palentology is the branch of geology which deals with the systematic study of

fossils it also study various factors for preserving fossils

petrology(petra =rocks) is the branch of geology which deals with the formation
composition and uses of rocks
structural geology is the branch of geology which deals with structural arrangement
o rocks and reasons of fols ,faults and joints
oceans and seas occupying earth crust are called hydrosphere
types of rocks on the basis of dnsity are 2 sial(silicon & aluminium)having densiy
range from 2.75 to 2.90 &sima(silicon and magnesium)2.90 to 4.75
95 % of earth crust is formed due to primary or first formed igneous rocks i.e
granite having feldspar,quartz and mica
5% of earrh crust is formed due to secondry (metmorphic and sedimentry rocks)
generaly there is 1 degrre temperature increse with 4o meters depth
temperature of he earth core believed to be 6000 degree which is the tmerature of
sun
radius f earth crust is believed to be 6378km and at the depth of 40 kilometers
rocks melt due to temperature of 100km
upper boundry of troposphere is called tropopause and troposphere is the lowermost
atmospheric zone
stratosphere is located between tropsphere(lowest atmospheric zone) and ionosphere
and region above 700km of atmosphere is called exosphere
acic rocks are those igneous rocks having having silica more than 2/3 & basic
igneous rocks are those having silica less then 1/2
plutonic rocks are those igneous rocks which are formed below earth crust also
called intrusive rocks
volcanic rocks ae those igneous rocks which are formed on the surface of the earth
caled also extrusive igneous rocks
hypabassal rocks are those igneous rocks which are formed below earth at short
distances in the form of thin sheets or wall
sructure of igneous rocks may be flow structure,pillow structure and vesicular
structure
structure of hypabassal and plutonic rocks is roughly crystalline while stucture of
vlcanic rocks is fine crystalline
plutonic means god of under world and volcanic means fire
formation of igneous rocks are of two tyes called concordant bodies and discordant
bodies
flow structure in which lava solidifes on he already solidifies layer & pillow
structure in which upper lava is solidified while below lava is still liquid
vesicular structure have large gaseous matrial due to which cavities are formed
igneous rocks are granite ,gabbro,basalt,synetie ,pegmatite ,dolerite and diorite
types of sedimentry rcks are argillacious (those which are formed due to finest
clay partcals)arenaceous (having grain size between 1/10mm and 2mm in
diameter)rudacious (having grain size more than 2mm)
sediment rocks may have mechanical(erosion,transport,deposition)
,chemical(crystallization) and oragnic(plants and animals)
sedimentry roks are sandstone,shale,limestone,breccias,coglomerate
metamorphic rocks are of three types
contact or thermal metamorphism it s the proccess in which temperature is
dominating facter with neglegible change in pressure
dynamic metamorphism proccess of formation of metamorphic rocks in which
temperature is dominating facter with negligeble change in pressure
thermodynamic metamorphism is the process of formation of rocks in which pressure
is dominating facter
examples of metamorphic rocks are
marble,slate,schists,gnesis,quartz,serpentine,soastone and phyllite
itis observed that if the velocity of stream is increased 2 times erosion tendency
increase upto 4 times and carrying capacity 32 times
erosion by galaciers is due to proccesses of plucking and abrasion while deposition
is by glacier drift or till and fluvial glacial deposit
structres of minrals may be
fibrous,columnar,granular,crystalline,massive(irregular),bladed
work of erosion by runing water are hydraulic action,abrasion and corrosion
work of erosion by sea water hydraulic action,abrasion,corrosion,undertow currents
coral reefs are the dead sea organsims which goes on acumulating in the sea
geological work of the seas is done by mostly waves which is seen on shores
there are three types of movements in sea are tides ,waves and currents
there are three types of landslides called flowage,sliding and subsidence
artesan well is the well throughwhich water is obtained without pumping
shalow well are those dug upto top most bearing strataand deep well are dug upt
second or lower water bearin strata
water bearing strat is also called aquifers
tnneling through unconsolidated rocks is not good due to lose rock and water
bearing capacity
classification of volcano based on material errupted is cater rings,cinder and sh
cones,lava volcanoes,composite volcanoes
classificatin of lava basd on record activities are active volcano,extinct
volcano,dormantor slumbering volcano
whn rocks are ractured due to shear o tensile stress and dont have relative motion
such crack are called joints.joints may be verticle,hhorizontal or even
intermediate position
if a set or group o joints appeared for considerable length called master joints
whenever rocks are subjected to stresses and they have elaive motion creation gap
from centimeters to kilometers called faults
when different rocks slips pass on each other or tilted and bent into folds called
folds
the soil transported by wind is called aeloin soil,soil transported by water is
called alluvial soil,soil deposited by gravitational work is called colluvial soil
the soil transported by galciers is caled glacier drift or simpy drift,soil
deposited at the bottom of lake is called lacustrine

softest rock s talc and hardest rock s diamond

litosphere consists of crus,mantle and core
terrestrial planets include earth,mars ,venus and mercury
major planets are jupiter,saturn,pluto,uranus and neptune
troposphere is the lowermost atmospheric zone
stratosphere is lying between troposphere and ionosphere
lithosphere<troposphere<stratosphere<ionosphere<exosphere
the idea of wandering continents was firs given bywagner in his continental drift
theory