OBJECTIVE: Trace the development of education under the different era

and the corresponding educational technology used.

The history of “Educational technology …

can be traced back to the time when tribal
priests systemized bodies of knowledge,
and early cultures invented pictographs or
sign writing to record and transmit
information.”
(Paul Saettler, 1990)
OBJECTIVE: Trace the development of education under the different era
and the corresponding educational technology used.

“Technology is commonly
thought of in terms of
gadgets, instruments,
machines and devices … most
(educators) will defer to
technology as computers.”
(Muffoletto, 1994)
During the Ancient Times •Man started to use pointed sticks to in •The girls on the other hand stayed by their
script signs and symbol on the leaves of mothers who taught them the rudiments of
trees and knives for the bark of trees. housekeeping and motherhood
•At about 3100 B.C. the Egyptians devised•In Athens, the right of the individual to
a system for picture writing called develop to the fullest is recognized.
hieroglyphics. •Music schools with the kitharist
•Rise of the class known as scribes, a •Grammar schools with the grammatist and
group of men trained in the art of writing. •Gymnastics with the paedotribe
•In ancient Greece, the Spartan education ••With the help of the Sophist, cognitive
Emphasized the Development of Physical rules, systematically arranged subject matter
body coupled with discipline. instructional technologies and effective
•The boys underwent exercises and instructional materials were designed and
activities that promoted bodily strength, implemented.
endurance and vitality. They were taught by
the paidonomus, a military commander in
the public barracks.
During the Ancient Times

INQUIRY & THE SOCRATIC

METHOD
Through the use of questioning, Socrates (and his
students Plato and Zenophon) guide the learner to their
inborn knowledge. AVID, a national program for college
readiness, still emphasizes the Socratic Method as an
integral part of the curriculum as students work in small
groups with a tutor to use questioning to guide their peers
to solve their homework questions.
 Abacus Saun-Pan and Soroban
•The invention of the
abacusin 3,000 BC •The earliest surviving
marked the beginning of counting board is the
Salamis Tablet which dates
computers.
back to 400 BC. China (Saun-
•For the first time, people pan) and Japan (Soroban)
had a calculating device introduced computer trays at
with which to do math. about the same point in
history (200 AD). The
Soroban (a type of abacus),
in particular, is still used
today for calculating.
•Abacus( Babylonian 3000 B.C.)
•Saun Pan (China)
•Soroban (Japan)

Around 2,300 BC the creators
of Stonehenge first began work
on what is now known as an
astronomical calculator. This
miraculous complex took over
2,000 years to complete.
•Stonehenge stands on
Salisbury Plain, two miles west
of the town of Amesbury,
Wiltshire, in Southern England.
The identification of the history of
technology with the history of
humanlike species does not help in
fixing a precise point for its origin,
because the estimates of
prehistorians and anthropologists
concerning the emergence
of human species vary so widely.
Animals occasionally use natural
tools such as sticks or stones, and
the creatures that became human
doubtless did the same for
hundreds of millennia before the
first giant step of fashioning their
own tools.
Even then it was an interminable time before they put such tool
making on a regular basis, and still more aeons passed as they
arrived at the successive stages of standardizing their
simple stone choppers and pounders and of manufacturing them—
that is, providing sites and assigning specialists to the work.

A degree of specialization in tool making was achieved by the

time of the Neanderthals (70,000 BCE); more-advanced tools,
requiring assemblage of head and haft, were produced by Cro-
Magnons (perhaps as early as 35,000 BCE); while the application of
mechanical principles was achieved by pottery-making Neolithic
(New Stone Age; 6000 BCE)
 •The establishment of the Medieval
University
•Emperor Frederick I of Bologna in
During the Medieval Era
1158 chartered the first University
degrees
•The Saracens or the Arabs among
the Moors of Spain aimed to search John Amos Comenius was
for knowledge and the application of recognized as the pioneer
scientific facts to their daily lives
of modern instructional
•They originated the scientific method
technology by reason of his
of teaching.
book Orbis Pictus (The
During the Middle Age Advent of World in Picture) which
Scholastic Philosophy, Pierre Abelard was illustrated textbooks
introduced a technology of instruction for children studying Latin
which was really a new method of & Sciences.
structuring and presenting materials
that helped set the style of scholastic
education.

Comenius, Pestalozzi, Froebel, Herbart

and Montessori contributed their own
concept on educational technology
improving educative process.

Their curriculum was the most
organized and complete in the
elementary, secondary and
collegiate levels. Their universities
and libraries were the models in
the entire Europe because they
invented the printing press. They
also originated the scientific
method of teaching.
Charles Martel was the first ruler who sought
to educate the population. At first, he
appointed several priests to educate the sons
of important men. Gradually he changed
education from being purely related to God to
including more practical knowledge such as
mathematics and Latin. By this time education
had increased considerably but very few could
read and write and even fewer pursued a
higher education.
The most common language in the medieval world was
Latin, even though most countries had their own language.
Latin a thousand years ago was like English today: The
language that most people understood and did business
with. Many nobles were taught to read and write in Latin
which was taught mostly in monasteries and abbeys.
Those who studied in a monastery often became monks and
worked by writing books and preserving Greek and Roman
texts. They translated many classical works into Latin. Few
professions existed for those who were educated - those
who were skilled in fighting generally earned more than
those who weren't. For example, most politicians and rulers
ascended to power rarely by education, but rather
by warfare and inheritance.
 Authorities agree that modern times began
During the Renaissance Period with the movement known as age of
Renaissance or Reawakening. The period has
three main lines of concern:

-Intellectual to which education belongs

-Aesthetic
-Scientific
Along the intellectual development,
movements like:
- Humanism
-Reformation
-Realism
-Disciplinism
-Rationalism
All these contributed to the development of
educational technology especially along
theories and practices. Bacon , Rabelais, Vives
and Milton advance their own ideas about
education
 John Locke came out with his idea about the
nature of the child's mind at birth in Tabula
Rasa.
Most peasants were never allowed to study as the fees required by the church were
beyond their reach. In addition, by keeping the population ignorant, the upper class could
get away with almost anything. Study books were extremely expensive so the only viable
way to learn was with the help of a teacher. From an early age a boy's role was
determined. Some became fighters, others became merchants and so on.

Most elite fighting troops were educated. The knights, with their famous Code of
Chivalry are a perfect example. They were educated from a very early age and excelled in
reading, writing and other practical skills. A knight was usually appointed to teach them
everything they needed to know.

During the High Middle Ages many European nations became more stable. The Viking
raids were over, Law and Order improved and periods of peace ensued. The first
real universities were constructed during this period. Even though still reserved mostly for
the rich, they allowed a gradual shift towards education that had been lost since the times
of the Romans.

Women had been virtually ignored up to this point. Even though only a small minority of
them began to study in universities, this was a changing point towards a more equal
society. However, women were still required to do everything his husband or lord pleased.

During the Renaissance Period
Leonardo da Vinci Calculator
In 1452 AD it is believed
that Leonardo
da Vinci conceived of a
calculation device.

Johannes Gutenberg (Germany)

developed the printing press, sometimes
considered the greatest invention of all
time.
•Between 1452 and 1456, Gutenberg
printed the first book ever, the Bible.
•John Amos Comenius developed
the first picture book known as the
Orbis Pictus (the World in Pictures)
•He was considered as the pioneer
in instructional technology
development
Maria Montessori used multi-
sensory materials to teaching.
The invention of the printing press in the late
15th century gave rise to some of the first
forms of mass communication, by enabling the
publication of books and newspapers on a
scale much larger than was previously possible.
The invention also transformed the way the
world received printed materials, although
books remained too expensive really to be
called a mass-medium for at least a century One of Luther’s colleagues, German
after that. religious reformer Melanchthon, wrote the
school code for the German region of
Württemberg, which became a model for
Humanist educators designed teaching other regions of Germany and influenced
methods to prepare well-rounded, liberally education throughout Europe. According to
this code, the government was responsible
educated persons. Dutch humanist Desiderius for supervising schools and licensing
Erasmus was particularly influential. Erasmus teachers.
believed that understanding and conversing The Protestant reformers retained the dual-
class school system that had developed in
about the meaning of literature was more
the Renaissance. Vernacular schools
important than memorizing it, as had been provided primary instruction for the lower
required at many of the medieval religious classes, and the various classical humanist
schools. He advised teachers to study such and Latin grammar schools prepared upper-
class males for higher education.
fields as archaeology, astronomy, mythology,
history, and Scripture

During the Age of Naturalism
 Jean Jacques Rousseau’s educational views
were contained in a book
titled Emile, which he authored.
The aim of education was the preservation
of the natural goodness of the individual and
the formation of society based upon the
recognition of natural individual rights.
Herbart also came out with the five formal
steps to teaching now known as
the Herbartian Method of Teaching with the
following steps: preparation, presentation,
comparison and abstraction, generalization
and application.
 Peztallozi believed that teaching is more
effective if it proceeds from concrete to
abstract, hence the use of actual and real
objects that involve most of the senses.
 Froebel, who was known as the Father of
Kindergarten emphasized the use of actual
objects, which could be manipulated by the
learners.
John Napier, the inventor of
logarithms, created an aid to
calculation known as 'Napier's
Bones'in 1617.
•He described a method of
multiplication using "numbering
rods"with numbers marked off on
them. Napier's numbering rods
were made of ivory, so that they
looked like bones. This explains
why they are now known as
Napier's bones. To multiply
numbers, the bones were placed
side by side and the appropriate
products read off.
During the Age of Naturalism Founding of the first
public schools

1650 – The Horn-Book

Wooden paddles with •Robert Bissaker first created the

printed lessons were slide rule in 1654, an instrument
popular in the colonial used by engineers and scientists until
era. Perhaps this is the 1970s.
where fraternities got •The slide rule was a precursor to
the idea? On the paper the electronic calculator.
there was usually the
alphabet and a religious
verse which children
would copy to help them
learn how to write.
 •In 1725, Joseph-Marie Jacquard(French)
invented a way to weave silk using punched
cards. These punched cards would become
The Magin Catacopricaor magic lantern, the predecessors of those used in the first
invented in 1646, led to the eventual computers.
zoetrope. •The idea of using punched cards to control
•Magic lantern, or slide, shows played an machines was considered to be the birth of
important role, attracting young and old to modern day computer programming.
schools, theaters, and homes to watch
depictions of fables, legends, and current
events. The magic lanterns projected hand-
painted or photographic glass slides, which
were inserted into the projector one at a time
for small audiences to view together. A skilled
projectionist could move them quickly, making
the screen images appear to move.

Benjamin Franklindiscovered by when he flew

his kite one stormy day in June, 1752. This
discovery would eventually allow us to power
the computers we have come to rely on so
heavily in our modern society.
Movements in the 19th Century The 19th century paved in the advent of
effective technological development including
the production of textbooks, use of
blackboards and improvements in writing
implements like pen and ink. Photography was
invented, giving a way to a movement called
“Visual Instruction”.
Movements in the 19th Century Charles Babbage’s calculating engine

Advent of the first calculating machines

invented by Leibniz and produced in large
numbers.
Motion Pictures
Calculating Machine
•Charles Babbage'scalculating engines (1822) Peter Mark Roget,1824,
are among the most celebrated icons in the first envisioned motion
prehistory of computing. pictures.
•Babbage is often considered the "Grandfather •In 1912 the Victor
of Modern Digital Computing". Animatograph Company
•He was the first person to realize that a produced the first portable
computing machine must be composed of lantern-slide projector and
–input device (the card reader) 16 mm projector.
–memory (the store),
–central processing unit (the mill),
–and output device (the printer).
 Telephone Hollerth and IBM
In1876, Alexander Graham Bellinvented the
electrical speech machine which we now call
the telephone.This machine would one day
make distance learning and the Internet
possible.

Bell Telephone

•Hollerith, in 1884, applied for a patent for his

automatic punch-card tabulating machine and
then in the 1890s he developed an
electromechanical machine to help with the
US census. In the late 1800s Thomas Edisoninvented
•Hollerith's tabulator became so successful the Kinetoscope, disk phonograph, and
that he started his own business (Tabulating electric light bulb.
Machine Company) to market the device. This
company eventually became International
Business Machines (IBM).
 During the late 1800s distance education was
first introduced by Issac Pittman in England.
•Distance university study began in America in
1874 at Illinois Wesleyan University at both the
graduate and undergraduate levels. A
Correspondence University was also founded
in Ithica, New York in 1883.
•Today interactive television, computer based
E-Mail and conferencing, as well as exchange
of messages by audio and video tape are the
norm.
1850 – 1870 – Ferule
1890 – School Slate
This is a pointer and also a corporal
punishment device. Seems like both this and
the Horn-Book had dual purposes in terms of
‘educating’ the youths of that era. Used throughout the 19th century in nearly
all classrooms, a Boston school
1870 – Magic Lantern superintendent in 1870 described the slate
The precursor to a slide projector, the ‘magic lantern’ as being “if the result of the work should, at
projected images printed on glass plates and showed any time, be found infelicitous, a sponge will
them in darkened rooms to students. By the end of readily banish from the slate all
World War I, Chicago’s public school system had disheartening recollections, and leave it free
roughly 8,000 lantern slides. for new attempts.
 Wireless Communication: Radio
In 1895, Guglielmo Marconi Radio signals sent
successfully sent signals using 1901 across Atlantic
electromagnetic waves between a
transmitter and a receiving antenna.

Educational Film
The earliest forerunners of the educational
Radio Transmission film were the newsreel, travelogue, and the
scientific motion picture.
1900 – Pencil •In 1902 Charles Urban exhibited films which
showed the growth of plants, emergence of a
butterfly, and undersea views. These films are
Just like the chalkboard, the pencil is also thought to be the first educational films.
found in basically all classrooms in the U.S. In •Thomas Edison was one of the first to
the late 19th century, mass-produced paper produce films for classrooms.
and pencils became more readily available and
pencils eventually replaced the school slate.
1905 – Stereoscope
Educational Radio
It is believed that the oldest educational radio
station is WHA, owned by the state of
Wisconsin and operated by the University of
Wisconsin since 1917.
1925 – Film Projector
At the turn of the century, the Keystone View
Company began to market stereoscopes which
are basically three-dimensional viewing tools
that were popular in homes as a source of
entertainment. Keystone View Company Similar to the motion-picture projector,
marketed these stereoscopes to schools and Thomas Edison predicted that, thanks to
created hundreds of images that were meant the invention of projected images, “books
to be used to illustrate points made during will soon be obsolete in schools. Scholars
lectures. will soon be instructed through the eye.”
1925 – Radio New York City’s Board of
In 1912, the first experimental telephonic Education was actually the
broadcast was conducted in the Physics first organization to send
lessons to schools through a
Department of the University of Wisconsin. radio station. Over the next
This year also saw the introduction of 16 mm couple of decades, “schools
projectors. of the air” began
broadcasting programs to
millions of American
students.
 Educational
Technology
By 1920, visual media became widely accepted.
Then came the publication of audio-visual media texts.
In 1926, educational films were used as
instructional media.
In 1927, Pressey wrote on programmed learning
through a machine which tested and confirmed a learning
task.
•John Dewey formulated the scientific theory of learning
•Edward Lee Thorndike advanced the three primary laws of
learning
•Production of books, use of blackboard, pen and inks
•Photography
•Visual media widely accepted, 1920
•Audio-visual materials
•Educational films,1926
•First TV instructional program,1932
•16 mm sound motion picture was developed
•The first public demonstration on television
was conducted in 1927.
•The birth of the electronic television age is
almost impossible to pinpoint exactly.
•Due to the numerous contributors that
helped to develop this new medium, it is even
more difficult to acknowledge any one person
for its invention.
Differential
Analyzer
•Bush, Vannevar (1890-1974), an American
scientist. From 1919 to 1971 Bush worked and
taught at Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (MIT) where he invented the
differential analyzer, a forerunner to the
modern computer.
Turing Machine
Turing, a British Mathematician, often known
as the founder of computer science, developed
the Turing machine in 1936.
•Turing's Machine is the cornerstone of the
modern theory of computation and
computability even though it was invented
nine years before the creation of the first
electronic digital computer.
•In 1941 , the ENIAC computer was
introduced.
•ENIAC was unveiled in Philadelphia. It
represented a stepping stone towards the true
computer.
•It was built out of some 17,468 electronic
vacuum tubes, ENIAC was in its time the
largest single electronic apparatus in the
world.
1930 – Overhead Projector
1940 – Mimeograph
Initially used by the U.S.
military for training Surviving
purposes in World War into the
II, overhead projectors Xerox age,
quickly spread to schools the
and other organizations mimeograph During World War II, the
around the country. made copies U.S. government
In 1932, the first instructional by being encouraged the
television program was aired at the hand- implementation of
State University of Iowa.
cranked. technology of instruction for
About the same time, the 16 mm military training programs.
Makes you
sound motion picture was developed
and this served as the educational
appreciate This gave impetus to a
workhorse during the audio-visual your current system approach to
movement of the time. copier at instruction to include:
least a little micro-teaching,
1940 – Ballpoint Pen bit now. individualized instruction,
Language laboratories,
While it was originally invented in 1888, it was behavioral laboratories,
not until 1940 that the ballpoint pen started to behavioral objectives,
gain worldwide recognition as being a useful computer assisted
tool in the classroom and life in general. instruction and among
others
 Electronic Computer
Systems
First Generation:1943-1956
 Used vacuum tubes in
electronic circuits.
 Used punch cards to input and
externally store data.
 Up to 4K of memory.
 Programming in machine
language and assembly
language.
 Required a compiler.
First Generation:
1943-1956
Electronic Numerical
Integrator
and Calculator (ENIAC)
World’s first electronic digital
computer.
Used to produce WWII ballistic
firing tables for the U.S.
Defense Department.
1950 – Headphones
Thanks to theories that students could learn
lessons through repeated drills and repetition
(and repeated repetition) schools began to
install listening stations that used headphones
and audio tapes. Most were used in what were
dubbed ‘language labs’ and this practice is still
in use today, except now computers are used
instead of audio tapes
1950 – Slide Rule
William Oughtred and others developed the
slide rule in the 17th century based on the
emerging work on logarithms by John Napier.
Before the advent of the pocket calculator, it
was the most commonly used calculation tool
in science and engineering.
The use of slide rules continued to grow
through the 1950s and 1960s even as
digital computing devices were being
gradually introduced; but around 1974
the electronic scientific calculator made
it largely obsolete and most suppliers left
the business.
1951 – Videotapes
The electronics division of entertainer
Bing Crosby’s production company, Bing
Crosby Enterprises (BCE), gave the world’s
first demonstration of a videotape
recording in Los Angeles on November 11,
1951. Developed by John T. Mullin and
Wayne R. Johnson since 1950, the device
gave what were described as “blurred and
indistinct” images, using a modified
Ampex 200 tape recorder and standard
quarter-inch (0.6 cm) audio tape moving
at 360 inches (9.1 m) per second.
 Educational Television Programs
Some accounts of the origin of
classroom television mark May 25,
1953 as the day when KUHT in
Houston, Texas began broadcasting.
Others point to commercial
programs beamed into homes early
in the morning, such as the
Continental Classroom.
Second Generation: 1957-1964
1956 IBM 350
RAMAC
• Used transistors, developed by Bell Labs.
• Up to 32K of memory.
• Programming in computer languages,
such as FORTRAN and COBOL.
1957 – Reading Accelerator
With an adjustable metal bar that helped
students tamp down a page, the reading
accelerator was a simple device designed to
help students read more efficiently. Personally,
this looks like a torture device and is probably
the least portable thing to bring along with a
book. 1957 – Skinner Teaching Machine
B. F. Skinner, a
behavioral scientist,
developed a series of
devices that allowed a
student to proceed at his
or her own pace through
a regimented program of
instruction.
On October 4, 1957, the former Soviet
Communication Satellites
Union successfully launched Sputnik I.
The world's first artificial satellite was In 1962, we saw the advent of communication
about the size of a basketball, weighed satellites.
only 183 pounds, and took about 98
Mouse
minutes to orbit the Earth on its
In 1963CAD and Sketchpad were first
elliptical path.
introduced and a patent was received on the
Programmed Instruction mouse pointing device.
In 1957, programmed instruction materials
based on Skinner’s behaviorism are used at the Third Generation:
Mystic School in Massachusetts 1965-1971
Integrated Circuits
1958,Texas Instruments began manufacturing
integrated circuits on one piece of silicon.
COBOL Language
•1960Common Business Oriented Language
(COBOL)was developed by a team drawn from
several computer manufacturers and the • Used integrated circuits.
Pentagon. • Up to 3 million bytes of memory.
•COBOL, the first packaged programs which • Lower cost, smaller size, and
were sold by the Computer Science increasing processor speed.
Corporation.
 PDP-8 in 1965the First TRUE Minicomputer
Mini-Computers
Mini-computers and BASIC were both
introduced in 1964.

The first Ph.D. of Computer Science In 1967, IBM began producing floppy disks.

During 1972, three engineers from Texas

The first Ph.D. was awarded in computer
science to Dr. Wexelblat at the University of
Pennsylvania in 1965.
Instruments, Kilby, Maryman and Van Tasel,
invented the electronic pocket calculator.
In 1973, the first international connections
were made to ARPANET
1970 – The Hand-Held Calculator Fourth Generation:
1972-Now
The predecessor of the
much-loved and much- Microcomputer Revolution Begins.

used TI-83, this calculator  1971, Intel develops

4004, the first
paved the way for the microprocessor chip.
calculators used today.
 Altair sold in 1975, the
There were initial first personal
concerns however as computer. It is a kit that
teachers were slow to must be assembled.
adopt them for fear they  Apple Computer is
would undermine the formed in 1976 and
learning of basic skills. sells 50 Apple I.
 Advances increase
1972 – Scantron memory size, storage
space, and processing
speeds.
• Personal computers or PCs.
Microcomputers
• Usually cost about $2,000 or
The Scantron Corporation removed
less.
the need for grading multiple-choice
exams. The Scantron machines were • Process over 1 billion
free to use but the company made operations per second.
money by charging for their • “Stand-alone” or connected
proprietary grading forms. to other computers as a
network system.
1980 – Plato Computer 1985 – Hand-Held Graphing Calculator

Public schools in the The successor to the hand-held

U.S. averaged about calculator , the graphing
one computer for calculator made far more
every 92 students in advanced math much easier as it
1984. The Plato was let you plot out points, do long
one of the most-used equations, and play ‘Snake’ as a
early computers to game when you got bored in
gain a foothold in the class.
education market.
Currently, there is 1999 – Interactive Whiteboard
about one computer
The chalkboard
for every 4 students.
got a facelift with
the whiteboard.
That got turned
1985 – CD-ROM Drive into a more
interactive
A single CD could store an entire encyclopedia
system that uses
plus video and audio. The CD-ROM and
a touch-sensitive
eventually the CD-RW paved the way for flash
white screen, a
drives and easy personal storage.
projector, and a
computer.

The Internet
•In 1973, the U.S. Defense Advanced
Research Projects Agency (DARPA)
initiated a research program to
investigate techniques and
technologies for interlinking packet
networks of various kinds.
•In 1986, the U.S. National Science
Foundation (NSF) initiated the
development of the NSFNET which,
today, provides a major backbone
communication service for the
Internet.
8800 Computer 1975
First Mass Produced and Marketed Personal
Computer
By 1975 the market for the personal computer
(PC) was demanding a product that did not
require an electrical engineering background
and thus the first mass produced and
marketed personal computer (available both as
a kit or assembled) was welcomed with open
arms.
 •In 1980, Seymour Papert GO, a constructivist
MS DOS
programming tool for children.
•1975saw the introduction of the MS DOS •It was the first language specifically designed
Operating System by Microsoft to enable children to learn by discovery.
•PC/IBM -DOS was developed for IBM by Bill Macintosh Computer
Gates. He retained the rights and later •In 1984, Apple first introduced the
developed MS-DOS. MS-DOS was derived from Macintosh Computer.
Seattle Computer Products' 86-QDOS and •The mouse and the icon became the major
renamed DOS v.1.0 in 1981 tools for computer interaction.

•In 1990, Windows 3.01 was developed

Bill Gates
1977 microcomputers were placed in schools
and Apple was formed.
1980s CAI: Computer-Assisted Instruction
and networked systems were introduced.
•During 1991, GOPHER and the World Wide
Web (WWW) were released.
•In 1992, Windows 3.1, the Pentium
processor by Intel and Hewlett-Packard
laser jet printers were all introduced.
•In 1994, shopping malls arrived on the
Internet, allowing a new method to shop at
home.
•1995 saw the introduction of Windows
'95.
Education in Contemporary
Technologies of the Future
Advanced robotics
commonplace
Smart houses
Times

Wearable computers
Holodeck virtual reality
Truly individualized
education
•Video disks (VCD) The 2nd millennium saw the
•CD-ROMs
pervasiveness of educational
•Multimedia
•DVD technology in all aspects of
•Teleconferencing educational organization and
•Software-- management.Most schools have
already adopted the
2000 to Present computerization of records,
entrance procedures and all over
•Virtual reality
•Online life aspects of administration and
•Mobile computer lab supervision. Schools in the
•Wireless Internet access secondary, collegiate levels and
even in the graduate level have
Only recently focused on computers. radically revised and enriched
Internet current primary trend. their curricular offerings to
include courses
Communication with colleagues.
in computerapplications.Compute
Lesson plan preparation.
Student resources.
rs became more user friendly so
Access research and best practices people began procuring sets for
for teaching. personal as well as for office and
instructional use.
2005 – iClicker

There are many similar tools available now, but

iClicker was one of the first to allow teachers
to be able to quickly poll students and get
results in real time.

2006 – XO Laptop
The ‘One Laptop Per Child’
computer was built so it was
durable and cheap enough to
sell or donate to developing
countries. It’s an incredible
machine that works well in
sunlight, is waterproof, and
much more
2010 – Apple iPad
Summary-1From Summary-2From
Blackboard to WWW instructional tools for
•Blackboard teachers to learning tools for
•Slides-Projector students and teachers as well
(audio tape, video •Classroom without teachers
cassette…) •Programmed instruction
•PowerPoint •CAI: Computer-Aided
•WWW Instruction
–Unlimited resources
–Equal accessibility •Web-based learning
(divide vs. equalizer) •NTeQ Model: Integrating
–Instantaneously Technology for Inquiry
–Simultaneously •Education theory vs. learning
–Multimedia theory
 Summary-3From the extension of
human sense organs’ capacities to
enhancement of human thinking
and reasoning abilities
•See more clearly
•Hear more distinctively
•Conduct more efficiently
•Physical brain & digital brain
•Multitasking
•Multidimensional thinking
•Active reasoning momentum
•Ownership of information
resources
•Incidental learning opportunity
•Teacher and student learn from
each other
•No limitation of time and place