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Q 40. Name any four safety equipment’s that a school laboratory must have?
1) First aid box 2) Fire alarm
3) Fire extinguisher 4) Sand and water buckets
Q 41. What are the precautionary measures should be taken while measuring the
volume by using measuring cylinder?
While using a measuring cylinder, it must by kept vertical on a plane surface. The
correct method to note the level of a liquid in the cylinder is to keep the eye at the
same level as the meniscus of the liquid.
Q 42. What are significant figures?
All accurately known digits and the first doubtful digit in an expression are called
significant figures. It reflects the precision of measured value of a physical quantity.
Branches of Physics
Mechanics:
It is the study of motion of objects, its causes and effects.
Heat:
It deals with the nature of heat, modes of transfer and effects of heat.
Sound:
It deals with the physical aspects of sound waves, their production, properties and
applications.
Light (Optics):
It is the study of physical aspects of light, its properties, working and use of optical
instruments.
Electricity and Magnetism:
It is the study of the charges at rest and in motion, their effects and their relationship with
magnetism.
Atomic Physics:
It is the study of the structure and properties of atoms.
Nuclear Physics:
It deals with the properties and behavior of nuclei and the particles within the nuclei.
Plasma Physics:
It is the study of production, properties of the ionic state of matter- the fourth state of matter.
Geophysics:
It is the study of the internal structure of the Earth.
Answer:
(a) 1168 × 10–27
We can write it as
1.68 × 103 × 10–27
Now by solving it
1.68 × 103 – 27
1.68 × 10–24
(b) 32 × 105
We can write it as
3.2 × 101 ×105
3.2 × 101 + 5
Now by solving it
3.2 ×106
1 × 24 × 60 × 60 sec
By solving the above = 86400 Sec
Result:
The standard form of 86400 sec is 8.64 × 104 Sec.
Q 1.6. On closing the jaws of a vernier calipers, zero of the vernier scale is on the right to
its main scale such that 4th division of its vernier scale coincides with one of the
main scale division. Find its zero error and zero correction.
Given Data:
n=4
L.c. = 0.01 cm
Main scale Reading = 0.00cm
Zero error = ?
Zero correction = ?
Formula:
Z.E. = (Main Scale reading + Vernier Scale Reading)
Solution:
Main scale reading = 000cm
Vernier scale reading = (L.C × n)
= (0.01 × 4)
= 0.04 cm
As, the zero of the Vernier scale is on the right side of the main scale zero
So error is positive
Zero Error = + (main scale reading + Vernier scale reading)
= + (0.00 + 0.4)
Zero Error = + 0.04 cm
Result:
The least count of screw gauge is 0.01mm.
Q 1.8. Which of the following quantities have three significant?
(a) 3.0066m (b) 0.00309kg (c) 5.05 × 10–27 kg
Answer:
(a) There are “five” significant figures in this measurement.
(b) There are “Three” Significant figures in this measurement.
(c) There are “Three” Significant figures in this measurement.
(d) There are “Four” Significant figures in this measurement.
Result:
In (b) and (c) there are Three Significant figures.
Q 1.9. What are the significant figures in the following measurement?
(a) 1.009m (b) 0.00450kg (c) 1.66 × 10–27 kg (d) 2001sec
Answer:
(a) 1.009 m
(b) 0.00450kg
1. As non-zero digits are always significant so, “4” and “5” are significant.
2. Zero written on the left side are not significant so the three zeros present on
left are non-significant.
Result:
The Total number of significant figures in this measurement are “Three”.
(c) 1.66 × 10–27 kg
1. As non-zero digits are always significant so, “1” and “6” are significant.
2. The digits in power of ten are not considered as significant. So “10–27 is non-
signification in this case.
Result:
The Total number of significant figures in this measurement are “Three”.
(d) 301.0sec
1. As non-zero digits are always significant so, “2” and “1” are significant.
2. Zeros between the two signification figures are also signified so,
Zeros between “2” and “1” are significant.
Result:
The Total number of significant figures in this measurement are “Four”.
Q 1.10. A chocolate wrapper is 6.7cm long and 5.4cm wide. Calculate is area upto
reasonable number of significant figures?
Given Data:
Length = L = 6.7cm
Width = W = 5.4cm
Area = A = ?
Formula:
Area (A) = Length (L) × width (W)
Solution:
As we know that:
A=L×W
Putting the values in above formula
A = 6.7 × 5.4
A = 36.18cm2
Chapter No. 2
Kinematics
Q1: Tick the correct options.
1. A type of motion in which a body moves about its own axis is called:
(a) Vibratory motion (b) Rotatory motion
(c) Circular motion (d) Random motion
2. See – Saw game is example of_______ motion:
(a) Rotatory (b) Circular (c) Random (d) Vibratory
3. Brownian motion is:
(a) Linear motion (b) Circular motion
(c) Vibratory motion (d) Random
4. The motion of steering wheel is:
(a) Random (b) Rotatory (c) Linear (d) Vibratory
5. To and fro motion of a body about its mean position is known as:
(a) Translator motion (b) Vibratory motion
(c) Circular motion (d) Random motion
6. The motion of the pendulum of a clock is:
(a) Rotatory (b) Random (c) Linear (d) Vibratory
7. The flight of butterfly is called:
(a) Rotatory motion (b) Random motion
(c) Linear motion (d) Vibratory motion
8. The to and fro motion of a body about its mean position is called:
(a) Rotatory motion (b) Rotatory motion
(c) Circular motion (d) Vibratory
9. A motion in which a body moves to and for about:
(a) Linear motion (b) Vibratory motion
(c) Circular motion (d) Vibratory motion
10. Which quantity is scalar:
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40. If an object is moving with constant speed then its distance time graph will
be a straight line:
(a) Along time axis (b) Parallel to time axis
(c) Along distance axis (d) Inclined to time axis
41. A straight line parallel to time axis on a distance time graph tells then:
(a) Moving constant speed (b) at rest
(c) Moving with variable speed (d) in motion
42. The speed time graph of a car is shown in the figure, which of the following
statement is true?
(a) Car has an acceleration of 1.5 ms-2 (b) cars has constant speed of 7.5 ms-1
(c) Distance travelled by the is 75 m (d) average speed of the car is 15ms-1
43. By dividing displacement of a moving body with me time, obtain:
(a) Speed (b) acceleration
(c) Velocity (d) deceleration
44. A ball is thrown vertically upward. Its velocity at the highest point is:
(a) – 10ms-1 (b) Zero
-2
(c) 10ms (d) None of these
45. A change in position is called:
(a) Speed (b) velocity
(c) Displacement (d) distance
46. A train is moving at a speed of 36 kmh-1. Its speed expressed in ms-1 is::
(a) 10ms-1 (b) 20ms-1
(c) 25ms-1 (d) 30ms-1
47. A car starts from rest. Its acquires a speed of 25ms-1 after 20s. the distance
Moved by the car during this time is:
61. A vector can be represented by a line segment with a n arrow head. This line
Is called:
(a) Vector line (b) Nominated line of vector
(c) Representative line of vector (d) Resultant vector
62. A body has position P (3,4). The displacement of the body is:
(a) 3 unit (b) 4 unit
(c) 5 unit (d) 7 Unit
63. The slop of distance time graph gives.
(a) Speed of moving Body (b)Distance covered by moving body
(c) Acceleration of moving body (d) Deceleration of moving body
64. The graph of uniform velocity is:
(a) Straight line (b) Parabolic
(c) Parallel to x-axis (d) Parallel to y-axis
65. Freely falling bodies move under the action of:
(a) Force (b) Gravity
(c) Velocity (d) Mass
66. In SI units, the value of ‘g’ is:
(a) 19.6 ms-2 (b) 9.8 ms-2
(c) 4.9 ms-2 (d) 12.5 ms-2
67. If a body is falling under the gravity then its initial velocity will be:
(a) Positive (b) Increasing
(c) Negative (d) Zero
68. If a body is thrown upward, then its gravitational acceleration will be:
(a) Positive (b) Increasing
F1
Certainly two situations differ from each other. They differ due to the direction of the forces
acting on the table. Thus the description of a force would be incomplete if direction is not
given.
In above examples displacement and force are vector quantities that can not only describe by
their magnitude but direction is also needed.
Q 4. How do riders in a Ferris wheel possess translatory motion but not rotatory
motion?
Ans: Riders in a Ferris wheel are in a circular motion without rotation, they are not spinning
about their axis that’s why they possess translatory motion but not rotatory motion
Q 5. Derive equations of motion for uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion?
Equation of Motion:
There are three equations of motion.
1st equation of motion:
V f Vi at
Brownian motion
A V
H
Position of the School ‘S’ from the home ‘H’
18. How LIDAR gun can calculate the vehicle’s speed?
Ans: LIDAR gun is light detection and ranging speed gun. It uses the time taken by laser
pulse to make a series of measurements of a vehicle’s distance from the gun. The data
is then used to calculate the vehicle’s speed.
19. Draw the distance- time graph showing the constant speed.
y-axis
30
d (m)
20
10
x-axis
0 5 10 15 20
t (s)
20. Draw the distance-time graph to show that object is at rest.
d (m)
20
10
5 10 15
t (s)
21. Draw the distance time graph showing variable speed.
40
30
20
d (m)
10
5 10 15 20
t(s)
6
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23. Draw a graph to show that object is moving with uniformly changing speed.
4
-1
V (ms )
2
5 10 15 20
t (s)
= 3600
= 10ms –1
t = 10S
To find:
S=?
Formula using:
S=V×t
Putting the values in solution:
As we know that:
S=V×t
S = 10 × 10
S = 100m
Result:
The required distance of the train is 100m.
Q 2.2 A train starts from rest. It moves through 1 Km in 100S with uniform acceleration.
What will be its speed at end of 100S?
Given Data:
Vi = 0ms-1
S = 1 km
S = 1000 m
t = 100S
a=?
vf = ?
To find:
a=?
vf = ?
Formula using:
vf = vi + at
a = 0.2 ms-2
As we know that:
vf = vi + at
Putting the values
vf = 0 + (0.2) (100)
vf = 20ms –1
Result:
The required speed of the train at the end 20ms –1
Q.2.3: A car has a velocity of 10ms–1. It accelerated at 0.2 ms–2 for half minute. Find the
distance traveled this time and the final velocity of car?
Given Data:
Vi = 10ms-1
a = 0.2ms–2
t = 0.5 min
= 0.5 × 60 sec
= 30 sec
To find:
S=?
Vf = ?
Formula using:
vf = vi + at
S = 390 m.
Result:
The required distance by the car is 390m and the required final velocity of the
car is 16ms–2 .
Q.2.4: A tennis ball is hit vertically upward with a velocity of 30ms –1. It takes 3S to reach
the height point. Calculate the maximum height reached by the ball. How long it
will take to return ground?
Given Data:
Vi = 30ms-2
t = 3S
g = -10 ms–2
To find it:
S=?
Formula using:
t = 3S
As we know that:
Total time = [Time to reach the highest point] + [ time to come back]
Putting the values in above equation:
Total time = 3 + 3
= 6 Sec.
Result
The required highest reached by the ball is 45m and the time taken by the ball to
return to ground 6S.
Q.2.5: A car moves with uniform velocity of 40ms–1 for 5 seconds. It comes to rest in the
next 10S with uniform deceleration find.
Given Data:
Vi = 40ms-1
t = 10S
g = 10 ms–1
To find:
a = -4ms–2 Ans.
Total Distance travelled by the car:
Given Data:
vi = 40ms-1
vf = 0ms–1
t1 = 5S
t2 = 10S
To find:
S=?
Formula using:
a = -4ms–2
(ii) Total distance travelled by the car:
Given Data:
Vi = 40ms-1
t = 10S
g = 0 ms–1
To find it:
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a = -4ms–2
Total Distance travelled by the car:
Given Data:
vi = 40ms-1
vf= 0ms–1
t1 = 5S
t2 = 10S
To find:
S=?
Formula using:
S1 = 10 × 5
S1 = 200m
Similarly:
S2 = Vav × t
S2 = 20 × 10
S2 = 200m
Now
Total distance = S1 + S2
10 = vf
vf = 10ms–1
Vf=
vf = 36 kmh–1
vf = 36 kmh–1
1. Result:
The fine velocity in kilometer per hour 36Kmh–1.
Q.2.7: A train starting from Rest, accelerates uniformly and attains velocity of 48Kmh –1
in 2 mins. It travels at this speed for 5mins. Finally, it moves with uniform
retardation and it stopped after 3 mins. Find the total distance traveled by the
train.
Part (A)
Given Data:
vi = 0
vf = 48Kmh–1
=
Vf = 13.33 ms–1
t = 2 mins.
= 2 × 60
= 120sec.
To find:
S1 = ?
Formula using:
S = Vav × t
Putting the values in solution:
As we know that:
S = Vav × t
S1 = 0 + 13.33 ×120
Part (B)
Given Data:
vi = 13.33ms–1
vf= 13.33ms–1
t = 5 mins.= 5 × 60
= 300S.
To find:
S2 = ?
Formula using:
S = Vav × t
Putting the values in solution:
As we know that:
S2 = Vav × t
S2 = (266.66)(150)
S2 = 3999m Ans.
Part (C):
Given Data:
vi = 13.33ms–1
vf= 13.33ms–1
t = 3 mins.= 3 × 60
= 180sec.
To find:
S3 = ?
Formula using:
S = Vav × t
Putting the values in solution:
As we know that:
S3 = Vav × t
Hence:
Total distance = S1 + S2 + S3
= 799.8 + 3999 + 1199.7
= 5998.5m
= 6000m.
Result:
Total distance travelled by the train is 6000m.
Q.2.8: A cricked ball is hit vertically upward and return to ground 6S later. Calculate.
(i) INITIAL VELOCITY OF THE BALL
Given Data:
vf= 0ms–1
t = 3S
g = -10 ms–2
To find:
vf = ?
Formula using:
vf = vi + gt
Putting the values in solution:
As we know that:
vf = v= + gt
Putting the values above equation:
0 = vi + (-10) (3)
0 = vi – 30
vi = 30ms–1
Result:
The required initial velocity of the ball is 30ms–1 .
(ii) MAXIMUM HEIGHT REACHED BY THE BALL:
Given Data:
vi = 30 ms–1
t = 3S
g = -10 ms–2
vf = 0ms–1
To find it:
h =?
=
= 26.6ms–1
vf = 48Kmh–1
To find:
S2 = ?
Formula using:
2aS1 = vf2 – vi2
Putting the values in solution:
As we know that:
2aS1 = vf2 – vi2
2(a)(800) = (13033)2 – (2606)2
(1600)(a) = 177.69 – 707.56
(1600)(a) = -529.8
a = -0.333ms–2
As to find “S2” put values in equation:
2aS2 = vf2 – vi2
2(-0.333)S2 = 02 – (13.33)2
-0.666S2= -177.6
S2 = 266.66m .
Result:
The required distance the train move will before coming to rest is 266.66m.
Q.2.10: In above, find the time taken by the train to stop after application of brakes.
Given Data:
vi = 26.66 ms–1
vf = 0ms–1
S = 800 + 266 .78
S = 1066.78m
a = 0.33ms–2
To find:
t =?
Formula using:
vf = vi + at
Putting the values in solution:
As we know that:
vf = vi + at
0 = (26.66) + (-0.333)(t)
0 = (26.66) – (0.333) (t)
-26.66 = - (0.333) (t)
t = 80sec
Result:
The total time taken by the train to stop after application of breaks 80S.
Dynamics
Tick the correct options.
1. Inertia depends on:
(a) Force (b) Net force (c) Mass (d) Velocity
2. I N equal to:
(a) Kgms-1 (b) Kgms-2 (c) Kgm-2 S (d) Kgm-1s-1
3. Equation of momentum is:
(a) (b) (c) ( ) (d)
4. Unit of Momentum is:
(a) Kgms-1 (b) Kgms-2 (c) Kg-1m (d) Kgm2s-1
5. Rate of change of momentum is equal to:
(a) Torque (b) Force (c) Mass (d) Distance
6. Which of the following is the unit of momentum?
(a) Ns-1 (b) Kgms-2 (c) Ns (d) Nm
7. Product of mass velocity of a body is called?
(a) Torque (b) Force (c) Work (d) Momentum
8. A string is stretched by two equal and opposite force 10N each. The
tension in the string is:
(a) 10N (b) 5 N (c) Zero (d) 20 N
9. In system international unit of momentum is:
(a) Kgm-1s-1 (b) Kgms-2 (c) Ns-1 (d) Ns
10. The unit of momentum is:
(a) Nm (b) Kgms-2 (c) Ns-1 (d) Ns
11. The unit of weight in system International is:
(a) Dyne (b) Kg (c) Pound (d) Newton
12. Complete equation: :
(a) F (b) S (c) T (d) m
13. The weight of a body is 147 N. its mass will be when g = 10ms-2.
(a) 1.47 kg (b) 14.7 kg (c) 0.147 kg (d) 147 kg
-2
14. A force produces an acceleration of 10ms in a body of mass 5kg.
The value of force is.
(a) 2 N (b) 20 N (c) 30 N (d) 50 N
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(c) (d)
(ii)
Sr. Action Reaction
1. A force that is exerted by 1 body A force that is exerted by 2nd body on the
st
(iii)
Sr. Sliding Friction Rolling Friction
1. A force between the sliding objects The force of friction between a rolling
which opposes the relative motion body and the surfaces over which it rolls
between then is called sliding is called rolling friction.
friction.
2. Contact area is large in it. Contact area is less in it.
3. Sliding friction is more than rolling Rolling friction is less than sliding
friction. friction.
( )
( )
Calculation of Tension
Putting the value of acceleration
( )
Q 4. How can you relate a force with change of momentum of a body?
Relation between force and momentum
When a force acts on a body, it produces acceleration in the body and will be equal to
the rate of change of momentum of the body.
Derivation
Suppose a force “F” increases the velocity of a body of mass “m” form “vi” to “vs”
during the time “t”.
Then, change in momentum = Final momentum – Initial momentum
Pf – Pi = mvf – mvi
Thus the rate of change in momentum is given by
Pf Pi mvf mvi
t t
Pf Pi mvf mvi
t t
Pf Pi vf vi
m
t t
As,
Formula:
FS
S
R
Units
Because it is the ratio of two forces so it has “No unit”
Q 7. Define the terms centripetal force and centripetal acceleration. Also derive their
expression.
Centripetal Force
Definition:
The force which keeps the body to move in a circular path is called the centripetal.
Formula:
mv 2
FC
r
Direction
It is always directed toward the centre of the circle:
Explanation:
Consider a body tied at the end of a string
moving with uniform speed In a circular
path. A body has the tendency to move in a
straight line due to inertia. The string to
which the body is tied keeps it to move in a
circle by pulling the body towards the centre of the circle. The string pulls the body
perpendicular to its motion as show in figure. This pulling force continuously changes
the direction of motion and remains towards the centre of the circle. This centre
Direction
It is always directed towards the centre of the circle.
Formula
According to Newton’s second law of motion.
FC = nac
Putting the value of centripetal force (FC) in above equation:
mv 2
mac
r
v2
ac
r
Q 8. Write a detailed note on applications of centripetal force.
Application of Centripetal Force
Centripetal force has vast applications but some of them are discusses below:
Banking of the roads
Washing machine dryer
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m = 10Kg.
Result:
The required mass of body is the 10 Kg.
Q.3.2: The weight of body is 147 N. What is its mass? Take the value of g as 10m -2?
Given Data:
w = 147N
g = 10ms–2
To find:
mass = m = ?
Formula using:
w = mg
m = 14.7Kg.
Result:
The mass of body is the 14.7 Kg.
a = 2ms–2
Result:
Acceleration produced by the force is 2ms-2.
Q.3.5: A body has weight 20N. How much force required to move it vertically upwords
with an acceleration of 2ms–2
Given Data:
Weight = w = 20N
Acceleration = a = 2ms–2
g = 10ms-2
To find it:
F= ?
Formula using:
= 0.4ms-2
Formula using:
( )
Result:
The required acceleration in the bodies when both the masses a moving
vertically is 0.4ms-2 and tension in the string is 499.2N.
Q.3.7: Two masses 26Kg and 24Kg are attached to the ends of a string which pass over a
friction less pulley 26Kg is lying over a smooth horizontal table 24Kg mass if moving
vertically down ward. Find the tension in the string and the acceleration in the
bodies.
Given Data:
m1 = 24Kg
m2 = 26Kg
g = 10ms-2
To find it:
a=?
T=?
Formula using:
( )
a = 4.9ms–2
Formula using:
( )
T= 125N.
Result:
Acceleration in the bodies 4.8ms–2 and the tension in the string is 125N.
Q.3.8: How much time is required to change 22Ns momentum by a force of 20N?
Given Data:
Solution:
Putting values in Formula:
t = 1.1 Sec.
Result:
The time is required to change then momentum is 1.1 Sec.
Q.3.9: How much is the force of friction between a wooden block of mass 5Kg and the horizontal
marble floor? The coefficient of friction between wood and marble is 0.6?
Given Data:
Mass of wooden = m = 5Kg
Coefficient friction = Us = 0.6
To find it:
Force = F = ?
Formula using:
Fc= 9N
Result:
The Centripetal force of the body is 9N.
(c) (d)
6. A force of 10N makes an angle of 90º with x-axis. Its horizontal
component will be:
(a) 10 N (b) 5 N (c) Zero (d) Maximum
7. :
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
8. If 10 Newton force is making an angle 30º with x-axis, then value of
vertical component is:
(a) 56.6 N (b) 5 N (c) 8.66 N (d) 0.5 N
9. Complete equation :
(a) (b) (c) (d)
10. The value of tan 45º is:
(a) (b) (c) (d)
11.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
12.
(a) 7 N (b) 5 N (c) 12N (d) 10 N
13. Complete equation: = ____________
(a) (b) (c) (d)
º
14. Sin 45 is equal to:
(a) (b) 0.5 (c) (d)
15. The turning effect of a force is called:
(a) Momentum (b) Torque (c) Pressure (d) Work
16. In SI unit of torque is
(a) (b) (c) (d) MS
17. The perpendicular distance between the axis of rotation and the line of
action of force is called.
(a) (b) (c) (d) MS
18. Centre of gravity of sphere is at:
(a) Centre of sphere (b)
(c) Radius of sphere (d) None of these
19. The center of gravity of irregular shaped body can be found with help
of:
(a) Wedge (b) Meter rod (c) Plum line (d) Screw gauge
20. Point of intersection of medians is the center gravity of uniform:
(a) (b) Circular ring
(c) Solid cylinder (d) Triangular sheet
21. The centre of gravity of a uniform solid cylinder is at:
(a) Middle point on its axis (b) Centre of cylinder
(c) The point of intersection (d) Centre of plate
22. Racing cars are made stable by:
(a) Increasing their speed (b) Decreasing their mass
(c) Lowering their centre of gravity (d) Decreasing their width
(a) (b)
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
28. The single force that has the same effect as the combined effect
of all the force to:
(a) Opposite force (b) single force
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
31.
(a) 0.577 (b) 1.0
(c) 0.866 (d) 0.707
32. If base of a right angled triangle is 3 cm and its perpendicular is
3cm. then, its hypogenous will be:
(a) 2cm (b) 4cm
(c) 6 cm (d) 5 cm
33. The angle between rectangular components of vector is:
(a) 0º (b) 90º
(c) 180º (d) 270º
34. If are rectangular components of a vector F, then the
magnitude of vector F is:
(a) √ (b) √
(c) √ (d)
35. If are rectangular components of a vector ‘F’ then its
direction is determined by the relations.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
36. If the applied force ‘F’ and its moment arm is ‘r’, then torques
defined as:
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
37. The force with which Earth attracts the object towards its center is
know as:
(a) force (b) weight
(c) mass (d) gravity
38. Two equal but unlike parallel forces having different line of action
produce:
(a) a torque (b) a couple
(c) equilibrium (d) neutral equilibrium
39. The number of forces that can be added by head to tail rule:
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 4 (d) any number
40. The number of perpendicular components of a force are:
(a)1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4
41. A force of 10N is making an angle of 30º with the horizontal. Its horizontal
component will be:
(a) 4 N (b) 5 N
(c) 7 N (d) 8.7 N
42. A couple is formed by:
(a) two force perpendicular to each other
(b) two like parallel force
(c) two equal and opposite force in the same line
(d) two equal and opposite forces not in the same line
43. A body is in equilibrium when its:
(a) Acceleration (b) speed is uniform
(c) Acceleration is zero (d) speed and acceleration are uniform
44. A body is in neutral equilibrium when its center of gravity:
(a) is at its highest position
(b) is at the lowest position
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(i)
Sr. Like Forces Unlike Forces
1. Like parallel forces are the forces Unlike parallel forces are the forces
that are parallel to each other and that are parallel but have opposite
have the same direction. direction.
2. In the figure F1 and F2 are like In the figure F1 and F2 are unlike
parallel forces. parallel forces
(ii)
Sr. Torque Couple
1. The turning effect of a force is A couple is formed by two unlike
called torque or moment of force. parallel forces of the same magnitude
but not along the same line. (but
opposite in direction)
2. To produce a torque we need only To produce a couple we need two
one force at least. unlike parallel forces at least.
3. The SI unit of torque is “Nm”. The SI unit of couple is “Nm”
4. Turning pencil in a sharpener, Steering of wheel, double arm spanner
turning stop cock of water tap and etc. are some examples of couple.
turning doorknob etc are some of
(iii)
Sr. Stable equilibrium Neutral equilibrium
1. A body is said to be in stable If a body remains in its new position
equilibrium if after a slight title it when disturbed from its previous
returns to its previous position. positon, it is said to be in state of
neutral equilibrium.
2. On tilting the C.G. of body is raised On distributing the C.G. of body
up from its original position. remains at the same height, irrespective
to its new position.
3. A book placed on the table The rolling ball is an example of
horizontally of stable equilibrium. neutral equilibrium.
Base AC
Cos =
Hypotenuse AB
Perpendicular Bc
tan =
Base Ac
Q 12. Define perpendicular components of a force.
If a force splits up in to two mutually perpendicular components then such
components are called its perpendicular Components.
Y
A
F
Fy
Fx B
Q 13. How can the magnitudes of forces Fx and Fy and F be found? Also write the
formula to find direction of F with x- axis.
Fx = F Cos
Fy = F Sin F
Fy
Fx Fy
2 2
F =
Fy
= tan 1
Fx Fx
Q 14. In a right angled triangle length of base is 4cm and its perpendicular is 3 cm.
Find
i. Length of hypotenuse
Hyp 2 Base2 perp2
hyp Base Perp
2 2
4cm2 3cm2
16cm 2 9cm 2 25cm 2 hyp 5cm
perp 3cm
ii. Sin 0.6
Hyp 5cm
Base 4cm
iii. Cos 0.8
Hyp 5cm
Perp 3cm
iv. tan 0.75
Base 4cm
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F Spanner
F = 8.5N
θ = 450
Result:
The resultant is 8.5N and θ is the 450.
Q 4.2. Find the perpendicular components of a force of 50N making an angle of 30 o with
x – axis?
Given Data:
Force = F = 50N
θ = 30o
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–1
θ = tan ( Fy/Fx)
Putting the values in solution:
F = 13N
–1
θ = tan ( )
θ = tan –1 (0.41)
=
= 0.1m
To find:
Formula using:
= 10Nm
Result:
The torque produced by force is 10Nm.
Q 4.5. A force is acting on a body making an angle of 30o with x - axis horizontal. The
horizontal components of the force are 20N. Find the force?
Given Data:
Fx = 20N
θ = 30o
To find:
F= ?
Formula using:
Fx = F (Cosθ)
= 23.09N
Result:
A force acting on a body is the 23N.
Q 4.6. The steering of a car of a radius 16cm. find torque produced by a couple 50N.
Given Data:
Couple = 50N
Radius = 16cm
=
= 0.16m
AB = 2R = 0.16 × 2 = 0.32
To find:
Formula using:
=16Nm.
Result:
The torque produced is 16Nm.
Q 4.7. A picture frame is hanging by the two vertical strings S. the tenions in the string are
3.8N and 4.4N. Find the weight of the picture.
Given Data:
T1 = 3.8N
T2 = 4.4N
To find:
W=?
Formula using:
W = T1 + T 2
Putting the values in solution:
W = 3.8N + 4.4N
W = 8.2N
Result:
The weight of the block vertically is the 8.2N.
Q 4.8. Two blocked of masses 5Kg and 3Kg are suspended by the two strings as snow. Find
the each tension in each string.
Given Data:
m1 = 3Kg
m2 = 56Kg
To find:
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Formula using:
T1 = m1g
T2 = m2g
Putting the values in solution:
T1 = m1g
T1 = 3 × 10
T1 = 30N
T = T1 + T 2
T = 30 + m2g
T= 30 + 5(10)
T = 30 + 50
T = 80N
Result:
Tension in string is 80N.
Q 4.9. A nut has been tightened a force 200N using 10cm long spanner. What length of
spanner is required to loosen the same nut with 150N force?
Given Data:
F = 200N
Distance = d1 = 10cm
=
= 0.1m.
F2 = 150N
To find:
Distance = d2 = ?
Formula using:
0.13m = d2
d2 =0.13×100
d2 = 13.33cm
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Distance = L1 = OC = 20cm
= 0.2 m
Distance = L2 = OB = 0.5m
To find:
Force = F = ?
Formula using:
Product of anticlockwise = Product of clock wise
F1 × L1 = F2 × L2
m1g × L1 = F2 × L2
F2 = 40N
Result:
Force of 40N is required to balance it at its centre of gravity.
Gravitation
Q1: Tick the correct options.
1. The value of gravitational field strength near the surface of earth is:
(a) 20Nkg-1 (b) 30 N kg-1
(c) 5 N kg-1 (d) 10 Nkg-1
2. A force which is inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between the centre of bodies is:
(a) Frictional force (b) Centrifugal force
(c) Centripetal force (d) Gravitational force
3. Earth’s gravitational force of attraction vanishes at:
(a) 6400 km (b) Infinity
(c) 42300 km (d) 1000 km
4. The value of universal constant of gravitational is:
(a) 6.673 x 10-11 Nmkg-2 (b) 6.673 x 10-11 Nm-1 kg-2
(c) 6.673 x 10-11 Nm-2 kg2 (d) 6.673 x 10-11 Nm-1kg2
5. Concept of gravity was put up first by:
(a) Einsitne (b) Hook (c) Newton (d) Galileo
6. The mass of Earth is:
(a) 6 x 104 kg (b) 6 x 1024 kg
(c) 6 x 1014kg (d) 6 x 1024 N
7. The value of ‘g’ at a height on Earth’s radius above the surface of the
Earth is:
(a) 2 g (b) (c) (d)
8. Value of Gravitational acceleration at 1000 km above the surface of
earth is:
(a) 3.7ms-2 (b) 7.2ms-2
(c) 37.7ms-2 (d) 9.8ms-2
9. Formula to determine the value of gravitational acceleration is:
(a) Increase in mass of body (b) Increase in altitude
(c) Decrease in altitude (d) increase in weight of body
10. Formula to determine the value of gravitational acceleration is:
( )
(a) (b)
( )
( )
(c) (d)
( )
Derivation:
According to the law of gravitation the gravitational force of attraction F with which
the two masses m1 and m2 separated by a distance d attract each other is given by
F m1m2
1
F
d2
m1m2
F
d2
m1m2
F Constant ×
d2
m1m2
F G
d2
Gravitation Universal of Gravitation
Definition
It is equal to the force of gravitation between the two objects having mass 1 kg each
and separated by a distance of 1 meter.
Value
Its value is same everywhere. It is unit its value is 6.673 × 10–11 Nm2Kg–2 .
Weakest force:
Gravitational force is the weakest force due to small value of G, the gravitational force
of attraction between objects around us is very small and we do not feel it.
Q 2. Write a detailed note on variation of “g” with attitude?
Variation of “g” with Altitude:
Altitude:
Altitude is the height of an object or place above sea level.
Explanation:
According to this equation, it is clear that a height / altitude value of g will decrease.
The value of g is greater at sea level than at the hills. This is the reason that our weight
is less at mountains.
Derivation”
As we know that
GM
g
R2
gR 2 GM
Putting the value of “GM” in equation (2)
GR 2
gh
R h
2
This equation clearly shows the relation between value of g at surface and value of g h
at altitude.
Conclusion:
According to the above equation, we come to know that at a height equal to one earth
radius above the surface of the earth, g becomes one fourth of its values on the earth.
Me
10 6.4 106
2
6.673 1011
Me = 6.0 × 1024kg
Gravitation
Problems
Q 5.1. Find the gravitation force of attraction between two spheres each of mass 1000Kg.
The distance between the centers of spheres is 0.5m.
Given Data:
Mass = m1 = 1000Kg
Mass = m2 = 1000Kg
Radius = r = 0.5m
To find:
Gravitational Force = Fg =?
Formula using
Fg = 26.68 × 10 – 5
Fg = 2.66 × 10–4 N
Result:
The gravitational force of attraction between each sphere is 2.67 × 10–4N.
Q 5.2. The gravitational force between lead spheres kept at 1m apart is 0.006673N. Find
their masses.
Given Data:
Distance = d = 1m
Force = Fg = 0.006673N.
= 6.673 × 10–3 N.
To find:
Mass = m1 = ?
Mass = m2 = ?
Formula using:
m2 = 10 –3 + 11
m2 = 108
m = 104 kg
Result:
The masses of lead sphere m1 and m2 are 10,000 Kg each.
Q 5.3. Find the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the Mars. The mass of Mars is
6.24 × 1023 Kg and its radius is 3370Km.
Given Data:
M = 6.42 × 1023 Kg
R = 3370 Km
= 3370 × 103m
= 3370000m
G = 6.673 × 10–11 Nm2
To find:
gm = ?
Formula using:
o
= 3.77 × 10
= 3.77 × 1
–2
= 3.77 ms
Result:
The acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the Mass is 3.77ms–2.
Q 5.4. The acceleration due to gravity on the surface of Moon is 1.62ms–2. The radius of
moon is 1140Km. find the mass of moon.
Given Data:
Gravitational = gm = 1.62ms –2
Radius = R = 1740Km= 1740000m
G = 6.673 × 10 –11Nm2Kg–2
To find:
Mass = M = ?
Formula using:
( )( )
( )
g = 4m/sec2
Result:
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M = 5.99×1024Kg.
Result:
The Earth’s Mass is 5.99×1024Kg.
Q 5.8. At what altitude the values of g would become one fourth than on the surface of
the Earth?
Given Data:
To find it:
h=?
Formula using:
gh=( )
gh=( )
=( )
( )
Taking square root on both side:
(R+h)=2R
h=2R-R
h=R
Result:
The required altitude will be equal to as off radius of earth.
Q 5.9. A Polar satellite of launched at 850 Km above earth. Find its Orbital speed.
Given Data:
h = 850Km
= 850000m
h = 8.5×105m
Me = 6.0×1024kg
R = 6.4 ×106m
G = 6.673 × 10 –11 Nm2Kg2
To find it:
Vo = ?
Formula using:
√
Formula using:
Vo = 2876ms –1 Ans.
Result:
The orbital speed is the 2876ms–1 .
Examples:
A stretched bow
Q 7. Define gravitational potential energy?
The ability of a body to do work due to its specific height from the surface of the earth
is called gravitational potential energy.
Formula
P.E. = mgh
Examples
Energy stored in the dam water.
A hammer lifted up.
Q 8. What is mechanical energy? Give its examples.
Mechanical Energy
The energy possessed by a body both due to its motion or position is called
mechanical energy.
Examples:
Water running down a stream
A catapult or a compressed spring.
Q 9. Describe nuclear energy?
Nuclear Energy:
Nuclear energy is the form of nuclear radiations in addition to heat and light during
nuclear reactions such as fission and fusion reactions.
Explanation:
Heat energy released in nuclear reactors is converted into electrical energy. The
energy coming from the sun for the last billions of years is the result of nuclear
reactions taking place on the sun.
Q 10. What do you know about soil erosion?
As the rain water flows down, its kinetics energy changes into thermal energy while
parts of the kinetic energy of following water is used to wash away soil particles of
rocks known as soil erosion.
Q 11. Name some major sources of energy?
Major sources of energy:
There are many sources of energy but some of major sources of energy are given
below:
Fossil fuels
Nuclear Fuels
Solar energy
Energy from water
Geothermal energy
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Relation:
The relation between mass ‘m’ and energy ‘E’ is given by Einstein’s mass energy
equation:
E = mc2 Here C is the speed of light (3 × 108 ms–1)
Q 18. What is meant by pollution? Name different types of pollution.
Pollution:
Pollution is the change in the quality of environment that can be harmful and
unpleasant for living thing.
Types:
Different types of pollution are;
Air pollution
Water pollution
Thermal pollution
Noise pollution
Q 19. How we can control pollution?
Pollution Control
Pollution can be controlled by;
Limiting the waste released by power plants, factories and automobiles
Using catalytic converters
Using lead free petrol
Sharing rides and using public transportation to reduce the number of automobiles
in use.
Q 20. What is an ideal machine?
Ideal Machine
An ideal system is that which gives an output equal to the input. In other words, it
efficiency is 100%.
Q 21. What are Kilowatt hours?
Kilowatt hours:
Work done in one hour at a rate of one kilowatt is called as one kilowatt hour.
1kwn = 36000 × 1000
1kwn = 3.6 × 106
1kwn = 3.6 MJ
Q 22. What do you mean by interconversion of energy?
Energy cannot be destroyed however it can be converted into some other forms.
During the interconversion of energy from one form to other forms, the total energy at
any time remains constant.
Q 23. What are fossil fuels?
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Q 26. What are the harmful effects of the waste products produced by fossil fuels?
Headache, tension, nausea, allergic reactions, irritation of eyes, nose and throat,
asthma, lungs cancer heart diseases and damage to brain are the harmful effects of these
waste products. These harmful waste products of fossil fuels also pollute the environment.
Q 27. What is pollution?
Pollution is the change in the quality of environment that can be harmful and
unpleasant for living things.
Q 28. What is thermal pollution?
A temperature rise in the environment that disturbs life is called thermal pollution.
Q 29. What are the harmful effects of thermal pollution?
Thermal pollution upsets the balance of life and endangers the survival of many
species.
Q 30. What are the sources of air pollutants?
Natural processes such as volcanic eruptions, forest fires and dust storms add pollutant
to the air. On the other hand burning of fuel and solid wastes in homes, automobiles and
factories release harmful amount of air pollutants.
Q 31. What is the difference between nuclear power plants and the other power plants?
Nuclear power plants produce dangerous radioactive wastes and other power plants
produce carbon dioxide.
Q 32. How can we control air pollution?
By using cars having catalytic convertor, by using lead free petrol and the car engines
that use electricity or energy sources other than diesel and petrol.
Q 33. How individuals can help to control air pollution?
By reducing the use of cars and other machines that burn fuel, by sharing rides and using
public transportation individuals can help to control air pollution.
Q 34. What is an energy convertor?
In an energy convertor a part of the energy taken. (used up) by the system is converted
into useful work. Remaining part of the energy is dissipated as heat energy and sound
energy (noise) into the environment.
Q 35. Define input.
Efficiency =
%Efficiency = x 100
Q 38. What is an ideal system?
An ideal system is that which gives an output equal to the total energy used by it. In
other words its efficiency is 100%.
Q 39. Define power.
Power is defined as the rate of doing work.
Power =
Q 45. Name a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Electric generator or A.C generator.
Dependence of P.E.
It depends upon the following factors:
Mass (m)
Height (h)
Gravitational acceleration (g)
Q 4. How energy is converted from one form to another? Explain.
Inter conversion of energy
Energy cannot be destroyed however it can be converted into one form of energy to
another.
Examples:
Rub your hands together quickly. You will feel them warm.
You have used you muscular energy in rubbing hand as a result
heat is produced. In the process of rubbing hands, mechanical
energy is converted into heat energy.
When a ball is thrown up initially then it approaches maximum
height. When it stops and about to return back then has P.E.
then its starts again and attains K.E.
Inter-conversion of Energy in Nature:
Processes in nature are the results of energy changes. For example, some of the heat
energy from the sun is taken up by water in the oceans. This increases the thermal
energy. Thermal energy causes water to evaporate from the surface to form water
vapours. These vapours rise up and form clouds. As they cool down, they form water
drops and fall down as rain. Potential energy changes to kinetic energy as the rain
falls. This rain water may reach a lake or a dam. As the rain water flows down, its
kinetic energy changes into thermal energy while parts of the kinetic energy of
flowing water is used to wash away sail particles of rock knows as soil erosion.
Conclusion:
During the inter-conversion of energy from one form to others forms , the total energy
at any time remains constant.
Weight = (20 × 6)
= (20 × 6)
= 120J.
Result:
The potentiated energy is the 120J.
Q.6.3: A car weighing 12 kN has peed of 20ms–1. Find its Kinetic energy.
Given Data:
w = 12kN
w = 12 × 103
Speed of car = v = 20ms –1
To find it:
K.E. = ?
Formula using:
2
12 × 10 = m
k.E. = (6 × 102)(400)
= 2400 × 102
k.E. = 240 J.
Result:
The kinetic Energy of car is the 240J.
Q.6.4: A 500g stone is throw up with a velocity of 15ms–1 . Find its:
(i) P.E. at its maximum height
(ii) K.E. when it hits the ground.
Given Data:
Mass
m = 0.5 Kg
Velocity = v = 15ms–1
To find it:
P.E. = ?
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P.E. = mgh
Putting the values in solution:
P.E = mgh
P.E. = 40 × 10 × 6
P.E. = 2400 J
( )( ) =45J
Result:
To find it:
P.E. = ?
Work done = w = ?
Formula using:
(a) (b)
F F
x x
(c) F (d)
F
37. Which graph gives the smallest value of spring constant?
38. Which graph gives the largest value of spring constant?
39. Matter exists in ________________ states:
(a) 5 (b) 4
(c) 2 (d) 3
40. Plasma is:
(a) good conductor (b) bad conductor
(c)semi conductor (d) non conductor
w1
D f
w1 w2
Q 2. Define static liquid pressure. Also derive an expression for liquid pressure.
Pressure in liquids
Liquids exert pressure. The pressure of a liquid acts in all directions. If we take a
pressure sensor (a device that measure pressure) inside a liquid, then the, pressure of
the liquid varies with the depth of sensor.
Static Liquid Pressure
Definition
The pressure exerted by the liquid on the bottom of the container due to its weight in
static positon is calls static liquid pressure.
Formula
P = ρgh
Derivation
Consider a surface of area “A” in a liquid at a depth “h” as show by shaded region in
figure. The length of the cylinder of liquid over this surface will be the weight “w” of
the liquid above this surface “p” is the density of the liquid and ‘m’ is mass of liquid
above the surface.
As we know that
F
P
A
W
Or P
A
w mg
mg
So, P
A
m
v
ρv = m
vg
So, P
A
v A h
A h g
So, P
A
Hence,
P = ρgh
Dependence
The above expression shows that liquid pressure depends on three factors
Density of liquid (ρ)…….(i)
Depth of liquid (h) ………(ii)
Elastic Limit:
The limit, within which a body recovers its original shape after removing deforming
force, is called elastic limit.
Explanation:
This limit tells the maximum stress that can be safely applied on a body whithout
causing permanent deformation in its length, volume or shape. In
So, putting the values of ‘tensile stress’ and tensile strain in equation (1)
F/A
Young’s Modulus =
L / Lo
F L
=
A Lo
F Lo
=
A L
FLo
Y=
AL
Dependence:
Young’s modulus is the material property and only depends upon nature of material
and does not depend upon dimensions.
Q 7. Explain the working of hydraulic press.
Hydraulic Press
Hydraulic press is a machine which works on Pascal’s law.
Construction
Hydraulic Press consists of two cylinders of different cross sectional area as shown in
the given figure.
These both cylinder are fitted with pistons of
cross section area ‘a’ and ‘A’
Working
In the hydraulic press the object which has to be
compressed place over the position of large
cross sectional area “A” the force. F1 is applied
on poison of small cross sectional area ‘a’ .
The pressure P, produced by small piston is
transmitted equally to the large piston and a
force “F2” acts on A which is much larger than “F” .
Pressure on Piston of small area
Pressure on piston of small area is given by:
Properties of Matter
Problems
Q 7.1. A wooden block measuring 40cm × 10cm × 150cm has a mass 850g. Find the density
of wood?
Given Data:
Volume V = 40cm × 10cm × 5cm
Volume
Volume = 0.002m3
Mass = m = 850g
Mass = 0.85Kg
Mass = 0.85 Kg
To find it:
Density =
Formula using:
P = 425Kgm–3
Result:
The density of the wooden block 425Kgm–3.
Q 7.2. How much would be the volume of ice formed by freezing 1 liter of water?
Given Data:
m = 1 liter
m = 1kg
Volume = 920kgm–3
To find it:
Volume of ice = V= ?
Formula using:
As 1m3 = 1000
So, V = 1.09 ×10–3 × 1000
V = 1.09 liter
Result:
The volume of ice 1.09 liter.
Q 7.3. Calculate the volume of the following objects?
(i) An iron sphere of mass 5Kg, of density of iron is 8200Kgm –3?
(ii) 200g of lead shot having density 11300Kgm–3?
(iii) A gold bar of mass 0.2Kg. the density of gold is 19300Kgm–3 ?
(i)
Given Data:
Mass = m = 5Kg
Density = p = 8200 Kgm–3
To find it:
V= ?
Formula using:
v = 6.1 × 10–4 m3
Result:
An iron sphere volume is 6.1 × 10–4m3.
(ii)
Given Data:
m = 200g
= 0.2Kg
P = 11300Kmg–3
To find it:
V= ?
Formula using:
V = 1.77 × 10–5 m3
Result:
The volume of is 1.77 x 10–5m3
(iii)
Given Data:
m = 0.2Kg
P = 19,300 Kgm-3
To find it:
V= ?
Formula using:
V = 1.04 × 10–5 m3
Result:
The volume of is 1.04 x 10–5m3
Q 7.4. The density of air is 1.3kgm–3. Find the mas of air in a room measuring 8m × 5m ×
4m ?
Given Data:
ρ = 1.3Kgm–3
V=8×5×4
V = 160m3
To find it:
m= ?
Formula using:
m = 208Kg
Result:
The mass of air n is the 208Kg.
Q 7.5. A student presses her palm by her thumb with a force of 75N. how much would be
the pressure under her thumb having contact area 1.5cm2.
Given Data:
F = 75N
A = 1.5cm2 = 1.5 × 10–4 m2
To find it:
ρ= ?
Formula using:
5 –2
P = 5 × 10 Nm
Result:
The pressure of thumb having contacts area is 5 × 105Nm–2.
Q 7.6. The head of a pin is a square of side 10mm. Find the pressure on it due to a force of
20N.
Given Data:
A = 10mm × 10mm
= 1 × 10–4 m2
F = 20N
To find it:
ρ=?
Formula using:
Result:
The pressure exerted on the head of a pin is 2 ×105Nm–2.
Q 7.7. A uniform rectangle block of wood 20cm × 7.5cm and of mass 1000g stands on a
horizontal with its longest edge vertical. Find
(i) The pressure exerted by the block on the surface.
(ii) Density of the wood?
(i)
Given Data:
A = 7.5cm × 7.5cm
A = 56.25×10–4 m2
F = 10N
To find it:
P=?
Formula using:
P = 1777.8Nm–2
Result:
The pressure exerted by rectangular block is 1777.8Nm–2.
(ii)
Given Data:
Mass = m = 1000g
Mass =
Mass = m = 1kg
V = 7.5cm × 7.5cm × 20cm
V = 1125 × 10–6 m3
To find it:
ρ=?
Formula using:
Ρ=889kgm–3
Result:
The required density of rectangular block is 889kgm–3.
Q 7.8. A cube of glass of 5cm side and mass 306g has a cavity inside it. If the density of
glass is 2.5 cm–3, find the volume of cavity?
Given Data:
L = 5cm
m = 306g
m=
p = 2.5gcm–3
To find it:
Volume of cavity = V = ?
P=?
Formula using:
m = 2.55 × 125
m = 318.75g
Now considering cavity inside the block
Mass of cavity = Mass of block without cavity – Mass of block with cavity
= 318.75 – 306
= 12.75g
Now Formula using:
3
V = 5cm
Result:
The required volume of cavity is 5cm3.
Q 7.9. An object has weight 18N in air, its weight of found to be 11.4N when immense in
water. Calculate is density can you guess the material of the object?
Given Data:
W1 = 18N
W2 = 11.4N
ρ = 1000kgm–3
To find it:
Density = ρ= ?
Formula using:
3
ρ = 2727kgm Aluminum.
Result:
The required density of object is 2727 kgm–3 and this quite similar to
aluminum.
Q 7.10. A solid block of wood of density 0.6gcm–3 weights 3.06N in air. Determine
(a) Volume of the block.
(b) The volume of the block immersed when placed freely in a liquid of density
0.9cm–3
Given Data:
S = 0.6gcm–3
W = 3.06N
To find it:
V in air = ?
V in liquid = ?
a) Volume of block
W = mg
m = 0.306kg
m = 0.306 × 103g
m = 306g
Formula using:
3
V = 510cm
Result:
The volume of block in air is 510cm3.
b) Volume of block
As we know that
F = ρgV
mg = ρgV
m = ρV
306 = 0.9×V
Result:
The volume of block in water is 340cm3.
Q 7.11. The diameter of the piston of hydraulic press is 30cm. How much force is required
to lift a car weighing 20,000N on its piston if the diameter of the piston of the
pump is 3cm.
Given Data:
D = 30cm
F2 = 20,000N
To find it:
F1 = 200N
Result:
The car weighing force required is 20N
Q 7.12. A steel wire of cross – sectional area 2 × 10–5cm2 is stretched through 2mm by a
force of 4000N. Find the young’s modulus of the wire. The Length of the wire is
2m?
Given Data:
A = 2 × 10–5m2
= 2 × 10–3m
F = 4000N
L0 = 2m
To find it:
Young’s modulus = Y = ?
Formula using:
= 2 × 1011Nm–2
Result:
The young’s modulus is 2 × 1011Nm–2.
(a) 0 ºF (b) 32 ºF
5. Which of the following material has large value of temperature coefficient of linear expansion?
6. What will be the value of for a solid for which has a value of 2 x 10-5 K-1?
7. A large water reservoir keeps the temperature of nearby land moderate due to:
SHORT QUESTIONS
Q 1. Define the term thermometry.
Thermometry
The art of measurement of temperature is called as thermometry.
Depends:
It depends upon the following factors:
Original / actual length
Change in temperature
Nature of material
Q 19. Define specific heat. How would you find the specific heat of a solid?
Definition
Specific heat of a substance is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of
one kg mass of that substance through 1K.
Formula
Q
Its formula is C
mT
Unit
Its SI unit is joule per kg per Kelvin (Jkg–1K–1).
Determination of Specific Heat
Specific heat capacity of a solid can be found by using the ‘method of mixture’.
Q 20. Define latent heat of vaporization.
Definition
Heat energy required to change unit mass of a liquid completely into gas at its boiling
point without any change in its temperature is called latent heat of vaporization.
Formula
Q
Its formula is H v
m
Unit
Its unit is joule per kilogram (Jkg–1)
LONG QUESTIONS ANSWERS
Q 1. What is specific heat capacity? Derive its formula and describe the importance of
large specific heat capacity.
Specific Heat Capacity
Definition
Specific heat of a substance is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of
one kg mass of that substance through 1k.
Formula
Q
Its formula is C =
mT
Unit
Its SI Unit is Joule per kg per kelvin (Jkg–1 k–1 )
Dependence
The value of specific heat depends upon the nature of material only.
Explanation
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Explanation of graph:
Part AB:
On this portion of the curve, the temperature of ice increases from –30oC to 0oC.
Part BC
When the temperature of ice reaches 0 °C the ice water mixture remains atthis
temperature until all the ice melts.
Part CD:
The temperature of the substance gradually increases from 0°C to 100°C; amount of
energy so added is used up in increasing the temperature of water.
Part DE:
At 100 °C water begins to boil and changes into steam. The temperature remains
100 °C until all the water changes into steam.
Q. 8.2: Normal human body temperature is 98.0oF. Convert it into Celsius scale and
Kelvin Scale?
Given Data:
Body Temperature in oF = 98.6oF
Body Temperature in oC = ?
Body temperature in k = ?
Formula:
o
F = 1.8oC + 32
Solution
As we know that
o
F = 1.8oC + 32
Putting the values in above equation:
98.6 = 1.8oC + 32
98.6 – 32 = 1.8oC
66.6 = 1.8oC
o
C=
o
C = 37
As we know that
k = oC + 273
Putting value in above equation
Result:
The required normal human body temperature in centigrade scale is 37 oC and
required normal human body temperature in kelvin is 310 k.
Q. 8.3: Calculate the increases in the length of an aluminum bar 2m long when heated
from 0oC to 20oC. If the thermal co-efficient of linear expression of aluminum is
2.5 × 10–5 k–1?
Given Data:
Lo = 2m
To = 0oC
= 0 + 273 = 273k
T = 20oC
= 20 + 273
= 293k
α = 2.5 × 10–5 k–1
To find it:
Solution :
As we know
Result:
The required increase in length in aluminum bar is 0.1cm.
Q. 8.4: A balloon contain 1.2m3 air at 15oC. Find its volume at 40oC. Thermal co-efficient
of volume expression of air is 3.67 ×10–3 k–1?
Given Data:
Vo = 1.2m3
To = 15oC
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To find it:
V=?
Formula:
V= Vo[1 + β(T – To)]
Solution :
As we know that
V= Vo[1 + B(T – To)]
Putting the values in solution:
V = (1.2)[(1)+(3.67 × 10–3)(313 – 288)
V = (1.2)(1 + 0.09175)
V = 1.3m3
Result:
The required volume of balloon is 1.3m3.
Q. 8.5: How much heat is required to increase the temperature of 0.5kg of water from
10oC to 65oC?
Given Data:
m = 0.5kg
C = 4200J kg–1 k–1
T1 = 10oC = 10 + 273
= 283 k
T2 = 65oC
= 65 + 273
= 338k
To find it:
Q=?
Formula using:
As we know that
Q = (0.5)(4200)(338 – 283)
Q = (0.5)(4200)(55)
Q = 115500 J
Result:
The require heat to increase the temperature is 115500J.
Q. 8.6: A electric heater supplies heat at the rate of 1000 Joule per second. How much
time is required to raise the temperature of 200g of water from 20 oC to 90oC?
Given Data:
m = 200g
= 0.2kg
T1 = 90oC
= 90 + 273
= 363 k
T2 = 20oC
T2 = 20 + 273
T2 = 293k
C = 4200 Jkg–1 k–1
t =?
Formula using:
As we know
Q. 8.7: How much ice will melt by 5000 J of heat? Latent heat of fusion of Ice is
336000kg–1?
Given Data:
Qf = 5000J
Hf = 336000JKg–1
m=?
Formula:
Qf = mHf
Putting the values in solution:
As we know that
Qf = mHf
Putting the values in above equation:
5,000 = m(33600)
m = 0.15 kg
m = 0.15 × 1000
m = 150g
Result:
The required mass of the ice is 150g.
Q. 8.8: Find the quantity of heat needed to melt 100g of ice at –10oC? (Note: Sepecific
heat of ice is 2100Jkg–1 k–1. Specific heat of water is 4200Jkg–1 k–1. Latent heat of
fusion of ice is 336000Jkg–1. Spe
Given Data:
m = 100g
m = 0.1kg
T1 = -10 oC
= -10 + 273
= 263k
T2 = 0 oC
= 0 + 273
Hence,
Total heat = Q1 + Q2 + Q3
Total heat = 2100 + 33600 + 4200
Total heat = 39900J
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Q. 8.9: How much heat is required to change 100g of water at 100oC into steam?
Given Data:
m = 100g
m=
m = 0.1kg
6 –1
Hv = 2.26 × 10 Jkg
Q=?
Formula:
Q = mHv
Putting the values in solution:
As we know that
Q = mHv
Putting the values in above
6
Q = 0.1(2.26× 10 )
5
Q = 2.26 × 10 J
Result:
5
The required heart is 2.26 × 10 J.
Q. 8.10: Find the temperature of water after passing 5g of steam at 100C through 500g
of water at 10oC? (Note: Specific heat of water is 4200Jkg–1 k–1 latent
vaporization of water is 2.26 × 106 Jkg–1 ?
Given Data:
Mass of Steam (m1) = 5g
=
= 0.005kg
Mass of Water (m2) = 500g
=
= 0. 5kg
Temperature of Steam (T1) = 100oC
= 100 + 273
= 373k
Temperature of Steam (T2) = 10oC
= 10 + 273
= 283k
Specific heat of water (C) = 4200Jkg – 1
Latent heat of vaporization (Hv) = 2.26 × 106Jkg–1 = 10
Final temperature of mix (T) = ?
Formula:
QV = mHV
Solution:
T=
T = 289.2k
T = 289.2 – 273
= 16.2oC
Result:
The required temperature is 16.2oC.
Transfer of Heat
Q1: Tick the correct options.
1. Heat can be transmitted from one object to the other by:
(a) Convection (b) Radiation
(c) Conduction (d) All of these
2. The process in which heat is transmitted from one body to another by the interaction.
(a) Convection (b) Radiation
(c) Conduction (d) Both a and c
3. Heat from one end of a metal rod reaches to the other by the process of:
(a) Convection (b) Radiation
(c) Conduction (d) Both a and c
4. If heat Q flow in time ‘t’ through some metals, then rate of flow of heat is defined as:
(a) Flow of heat = (b) Flow of heat =
(c) Flow of heat (d) Flow of heat = Qt
5. The mathematical formula of thermal conductivity is:
(a) ( )
(b) ( )
(c) ( )
(d) ( )
6. The SI unit of thermal conductivity is:
(a) WmK-1 (b) Wm-1K
(c) Wm-1k-1 (d) WmK
7. Which one is a good conductor?
(a) Cotton (b) Air
(c) Wool (d) Iron
8. Transfer of heat by the actual movement of molecules from one place to another is called:
(a) Convection (b) Radiation
(c) Conduction (d) waves
9. In large building , central heating system works on the principle of:
(a) Convection (b) Radiation
(c) Conduction (d) All of these
10. The birds stretch out their wings and circle in the rising currents of hot air called.
(a) Convection (b) Radiation
(c) Conduction (d) Thermals
11. All bodies absorb or emit energy by.
(a) Convection (b) Radiation
(c) Conduction (d) Thermals
12. Which surface is best reflector of heat?
(a) Dull black surface (b) Coloured surface
(c) White surface (d) Shining silvered surface
(a) (b)
( ) ( )
(c) (d)
( ) ( )
SHORT QUESTIONS
Q 1. What do you mean by transfer of heat? Write its two properties?
Transfer of Heat
The flow of heat energy from hot body to cold body when both bodies are in thermal
contact with each other is called transfer of heat.
Properties
Transfer of heat is a natural process
It continues all the time as long as the bodies in thermal contact are at different
temperature.
Q 3. Define conduction.
Conduction
The mode of transfer of heat by vibrating atoms and free electrons in solids from hot
to cold parts of a body is called conduction of heat.
Q 1. Define conduction of heat. Explain the process of conduction of heat in the light
of kinetic molecular model of matter.
Ans Definition
The mode of transfer of heat by vibrating atoms and free electrons in solids from hot
to cold parts of a body is called conduction of heat.
Mechanism/Process
Factors effecting
It is observed that the rate at which heat flow through a solid object depends upon
various factors. These are
Cross sectional area of the solid
Length of the solid
Temperature different between ends
Derivation
Consider a solid block as shown in figure. One of its two opposite faces each to cross
sectional area “A” is heated to a temperature “T1” Heat “Q” flows along its length “L”
to opposite face at temperature T2 in ‘t’ seconds.
Cross – Sectional area of the solid
Larger cross sectional Area
A of solid contains larger number of molecules and free electrons on each layer
parallel to its cross sectional area and hence greater will be the rate of flow of heat
through the solid.
Q
A ………….. (1)
t
Length of the solid
Larger is the length between the hot and cold ends o the solid, more time it will take to
conduct heat to the colder end and smaller will be the rate of flow of heat.
Q 4. What are convection currents? How convection currents are produced in air?
Give some uses of convection currents.
Convection Currents
Definition
The path flow or setup which is produced to transfer the heat by actual movement of
molecules from hot place to a cold place due to the difference in densities of air at
various parts in atmosphere is known as convection current.
Production
When a gas or a liquid is heated, the hot (less dense) gas or a liquid molecules rise up
and the cold (more dense) gas or a liquid molecule from the surrounding come to fill
the empty space. The colder and hotter liquid or a gas molecules move up and down
due to supplying heat continuously and convection current are set up. These
convection currents are produced due to the differences in densities of a gas or a iquid
at various parts in the atmosphere or the container.
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Q 5. Define radiation. On what factors the rate of radiation depends upon? Explain
all the factors in detail.
Q 7. What is a green house? How does the temperature in a green house can be
maintained?
Green House
“Transfer of Heat”
PROBLEMS
Q. 9.1: The concrete roof of a house of thickness 20 cm has an area 200 m2. The
Temperature inside the house is 15oC and outside is 35oC. Find the rate at which
thermal energy will be conducted through the roof. The value of the “K” for
concrete is 0.65wm–1 k–1 ?
Given Data:
L = 20 cm
= 20/100m
= 0.2m
A = 200m2
T1 = 35oC
= 35 + 273
= 308k
T2 = 15oC
= 15 + 273
= 288k
K = 0.65wm–1 k–1
Formula:
Solution:
As we know that
Result:
The rate at which thermal energy will be conducted through the roof is 13000JSec –1.
Q. 9.2: How much heat is lost in an hour through a glass window measuring 2.0m by
2.5m when inside temperature is 25oC and that of outside is 5oC, the thickness of
glass is 0.8cm and the value of “K” for the glass is 0.8wm –1 k–1 ?
Given Data:
t = 1hr
= 60 × 60 sec
= 3600 sec
A=l×b
= 2.0 × 2.5
= 5m2
T1 = 25oC
= 25 + 273
= 298 k
T2 = 5oC
= 5 + 273
= 278
L = 0.8 cm
=
= 0.08 m
k = 0. 8wm–1 k–1
Q=?
Formula:
Formula using:
Q = 36000000
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