ρw gHπa2
4πR3
Fz = m ∗ g = g ∗ ρsphere ∗ V = g ∗ SG ∗ ρw
3
X 4πR3 4πR 3
Fy = ρ w g − ρw gHπa2 − SGρw g
3 3
X 4R3 4R 3
Fy = − Ha2 − SG
3 3
X 4 3
Fy = R (1 − SG) − Ha2
3
X 4 ∗ 0.0253
Fy = ∗ (1 − 0.95) − 0.75 ∗ 0.001882 = −1.6 ∗ 10−6 N
3
Total force is negative, so sphere stays down