CASE STUDY - QADM

ASAD ULLAH - 23824

SUBMITTED TO
MISS HINA SAMREEN
1. Which variables are the participant variables? (They act as independent
variables in this study.)

Ans. Following variables are independent variables

o Gender
o Sports
o Anger-out
o Anger-in
o Control-out
o Control-In

2. What are the dependent variables?

Expression is a dependent variable as it has been calculated by equation:

(Anger-Out) + (Anger-In) - (Control-Out) - (Control-In) + 48

3. Is Anger-Out a quantitative or qualitative variable?

It’s a qualitative variable.

4. Does Anger-Out have a positive skew, a negative skew, or no skew?

Anger-out is positively skewed with skewness = 0.586

Statistics
Anger-Out

N Valid 78

Missing 0
Skewness .586
Std. Error of Skewness .272

5. What are the mean and standard deviation of the Anger-Out scores?

Statistics
Anger-Out

N Valid 78

Missing 0
Mean 16.08
Std. Deviation 4.217
6. Is there a difference in how much males and females use aggressive
behavior to improve an angry mood? For the variable "Anger-Out" scores
do the following questions:
a. Create box plots.
b. Create stem and leaf diagrams

Yes there is a difference of 18 units in males and females who uses

aggressive behavior to improve an angry mood.

Part a and b saved in data file.

7. Is the variable anger out score is normally distributed if so answer the

following questions

Ho: anger-out is normally distributed

Ha: anger-out is not normally distributed

α = 0.05 CI=95%

Tests of Normality

Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk

Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.

Anger-Out .119 78 .008 .960 78 .015

a. Lilliefors Significance Correction

P-value < α = 0.05

Therefore, reject Ho. Hence, anger-out is not normally distributed.

8. At the 5% level of sig. do the data provide evidence to conclude that

there is no difference between mean anger out score between male and
female?

Checking normal distribution

Ho: differences are normally distributed
 Ha: differences are not normally distributed

α = 0.05
Tests of Normality

Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk

Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.

Anger Male .138 30 .151 .951 30 .183

Anger Female .133 30 .187 .959 30 .298

a. Lilliefors Significance Correction

From Kolmogrov and Shapiro, P-value > .05

Do not reject Ho; that is both data are normally distributed.

At α= 0.05 data do provide evidence that differences are normally distributed.

Check equality of variance through F-test

Ho: Two variance are equal

Ha: Two variance are not equal

α = 0.05

Performing pool-t-test

Let µ1 = mean anger out score of male

µ2 = mean anger out score of male

Ho: µ1= µ2
 Ha: µ1> µ2

α = 0.05

P-value (Pool-t-test) = 0.952 > .05 therefore, do not reject Ho

Therefore, at 5% level of significance data do provide evidence to conclude

that there is no difference between mean anger out score between male
and female

9. Compute a 95% confidence interval on the difference between mean

anger out score between male and female.

10. What is the range of the Anger-In scores? What is the interquartile
range?

Range is 21 units. And Interquartile range can be calculated as Q3 – Q1

IQR = 7 units.
Statistics
Anger-In

N Valid 78

Missing 0
Range 21
Percentiles 25 15.00

50 18.50

75 22.00

11. Create box plots for the Anger-In scores by sports participation.
 Box plot in answer sheet.

12. Is the variable Anger in score is normally distributed if so answer the

following questions

Ho: anger-in is normally distributed

Ha: anger-in is not normally distributed

α = 0.05 CI=95%

Tests of Normality

Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk

Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.

Anger-In .067 78 .200* .979 78 .235

a. Lilliefors Significance Correction

*. This is a lower bound of the true significance.

P-value > α = 0.05

Therefore, do not reject Ho. Hence, anger-in score is normally distributed.

13. Calculate the 95% confidence interval for the difference between mean
Anger-In score for the athletes and non-athletes. What can you conclude?

First, we check equality of variance by F-test

Ho: Variances are equal

Ha: Variances are not equal

α = 0.05, CI=95%
 Group Statistics

Sports N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean

Anger-In athletes 25 16.68 3.682 .736

Non-athletes 53 19.47 4.886 .671

Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test for
t-test for Equality of Means
Equality of Variances
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Sig. (2- Mean Std. Error
F Sig. t df Lower Upper
tailed) Difference Difference
Equal
variances 2.355 0.129 -2.534 76 0.013 -2.792 1.102 -4.986 -0.598
assumed
Anger-In Equal
variances
-2.802 60.994 0.007 -2.792 0.996 -4.784 -0.799
not
assumed

Sig Value = 0.129 > α = 0.05

Therefore, do not Reject Ho. Variances are equal.

We will perform Pooled T-test

µ1 = mean anger in athlete

µ2 = mean anger in non-athlete

Ho: µ1= µ2

Ha: µ1≠ µ2

α = 0.05

P-value= 0.013 < 0.05 therefore, reject Ho

Therefore, at 95% confidence interval, data do provide evidence to conclude that there is
difference between mean anger out score between athlete and non-athlete
 14. What is the overall mean Control-Out score? What is the mean
Control-Out score for the athletes? What is the mean Control-Out score
for the non-athletes?

 Overall mean is 23.69

 Mean Control-Out score for the athletes is 24.68
 Mean Control-Out score for the non-athletes is 23.23

15. Is the variable Control-out score is normally distributed if so answer

the following questions.

Ho: Control-out is normally distributed

Ha: Control-out is not normally distributed

α = 0.05 CI=95%

Tests of Normality

Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk

Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.

Control-Out .093 78 .091 .969 78 .054

a. Lilliefors Significance Correction

P-value > α = 0.05

Therefore, do not reject Ho. Hence, Control-out score is normally distributed.

16. At the 5% level of sig. determine if the difference in the mean Control-
Out score for athletes and non-athletes is statistically significant.

Assumptions:

Compute differences

Let µ1= mean Control-Out score for athletes

µ2= mean Control-Out score for non-athletes

Ho: µ1= µ2
 Ha: µ1 ≠ µ2

First, we check equality of variances.

Ho: Variances are equal

Ha: Variances are not equal

Performing F-test
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for
t-test for Equality of Means
Equality of Variances
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Sig. (2- Mean Std. Error
F Sig. t df Lower Upper
tailed) Difference Difference
Equal
variances 3.02 0.086 1.283 76 0.203 1.454 1.133 -0.803 3.71
assumed
Control-
Equal
Out
variances
1.399 58.828 0.167 1.454 1.039 -0.626 3.533
not
assumed

P-Value = 0.086 > 0.05

Therefore, do not reject Ho.

Thus, Variances are equal and now we will for pooled T-Test

Assumptions:

µ1= mean Control-Out score for athletes

µ2= mean Control-Out score for non-athletes

Ho: µ1= µ2

Ha: µ1 ≠ µ2

P – Value (pooled t-test) = 0.203 > 0.05

Therefore, do not reject Ho.

Therefore, at 5% level of significance data do not provide evidence to conclude that the
difference in the mean Control-Out score for athletes and non-athletes is statistically significant.
17. What is the variance of the Control-In scores for the athletes? What is
the variance of the Control-In scores for the non-athletes?

 Varience of the Control-In scores for the athletes is 20.477

 Varience of the Control-In scores for the non-athletes is 22.823

18. What is the standard error of the mean for the Control-In scores for
the athletes? What is the standard error of the mean of the Control-In
scores for the non-athletes? Why is it smaller for non-athletes?

 Standard error of the mean for the Control-In scores for the athletes = 0.905
 Standard error of the mean for the Control-In scores for the non-athletes =
0.656. It is smaller because its sample mean less deviates from the
actual mean of a population.

19. Do athletes or non-athletes calm down more when angry? Conduct an

independent sample t test to see if the mean difference between groups
in Control-In scores is statistically significant.

If we look at the chart below we can conclude that the athletes control angry feelings by calming
down or cooling off is greater than Non-athletes.
Group Statistics

Sports N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean

Control-In Athletes 25 24.32 4.525 .905

Non-athletes 53 20.85 4.777 .656

Performing independent t-test.

Let us assume data to be normally distributed.
Let µ1= mean Control-In score for athletes

µ2= mean Control-In score for non-athletes

 Ho: µ1= µ2

Ha: µ1 ≠ µ2

Checking equality of variance:

Ho: variance of Control-In score for athletes and non-athletes are same

Ha: variance of Control-In score for athletes and non-athletes are not same

Considering α = 0.05

P-value = 0.7 > 0.05 therefore, do not reject Ho, Thus variance of Control-In
score for athletes and non-athletes are same.

Now go for pool-t-test.

P-value = 0.003 < 0.05

Therefore, at 5% level of significance data do provide evidence to conclude that

the mean difference between groups in Control-In scores is statistically
significant.

20. What is the correlation between the Control-In and Control-Out

scores? Is this correlation statistically significant at the 0.01 level?
21. Are the variable gender and sports associated?
22. Would you expect the correlation between the Anger-Out and Control-
Out scores to be positive or negative? Compute this correlation.
23. Find the regression line for predicting Anger-Out from Control-Out.
a. What is the slope?
b. What is the intercept?
c. Is the relationship at least approximately linear?
d. Test to see if the slope is significantly different from 0.
24. What is the standard error of the estimate?