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External Examiner
…..……………………
(PGT Chemistry)
Principal Sir
Acknowledgement
I would like to sincerely and profusely thank my
chemistry teacher …………, PGT (Chemistry) for her
able guidance and vital support in completing my
project.
AAYAM RAI
XII SCIENCE
ROLL NO.
Preface
2. Introduction
3. Precautions
4. Theory
5. Experiment 1
6. Experiment 2
7. Experiment 3
8. Experiment 4
9. Experiment 5
10. Observation
11. Conclusion
Objective
The need for Central legislation for the whole country in this
matter has been felt since 1937 when a Committee appointed
by the Central Advisory Board of Health recommended this
step.
‘Adulteration of food-stuffs and other goods’ is now included
in the Concurrent List (III) in the Constitution of India. It has,
therefore, become possible for the Central Government to
enact an all India legislation on this subject. The Bill replaces all
local food adulteration laws where they exist and also applies
to those States where there are no local laws on the subject.
Among others, it provides for —
(i) A Central Food Laboratory to which food samples can be
referred to for final opinion in disputed cases.
To differentiate those who take advantage of legal rules from the ones
who commit food adulteration is very difficult. The consciousness of
consumers would be crucial. Ignorance and unfair market behavior
may endanger consumer health and misleading can lead to poisoning.
So we need simple screening tests for their detection. In the past few
decades, adulteration of food has become one of the serious problems.
Consumption of adulterated food causes serious diseases like cancer,
diarrhea, asthma, ulcers, etc. Majority of fats, oils and butter are
paraffin wax, castor oil and hydrocarbons. Red chilli powder is mixed
with brick powder and pepper is mixed with dried papaya seeds.
These adulterants can be easily identified by simple chemical tests.
PROCEDURE:
Common adulterants present in ghee and oil are paraffin wax,
hydrocarbons, dyes andargemone oil. These are detected as
follows :
(i)
(ii)
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Test-tubes, dil. HCl.
PROCEDURE:
Sugar is usually contaminated with washing soda and other insoluble
substances which are detected as follows :
(i)
(ii)
APPARATUS:
PROCEDURE:
THEORY:
SAMPLES
Open sample
Packed sample
RESULT
Adulterant present
Adulterant present.
AIM:
APPARATUS:
THEROY:
PROCEDURE:
At first 5mL of milk ample is taken in a test tube and is boiled for 3-4
minutes.
Then it is cooled and 1-2 drops of iodine solution is added to it and is
shaked well.
Appearance of blue colour indicates the presence of starch in the
sample.
Table for different samples:-
S.NO
SAMPLES
2.
Diary milk
4.
Amul
1.
3.
RESULT
Amul TAZA
Adulterant absent.
Nestle EVERYDAY
Adulterant absent.
Adulterant present.
Adulterant absent
AIM :
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
PROCEDURE:
(ii)
(iii)
2.
EXPT. NO.
EXPERIMENT
Adulteration
of paraffin
wax and
hydrocarbon
in vegetable
ghee.
Adulteration
of dyes in fat
PROCEDURE
Heat small
amount of
vegetable
ghee with
acetic
anhydride.
Droplets of oil
floating on
the surface of
unused acetic
anhydride
indicate the
presence of
wax or
hydrocarbon.
Heat 1mL of
fat with a
mixture of
1mL of conc.
H2SO4 and
4mL of acetic
acid.
OBSERVATION
Appearance
of oil floating
on the
surface.
Appearance
of pink colour.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Adulteration
of argemone
oil in edible
oils
To small
No red colour
amount of oil observed
in a test tube,
add few
drops of conc.
HNO3
&shake.
Adulteration Take small
of various
amount of
insoluble
sugar in a test
substances in tube and
sugar
shake it with
little water.
Adulteration To small
of chalk
amount of
powder,
sugar in a test
washing soda tube, add a
in sugar
few drops of
dil. HCl
Adulteration To sample of
of yellow lead turmeric
salts to
powder, add
turmeric
conc. HCl.
powder
Adulteration To a sample
of red lead
of chilli
Pure sugar
dissolves in
water but
insoluble
impurities do
not dissolve.
No brisk
effervescence
observed.
Appearance
of magenta
colour
No yellow
precipitate.
salts in chilli
powder.
8.
Adulteration
of brick
powder in
chilli powder
9.
Adulteration
of dried
papaya seeds
in pepper
powder, add
dil. HNO3.
Filter the
solution and
add 2 drops of
KI solution to
the filtrate.
Add small
amount of
given red chilli
powder in a
beaker
containing
water
Add small
amount of
sample of
pepper to
beaker
containing
water and stir
with a glass
rod.
Brick powder
settles at the
bottom while
pure chilli
powder floats
over water.
Dried papaya
seeds being
lighter float
over water
while pure
pepper settles
at the
bottom.
Result
Conclusion