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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Freshwater scarcity has increased over time and is expected to further intensify, due to: uneven
distribution of water resources and population densities; increasing demand for water due to population
growth and mobility; changing diets; impacts of social change and economic growth on consumption
preferences and lifestyles; and, changing climate and rainfall patterns . A plethora of options are
available to improve water-use efficiencies and productivity , but these may not be sufficient to make
the conventional water resources—surface water in rivers and lakes, reservoirs, and aquifers to meet
the human needs in many water-scarce areas. Thus, water-scarce countries, regions, and communities
should increasingly consider alternate, unconventional water resources in order to narrow the water
demand-supply gap, as water scarcity forms a risk to the global economy and water is increasingly
considered as an instrument for international cooperation to achieve sustainable development. Among
the various unconventional water resources, the potential to recover water from air is by far the most
under-explored. As part of the natural global water cycle, at any given time, the amount of water in the
atmosphere is 12,900 km3, which represents 0.001% of total water and 0.04% of freshwater existing
in the planet. Under specific conditions, the air at ground level may contain fog, which refers to the
presence of suspended liquid water droplets with diameters typically from 1 to 50 µm. Fog originates
from the accumulation and suspension of these tiny droplets of water in the air, creating masses of
humid air over land or sea. As an important source of water in desert environments, fog collection is
achieved by the collision of suspended droplets on a vertical mesh, where they coalesce, after which
the water runs down into a collecting drain and a tank or distribution system . Gathering atmospheric
moisture is far from a new idea: evidence shows that the original inhabitants of the Canary Islands dug
holes under trees with large foliage to collect fog water condensing on leaves . While the general
concept can thus be found in indigenous heritage and practice, 20th- and 21st-century technologies
have enabled fog harvesting to be considered in more systemic, mainstream water supply approaches.
The volume of fog water that was intercepted was measured with two rain gauges—one was left open
in the usual manner, while a cluster of reeds was suspended above the other gauge . Later studies
focused on the material composition of fog collection nets and their sizes, direction, and angle of
installation of fog collectors, wind intensity, and climate and topography of the area. A timeline on the
history of several fog and dew water collection methods that were practiced in arid and semi-arid areas
is available elsewhere. While local communities continue to collect fog and dew in a multitude of ways
using custom-made materials or ancient techniques.
CHAPTER 2
MATERIALS
a 25% open area the square inch will be segmented into four parts, three (75%) will be covered by the
threads and one (25%) will be open.
3) Mesh count is the number of threads in a linear inch and is fairly easy to determine. For example,
if you were to lay out a piece of mesh and place a ruler on top, then count the horizontal threads from
the beginning of the ruler to the one inch mark that would give you the mesh count. Of course, this is
a simple task for mesh sizes like 1000 microns, which has 19 threads per inch. But it is daunting or
even flat out impossible for some of the smaller mesh sizes. For mesh sizes down to about 200 microns
you can count, or at least count one quarter of an inch and multiply. For sizes much smaller than that,
it becomes difficult without some magnifications and a good bit of patience.
4) Thread diameter is the diameter of the thread measured in microns.
Durability
Fire Safety
Environmental Impact
User Safety
Energy Efficiency
Fire resistance and durability are areas that still need further research before a standard building
code can be appointed to bamboo. Nevertheless, important progress has been made by introducing an
international ISO 22157 standard for the mechanical properties of bamboo.
that not all tests were conducted according the ISO 22157 standard but it does give a general idea of
the mechanical properties of bamboo.
2.1.3 POLYESTER ROPES
Polyester has a specific gravity of 1.38 which means it does NOT float.
Polyester is very strong, it has a similar tensile strength to Nylon 6, and is slightly stronger than
regular Nylon.
Unlike Nylon or Polypropylene, Polyester is not stretchy. Usually any stretch present in
Polyester is minimized by pre-stretching during the manufacturing process. It also has low creep
under load.
CHAPTER 3
DESIGN
3.1 CONTEXT
Tower is 9.5m tall and weighs only 80kg.the triangular frame structure , made with bamboo, is
optimized for lightness and strength and offer both stability . it is also modular and foldable ,making it
easy to transport. There are 8 fixation points placed radially around the tower base where there a
network of ropes are attached and fastened to create more stability and allow the tower to withstand
strong wind inside the bamboo structure hangs polyester mesh that collect droplet from high humidity
in the air and collector for dew and rainwater . a textiles canopy all around creates a shaded area for
social activities.
3.2 COMPONENTS
Water tower consist of several components. Base, water tank, funnel, collector ropes, canopy,
structure and antenna interact with each other .also each of functions is for the nature and peoples.
Canopy: Canopy provides shade creating a gathering place for the community
Collector: water droplets falling from the mesh by the force of gravity are catched by collector and
channeled to be water tank. It also works as a dew condenser
CHAPTER 4
MAKING
4.1 TOOLS
The tower is designed to be easily built and maintained without any scaffolding or electricity
equipment .we are working in collaboration with the local community integrating traditional tools and
construction technique
4.2 CONSTRUCTION:
The structural frame made out of a 3-dimensional triangulated geometry realized with splited
bamboo elements.
After carefully selecting bamboos, we are them for a long time. The browned bamboos are used
as an element of each module. Each element is precisely measured and then structured.
Fog harvesting tower can be constructed in 4 weeks erected in 1 hour with a team of 16 people.
It consists of 6 modulus that are mounted together one after another from the bottom up.
4.3 INSTRUCTURE:
1 .Tower is transported and deliver to the site.
2 .The ground levelled and a base with stone blocks placed.
3 .Deployment of the modules.
4 .Assembly of modules installed from top to bottom.
5 .Tentioned ropes to fix the tower to the ground.
CHAPTER 5
FOG HARVESTING IN CHEEKURUPALLI
5.1.1 DETAILS
Total population in village= 2003
RH= pw/pws.100%
CHAPTER 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Summer season:
Temparature Relative Wind (kmph) Elevation(m)
(centigrade) humidity(percentage) Above mean
sea level
High 40 40 10 301
Low 29 53 7 301
Monsoon season
Temparature Relative Wind (kmph) Elevation(m)
(centigrade) humidity(percentage) Above mean
sea level
High 38 50 11 301
Low 23 80 7 301
Water from fog is one of the most feasible and cheaper sources available in the arid
environment. Fog water collection system costs may be calculated based on the quantity of fog water
produced, materials used and cost of labour in the area where it is being installed.
The fog water setup needs continuous maintenance and supervision. Apart from this, the
maintenance cost of the collector also depends upon the collector size and on the local environmental
conditions. The cost may be further increased by including a pipeline, storage tank, and small
chlorination plant for its purification. Based on the average water quantity produced, the fog water cost
can be derived. Based on the local market, the breakdown of fabrication costs for a scaled-up fog
collector is shown in Table 5 where a scaled-up fog collector costs around 3000/- per unit. Furthermore,
operation and maintenance costs of fog water collectors are low compared to other conventional water
sources.
6.4 FOG WATER QUALITY
Fog water quality obtained through fog collector is always a big concern. The air quality
influences the fog water quality in the vicinity. The presence of an air pollution source in the vicinity
may impact the water quality tremendously. The water quality is also influenced by mesh surface area
when it is contaminated by the presence of dust, insects, algae and bird droppings. Low levels of total
dissolved solids, sodium, calcium, chloride and bicarbonate may be present in fog water; however,
such operations for fog harvesting are in line with the quality standards of the World Health
Organization (WHO) for ions and heavy metals in drinking water.
sulphate, chloride and dissolved calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium. Microbiological
fog water test for 10 samples were found to be within the Saudi water quality standards for faecal
coliforms and coliform organisms, negative, (Saudi Arabian Standards and metrology). Although
harmful bacteria may not been an issue in the fog harvesting, particular care must be taken in the
transmission and storage of the water. Once the collected fog water is stored in tanks, it must be kept
clean and free from contamination in order to be provided safely to users . In the present study, fog
systems are utilized for individual agriculture farms and with simple precautions, if needed, there
should not be any problem with l coliform. However, in case of replacing or mixing a clean water
system with fog water, institute a careful water quality testing program must be there. Economic study
Water from fog is one of the most feasible and cheaper sour.
Table : 6.3chemical analysis of collected fog water:
CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
7.1 CONCLUSION
CHEEKURAPALLI village is facing extreme water shortage conditions. To overcome the
scarcity of water, low-cost and renewable water resources are required. The collection of fog water is
a simple and sustainable technology and offers a supplementary water supply in the chittoor region,
especially for drinking usage
. Two fog water towers have been installed for 1 year in order to evaluate the potential of fog collection
in the cheekurapalli and promising results were obtained.
(2) The results indicated that average water collected by nylon mesh was 250L/day compared to
the polyester mesh which was 190 L /day. The effectiveness of the fog collection was calculated and
compared with the international standards. The highest amount of water was collected in December by
nylon mesh at 270L /day. The efficiency of nylon mesh was measured as 45%. The obtained results
indicate that fog water can be an alternative source of water in the southwest region of kg satram,
especially for drinking purposes.
(3) It is recommended to investigate potential fog water collection at other sites in the southwest region
of kg satram. Mechanical study on polyester mesh properties is recommended with a comparison to
imported mesh. Social awareness programs should be organised to tap this source of water, highlighting
the proper steps to be taken to impart the technical knowhow of the design and implementation to the
public. Finally, the current cheekurupalli low water pricing does not encourage consumers to move
toward efficient water usage; therefore, a new water pricing system is needed.
CHAPTER 8
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 8
REFERNCES
8.1 REFERENCES
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Water Collection: A Case Study from Oman. J. Water Supply: Res. Technol. – AQUA, 56, 275–280.
Abualhamayel, H.I. and Gandhidasan, P. (2010) Design and Testing of Large Fog Collectors for Water
Harvesting in Asir Region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. In Proceedings of the 5th Int. Conf., on Fog, Fog
Collection and Dew, pp. 116–119. Munster, Germany.
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