Received August 29, 2017, accepted September 28, 2017, date of publication October 27, 2017,

date of current version December 5, 2017.

Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2767037

Aromatic Network: A Novel Structure for

Power Distribution System
F. R. ISLAM 1 , (Member, IEEE), K. PRAKASH1 , (Student Member, IEEE),
K. A. MAMUN1 , (Member, IEEE), A. LALLU1 ,
AND H. R. POTA2 , (Member, IEEE)
1 School of Engineering and Physics, The University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji
2 School of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of New South Wales, Canberra, NSW 2612, Australia
Corresponding author: F. R. Islam (fmrabiul.islam@ieee.org)

ABSTRACT A distribution network is one of the main parts of a power system as it is connected directly
to the load center and can act as a microgrid during an islanding operation. The concept of integrating
both renewable and distributed energy sources at the distribution level is currently of great interest for
power system engineers. Further research by power companies and engineers on applying better techniques
to improve the power quality and stability of dynamic devices in a distribution network is ongoing. This
paper presents a review of fundamental distribution network architectures, including radial, ring, and mesh
ones, which considers their types of operation, control and management, growth model, and advantages and
disadvantages. The existing networks suffer from various technical and quality issues while they are also
vulnerable to the natural disaster and any type of fault in the system. To overcome the problems associated
with present networks, a novel architecture of aromatic structure is proposed. Simulations carried out show
that this new network can perform better than existing ones in terms of load flow, power quality, reliability,
and islanding operations. It is also a perfect choice for both a distribution network and microgrid in a cyclone-
prone area as it has both overhead and underground network facilities.

INDEX TERMS Network architecture, distribution network, radial, ring, mesh, aromatic.

I. INTRODUCTION a distribution network, it can reduce transmission losses

The key to ensuring successful delivery of power to the load
center is to design and implement a reliable and stable dis-
tribution network and power supply to individual customers’
premises can be enhanced through a proper and efficient
electrical power distribution system [1], [2]. Distribution net-
works are affected by natural disasters, such as earthquakes
and cyclones and restoring them after the damage is a func-
tion of their design, control and management. Typically, a
distribution network consists of sub-stations, primary feeder,
transformers, distributors and service mains [3].
Currently, renewable energy sources (RESs) are being
widely used to meet energy demands, with their various asso-
ciated developments and integration of their technologies in
distribution networks making these networks vulnerable [4].
The degree of vulnerability of a network depends on its con-
trol and architecture while management plays an important
role in sustaining it during normal operations.
Energy generation at the distribution level provides ben-
efits for both the user and electricity provider because, in
and costs [5], [6]. In many countries, generating electricity
in a distribution network from RESs through implement-
ing smart technologies has become an attractive option for
producing quality power with relatively few environmental
impacts [7]–[9].
Island communities face a major problem regarding energy
needs and power generation, with the major concern for the
costs of fossil fuel which are mainly imported. This situation
not only increases the expense for small islands but also
contributes to greenhouse gas emissions. RESs, such as solar,
wind and hydro, were introduced to decrease the use of
fossil fuels and ensure a relatively safe living environment.
However, there are many associated costs for RESs which
may include capital and maintenance ones. In an island com-
munity, not everyone is fortunate enough to have access to the
power supply due to poverty or the absence of a grid or power
utility system. Nowadays, although electricity has become
an integral part of human lives, lags in a continuous power
supply due to a fault in the relevant network or natural disaster

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F. R. Islam et al.: Aromatic Network: A Novel Structure for Power Distribution System

(i.e., a cyclone) may cause enormous suffering. Then, the

economy of a country can be affected as power outages lead to
the breakdown of information and communication systems,
and the malfunctioning of institutions and businesses that
deploy large computer networks for processing as well as
many hospitals and evacuation centers which need power
during such catastrophic events. These problems need to
be addressed at the distribution level by designing a smart
distribution network and/or microgrids located at different
points in a transmission or distribution network to obtain
RE-based distributed generation (DG).
In this paper, the most commonly used distribution network
architectures: radial, ring and mesh, are presented and their
performances under certain loads and pre-designed faults
have been assessed. Their benefits, drawbacks, operation
and applications in terms of load flow, power quality and
reliability are discussed.
To overcome the drawbacks of existing networks, a novel,
efficient and reliable Aromatic network based on the concept
of the chemical structures of benzene and dichlorodiphenyl-
trichloroethane (DDT) is proposed. It will have the capability
to isolate faults, self-heal with overhead and underground
connections and work individually as a microgrid within the
benzene structure when necessary. The chlorine molecules of
chemical Aromatic network have been replaced with RESs in
the power network to achieve more reliable and environmen-
tally friendly network structure.
The Aromatic distribution network is then tested in a sim- FIGURE 1. 33 node radial distribution network [17].
ulation environment to verify its performance compared with
those of existing networks.

II. EXISTING DISTRIBUTION NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 1) APPLICATION OF RADIAL NETWORK

A network’s architecture has a significant impact on its power
quality, stability and reliability. To design a smart grid, it
is essential to understand the performance of the network’s
structure as well as its benefits, drawbacks and applications.
The detailed review of existing distribution networks (radial,
ring and mesh) conducted during this research is summarized
below.
A. RADIAL DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
A radial network is the most commonly used architecture for
a power distribution system [10]–[12]. As it follows a tree-
shaped topology, whereby there are no closed loops, power
is delivered from one bus to another without the original
bus being tracked although it is necessary to find this bus
when turning backwards. This is the simplest and cheapest
network for an electrical grid but, if a fault occurs at a certain
point in it, all the lines downstream lose power due to its tree
structure.
In a radial distribution network, the lateral line follows the
root or main bus, the sub-lateral line begins from the lateral
line and, finally, the network ends with minor lines emanating
from the sub-lateral line. A radial network architecture is used
widely for a power distribution system due to its simplicity
and cost-effectiveness [13]–[16].
the general configuration of a radial structure consists of
generators at only the starting point (slack bus) connected
through distribution transformers to the load center, with the
nodes numbered in ascending order and each pair of adjacent
ones connected by uniquely numbered branches. An example
of a radial distribution network is shown in Fig. 1 [18].
It consists of four important parts: a master controller;
control system; correspondence system; and distribution
line.
The control system in a radial network usually aims to
allow multi-layer control using an interchange system to
communicate data [17].
A radial network is a remarkably adaptable system that
enables the creation and trial approval of new topologies,
fittings, controls, correspondence and security, and incor-
porates deterministic and stochastic parts. A distribution
network’s limited periods of idleness help to intensify its
sensitivities to stochastic segments [19], with distribution
lines used to interconnect its sources, loads and energy space
units.
2) ADVANTAGES OF RADIAL NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
a radial network system’s circuit protection scheme is rela-
tively simple to coordinate and design, and determining its

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 F. R. Islam et al.: Aromatic Network: A Novel Structure for Power Distribution System
FIGURE 2. Example of ring distribution network.
required component rating is quite easy [20]. Another benefit
is that a voltage compensation technique with reactive power
compensators can be easily implemented [21]. While unequal
conductor lengths result in different voltages at each load, the
proper selection of conductors can eliminate voltage differ-
ences and also reduce the noise induced by heavy equipment
on the line [22]. A radial network is the simplest as it feeds at
only one end, its initial cost is low and it is preferable when
considering a low-voltage system with a sub-station at the
center of the load [23].
3) DISADVANTAGES OF RADIAL NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
a radial network appears to have very limited flexibility in
terms of growth when observed from the planning side. In it,
if a distributor near the sub-station is heavily loaded, a con-
sumer at the far end faces serious voltage fluctuations when
there is any change in this load. In this network, consumers
are dependent on a single feeder and distributor, and any
fault in the system causes interruptions to the power supplied
to all the consumers connected to the distributor [24]. The
amount of power available in a radial network, as seen by
each load, may be lower than those in other power distri-
bution configurations which is due to not only the potential
faults at a single point of failure but also the fact that main-
taining the operation of such a network is relatively more
complex.
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FIGURE 3. Example of mesh distribution network.
B. RING / LOOP NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
A ring distribution network, also known as a loop one, loops
the service from a source through a collection of loads and
back to the source. In other words, all the nodes are connected
to each other in such a way that they form a closed loop
structure through or around an area serving one or more
distribution transformers or load centers and returns to the
same sub-station [25]. In the case of a fault in a particular line,
this network acts as a dynamic radial system and loads are
fed by either multiple or single sources. A loop must be able
to sustain with the requirement of all the power and voltage
when fed from any bus of the network [23]. Fig. 2 shows a dia-
gram of a ring power distribution architecture [26] in which,
as the utility can provide power in any direction of the ring,
a fault can be isolated without disturbing the service to many
loads [27]. This structure is attractive as a high-performance
distribution network and has the capability to flexibly locate
sources. A numerous connecting rings known as a multi-
ring structure in which a wide range of power transfer paths
may be available. However, although this provides significant
flexibility in the event of maintenance being required or a
fault found in a part of the system, it complicates automatic
relaying or protection of this system as it may be difficult to
quickly detect and determine the location of a fault and take
corrective actions to minimize interruptions [28], [29]. More
than one decision could be implemented to isolate a fault,
with the optimal one varying depending on the operating
conditions [30].
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F. R. Islam et al.: Aromatic Network: A Novel Structure for Power Distribution System
FIGURE 4. Proposed aromatic network.
1) APPLICATION OF RING NETWORK
a ring network is commonly used in residential areas where
the current flows in more than one direction. Although it
offers better voltage stability and lower power losses than
other networks, protecting it against faults is difficult. A ring
architecture with an enhanced capacity to tolerate faults can
be an excellent choice for integrating RESs and EV charging
stations [31].
2) ADVANTAGES OF RING NETWORK
it is known as the most organized network since it forms a
closed loop by joining nodes to each other. Several zones
of protection can be implemented in it on both its positive
and negative ring buses. This structure performs better and
is more reliable than a radial network even with increasing
loads. In the case of a fault or maintenance required on
one feeder, the ring’s distributor is still energized by the
other feeders connected to it [32]. Also, different parts of the
network can be isolated at appropriate points when necessary.
3) DISADVANTAGES OF RING NETWORK
its major disadvantage is that it is highly dependent on the
cables connecting other components to it. A loop feeder
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system is slightly more complicated than a radial one
and has the major drawbacks of less capacity and greater
cost [23].
C. MESH NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
A mesh network structure is similar to a ring one but includes
redundant lines which are organized as backups for the pur-
pose of rerouting power in the event of a failure in the main
line [33]. Fig. 3 shows the configuration of a mesh distribu-
tion network.
As well as in radial and ring architectures, an electrical
grid can be organized in a mesh one which requires a high-
or medium-voltage operation [34]. Its distribution system
enables the three phases in a mesh network to be offset in
a peak period by disseminating them equally to establish
consistent power output.
Compared with configurations of radial and ring networks,
that of a mesh one is the most complicated since it includes
many alternative connections between buses which makes
its operation and protection a significant challenge [35].
Although a mesh network uses the configuration of an exist-
ing grid instead of installing a new network, it is not ideal
because of its complexity [36].
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 F. R. Islam et al.: Aromatic Network: A Novel Structure for Power Distribution System
1) APPLICATION OF MESH DISTRIBUTED NETWORK
a revolution in the generation, transmission and distribution
of electricity is expected to be achieved by the design of a
smart grid.
A mesh network structure is efficient for short-distance
transmissions and a radial or ring one can be effectively
upgraded to a mesh one by adding appropriate connections
between buses. The power transmitted in a mesh network can
be sent to an aggregation point (often a sub-station) to ensure
reliable and controlled, rather than fluctuating, power gener-
ation [37]. Then, the peak power is generated and transmitted
to various units and houses around the transformers to meet
consumer demand.
Mesh configurations can be efficiently utilized for DG
using RESs at the converters interface [35].
2) ADVANTAGES OF MESH NETWORK
using the mesh distribution network, accurate power sharing
of loads can be achieved [38]. The simplest network structure
to protect is a radial one whereas a mesh distribution one
has a higher short-circuit power. However, a mesh network
has a relatively balanced voltage profile and high reliability
through redundancy [39], and can be effectively converted to
a microgrid in an islanding mode of operation.
3) DISADVANTAGES OF MESH NETWORK
a communication delay, which is a very sensitive parameter, is
a major issue associated with a mesh network configuration
that can impact on the stability of the system; for instance,
when it is large, the poles move towards an imaginary axis and
the system becomes unstable with redundancy highly likely
in many of its connections. The overall cost of this type of
network is much higher than those of others and its set-up
and maintenance are very difficult.
To overcome the disadvantages of existing networks, a
novel structure is proposed and its performance has been
verified by comparison with existing networks.
III. PROPOSED NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
A novel distribution network structure based on the chemical
structure of the Aromatic molecule DDT, of which benzene
is the core, is introduced. DDT was used as a pesticide in the
early 1990s and, because of the strong intermolecular forces
bonding its carbon atoms. The same structure and properties
of this compound are used to design a microgrid, where
the carbon atoms of a molecule represent the nodes for the
loads and generations, with the single bonding the overhead
distribution line and, of the double, one bond is the overhead
line and the other the underground cable. Fig. 4 shows the
structure of an Aromatic network.
Several product designers have been basically inspired by
nature; for instance, ideas for the design of a boat came from
sea mammals and those for manufacturing an aircraft from
creatures that have the ability to fly, such as birds. Before
designing any product, the concepts underlying an existing
25240
one and a working model of it have to be mastered; for
example, when designing an aircraft, the concept of how a
bird flies, such as using its weight, up-thrust and wings, has
to be known in detail. Similarly, in the design of a microgrid,
it is necessary to understand a natural element which could
be applied and be strong enough to remain stable under any
sudden change.
The reason for using double bonding as the two distribution
lines is that if, during natural disasters, the overhead lines
blow away, the underground cables can act as backup for the
whole system. Although implementing this may come at a
cost, to ensure robustness of the grid, it is worth it.
As its resilience and robustness simply illustrates the
strength of a system, the bonds between each node ensure its
robustness. As the chlorine bonds in DDT are weak and may
break the structure, they are represented by the RES in the
network, basically the photovoltaic (PV) or wind system, the
availability of which at all times of the day is not guaranteed.
The proposed novel power distribution network structure
shown in Fig. 4 is inspired by the chemical structure of DDT
which, if strictly followed, should enable the grid to act in a
resilient way.
This Aromatic network for a power distribution sys-
tem [40] is specially designed to overcome most of the
aforementioned disadvantages of the three major types of
power distribution networks. Its DDT-shaped physical struc-
ture is a combination of two physical sub-structures which
are similar to the chemical structure of a benzene compound.
Each benzene-shaped sub-structure contains six buses, each
of which is connected to its two adjacent ones using either
a combination of overhead and underground connections or
only overhead ones following the double and single bonding
of the DDT’s chemical structure.
These sub-structures are synchronized through a coupling
point identified as slack bus of the proposed Aromatic net-
work connected to two different sources, such as a syn-
chronous generator and a RES and also to the utility grid or
another network considering that, at this point, the chemical
structure of DDT has three chlorine atoms.
On the other hand, each sub-structure is limited to con-
necting only one RES to improve the stability of the network
while the rest of the buses are connected to other DGs (i.e.,
synchronous generators, batteries) with respective loads.
All the materials (i.e., distribution line, bus, transformer,
generators) related to the design should follow the IEEE
standards.
IV. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF VARIOUS
NETWORKS ARCHITECTURE
To verify the performances of the radial, ring, mesh and
Aromatic networks, Electrical Transient Analyzer Program
(ETAP) software is used. Analyses of the load flow, harmon-
ics and fault scenarios are conducted and the results effec-
tively used to determine their performances, with a summary
presented below.
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FIGURE 5. Radial network in simulation environment.

A. LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS Eq. 3 and Eq. 4 are a set of non-linear equations which
Newton-Raphson method which has relatively powerful con- can be expanded in Taylor’s series with the initial estimate,
vergence characteristics, is used to analyze the load flow of neglecting all higher order terms, the equation can be written
different distribution networks in this research. It is an iter- in matrix form (Eq. 5):
ative method that approximates a set of non-linear equations 
1P
 
J1 J3

1δ

to a set of linear equations utilizing Taylor’s series expansion. = (5)
1Q J2 J4 1 |V |
The equation of currents entering a power system is repre-
sented by an admittance matrix where the nodal equation can Where. J 1, J 2, J 3, J 4 are the Jacobian matrix elements.
be expressed in a polar form (Eq. 1), in which j includes bus i: Power residuals values (i.e difference of scheduled and
n
calculated)for the terms 1Pki and 1Qki can be expressed (Eq.
Ii =
X
Yij  |Vi | 6 θij + δj
 
(1) 6 and Eq. 7):
(
j=1 1Pki = Psch
i − Pi k) (6)
(
The real and reactive power at bus i is: 1Qki = Qsch
i − Qi k) (7)
Pi − jQi = Vi∗ Ii (2) The estimated new bus voltage will be (Eq. 8):
     
Substituting Eq. 1 in Eq. 2 and separating the real and V  = V  + 1 V (k) 
 (k+1)   (k)   
(8)
imaginary parts we can achieve Eq. 3 and Eq. 4:
n
X
|Vi | Vj  Yij  cos(θij − δi + δj ) (3) 1) LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS FOR RADIAL NETWORK
  
Real Power Pi =
j=1 Using the standard IEEE 13-bus feeder, a radial network is
Xn designed with a single-phase system modified to a three-
|Vi | Vj  Yij  sin(θij − δi + δj ) (4)
  
Reactive Power Qi = phase one to compare all four types of distribution network
j=1 architectures. The bus ratings, line configurations and loads

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 F. R. Islam et al.: Aromatic Network: A Novel Structure for Power Distribution System
FIGURE 6. Ring network in ETAP.
TABLE 1. Loads connected to radial network.
of the normal IEEE 13-bus feeder system are considered,
however the load at node 645 has been consider as three phase
induction motor and lumped loads have been connected to
several nodes to simplify distributed load.
The 13-bus feeder radial network modeled using the ETAP
software is shown in Fig. 5, where node 632 is connected
to the power grid to supply power to the whole network.
As, in the ETAP, all the nodes are denoted as buses, those
25242
TABLE 2. Load flow in radial network.
of this distribution network are identified as such in the
analyses.
Table 1 shows all the loads connected to the radial network,
including their ratings, rated kV, real and reactive power
consumption levels, and power factors. Both the capacitors
(CAP1 and CAP2) supply reactive power to the loads, Lump
3 consumes the maximum amounts of real and reactive
power which are 1154kW and 659kVar respectively, and the
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F. R. Islam et al.: Aromatic Network: A Novel Structure for Power Distribution System
TABLE 3. Demand and loss of radial network.
TABLE 4. Summary of alerts for radial network.
power factor ranges from 74.77% to 91.76%, with the motor
having the maximum of 91.76% and Lump4 the minimum
of 74.77%.
Table 2 shows the results of the load flow analysis of the
radial network for the buses’ rated capacities, operating volt-
ages and real and reactive power loadings. All the buses have
rated capacities of 4.16kV except for Bus 634 (0.48kV). The
four buses with marginal voltage levels are indicated by ‘*’,
with Bus 632, which is the system’s slack bus, operating at
a marginal voltage level of 102.56% and Buses 633, 645 and
646 at levels of 102.31%, 102.34% and 102.21% respectively.
Bus 632 has the maximum real and reactive power loadings of
3.528 MW and 1.467 MVar while those for Bus 680 are zero
because no load or generating source is connected to this bus.
Table 3 shows a summary of the demand (the real and
reactive power loadings and consumption levels) and power
losses which indicate the total generation and demand of this
radial network. The slack bus supplies 3.528 MW of real
power and 1.467 MVar of reactive power with a 92.34%
power factor. In this system, although the total loading of
the network is the same as its generation, there are small
real and reactive power losses of 0.039 MW and 0.108 MVar
respectively.
After completing the load flow analysis of the radial net-
work, the summary of alerts has been generated and presented
in Table 4 indicates which portion of the network requires
immediate attention. The results show that Buses 632, 633,
645 and 646 are marginal, operating with 4.266 kV, 4.256 kV,
4.257 kV and 4.252 kV respectively.
2) LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS FOR RING NETWORK
The radial network used in the previous section is then
modified to a ring network structure with all the same
parameters. To form a ring, the transmission line between
Buses 632 and 671 has been removed and two added, one
connecting Buses 646 and 685 (2000 feet long), and the other
Buses 634 and Bus 675 (1000 feet long). Since the rated
capacities of Buses 634 and 675 are 0.48kV and 4.16kV
respectively, a transformer is used to step up the voltage of
VOLUME 5, 2017
TABLE 5. Loads connected to ring network.
TABLE 6. Load flow in ring network.
Bus 634 to 4.16 kV so it can be synchronized. An additional
1 MW of generation is added by connecting synchronous
generators at Buses 684 and 692 with the same reduction
in the slack bus’s capacity to justify the concept of adding
multiple sources to a ring network.
Fig. 6 shows the ring network simulated using the ETAP
by modifying the IEEE 13-bus feeder radial network.
Table 5 lists the loads connected to the ring network,
with the negative values of the capacitors (CAP1 and CAP2)
indicating that these capacitors supply power to the loads.
As this network is a modified version of the radial one,
the ratings of most of its devices are the same, except the
power consumption levels because of changes in the line
connections.
Table 6 presents the results from the load flow analysis of
the designed ring network showing the bus ratings, voltage
profiles and real and reactive power loadings. The marginal
buses are identified as Buses 632 and 633, which have voltage
profiles of 102.67% and 102.31% respectively, while Bus 634
is rated as 0.48 kV and the rest as 4.16 kV. The highest real
and reactive power loadings of 2.547 MW and 1.472 MVar
respectively are those of the slack bus (Bus 632).
Table 7 presents a summary of the demand and losses
of the ring network. The total demand is 3.547 MW of
real power and 1.472 MVar of reactive power of which the
slack bus supplies 2.547 MW and 1.472 MVar respectively.
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 F. R. Islam et al.: Aromatic Network: A Novel Structure for Power Distribution System
TABLE 7. Demand and loss of ring network.
TABLE 8. Summary of alert for ring network.
TABLE 9. Loads connected to mesh network.
An additional 1 MW of real power is supplied through the
synchronous generators connected to Buses 684 and 692. The
real and reactive power losses are 0.07 MW and 0.099 MVar
respectively.
The summary of alerts generated from the analysis of the
load flow of the ring network shows that Buses 632 and 633
and Transformer T5 require attention since the buses have
over-voltages and the transformer is under-loaded, with their
operating voltages shown in Table 8.
3) LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS OF MESH NETWORK
To create a mesh network, the previous ring one is modified
by adding two redundant transmission lines to act as a backup
route if any fault occurs at the slack bus, one between Buses
645 and 671, and the other between Buses 633 and 671, both
2000 feet long.
Fig. 7 shows the mesh network which has a very similar
loop structure to the ring one but two additional lines are
connected.
Table 9 presents the loads in the mesh network which
have maximum active and reactive power consumption levels
of 1154 MW and 659 MVar respectively at power factors
ranging from 74.77% to 91.76%.
Table 10 shows the results from the load flow analysis
of the mesh network. The marginal buses are identified as
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TABLE 10. Load flow in mesh network.
TABLE 11. Demand and loss of mesh network.
TABLE 12. Summary of alerts for mesh network.
those that exceed the maximum voltage of 102% or are below
the minimum one of 95%. In this analysis, it is that Buses
632, 633 and 645 are marginal with operating voltages of
102.67%, 102.01% and 102.04% respectively.
Table 11 presents a summary of the demands and losses
of the mesh network in which it can be seen that the total
demands are 3.52 MW and 1.378 MVar with generations
of 3.52 MW and 1.378 MVar respectively. The slack bus
produces 2.52 MW of real power and 1.378 MVar of reactive
power while 1 MW of real power is supplied by the generators
connected at Buses 684 and 692, with the losses 0.024 MW
of active and 0.033 MVar of reactive power.
After completing the load flow analysis of the mesh net-
work, the summary of alerts generated Table 12, which shows
the portion of the mesh network needing immediate atten-
tion, indicates that Buses 632, 633 and 646 are operating
marginally with over-voltages, of 4.271 kV, 4.244 kV and
4.245 kV respectively, although their rated operating voltages
are 4.16 kV.
4) LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS OF AROMATIC NETWORK
The proposed Aromatic network follows DDT’s chemical
structure, which comprises two benzene networks, with its
buses numbered 100 to 112. It has double- and single-bonding
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FIGURE 7. Mesh network in ETAP.

representations of transmission lines, with the former consist- TABLE 13. Loads connected to the aromatic network.
ing of overhead transmission lines and underground cables,
and the latter only overhead transmission lines. The double-
bonding wirings are connected through the circuit breakers
which are normally closed for overhead lines and open for
underground cables. It is recommended that there be at least
one RES in each benzene structure. However, to compare
this network with the radial, ring and mesh ones, the loads
and generations are kept constant for all four networks while
the ratings for the transmission lines and buses of Aro-
matic network are the same as those of the IEEE 13-bus
system.
Fig. 8 presents a diagram of the proposed Aromatic
network (DDT structure) modeled using the ETAP soft-
ware. The slack bus (Bus 100) is connected to the power
grid that supplies power to the network and two addi-
tional generators are connected to the network (one per Table 14 shows the results for the load flow analysis of
benzene structure) at Buses 102 and 112, each with a the DDT-structured Aromatic network, including the rated
0.5 MW capacity. capacity, voltage profile, and real and reactive power con-
Table 13 shows the loads connected to the Aromatic net- sumption levels of every bus, each of which is rated as 4.16kV.
work which are the same as in the previous networks for When compared with those of the other three networks, these
comparison purposes. The maximum amount of the real and voltage profiles are clearly better as this network has only one
reactive power of 1154 MW and 659 MVar respectively are critical bus (Bus 100) whereas the radial has 4, the ring 2 and
consumed by Lump3. the mesh 3. It can be observed that the slack bus has maximum

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 F. R. Islam et al.: Aromatic Network: A Novel Structure for Power Distribution System
FIGURE 8. Aromatic (DDT) network using ETAP.
TABLE 14. Load flow in aromatic network.
real and reactive power loadings of 2.515 MW and 1.57 MVar
respectively.
Table 15 presents a summary of the demands and losses of
Aromatic network. Its real and reactive power demands are
3.515 MW and 1.57 MVar respectively, and its total gener-
ations 3.515 MW of real power and 1.57 MVar of reactive
power. The slack bus supplies 2.515 MW and 1.57 MVar of
real and reactive power respectively with losses 0.019 MW
and 0.024 MVar respectively and the generators 1 MW of
power.
The summary of alerts has been generated after completion
of the load flow analysis of the Aromatic network (Table 16),
25246
TABLE 15. Demand and loss of aromatic network.
TABLE 16. Summary of alerts for aromatic network.
which shows the portion of the network needs immediate
attention, indicates that Bus 100 is operating with an over-
voltage.
B. HARMONICS ANALYSIS
Harmonics is defined as the distortions and derivations of
the current and voltage due to sinusoidal waveforms, with
the major cause of non-linear loads in the network, such as
inverters, converters and compensators. Some possible effects
of high levels of harmonic distortion are increasing losses
and heating in a transformer, capacitor, motor or generator,
mis-operation of electronic equipment and incorrect meter
readings.
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F. R. Islam et al.: Aromatic Network: A Novel Structure for Power Distribution System

TABLE 17. Maximum allowable distortion (Vrms ≤ 66kV ) TABLE 18. VIHDs of radial network.

In this research, harmonics analysis of radial, ring, mesh

and aromatic networks are conducted with reference to IEEE
STD 519-1992, with three major indicators of harmonic dis-
tortion: total harmonic distortion (THD), individual harmonic
distortion (IHD) and harmonic distortion alerts have been
used.
THD, also known as the harmonic distortion factor (HDF),
is the most common index for measuring the level of har-
monic distortion in a voltage and current. It is defined as
the ratio of the rms of all the harmonics to the fundamental
component as (Eq. 9):
qP
∞ 2
2 Fi
THD = (9)
Fi
IHD is used to track the magnitude of an individual har-
monic and is defined as the ratio of the given harmonic to the
fundamental one as (Eq. 10):
Fi
IHD = (10)
F1
Based on the IEEE STD 519-1992 a summary of alerts is
generated for each network in which all the buses exceed-
ing the individual and total voltage distortion limits are
highlighted. IEEE STD for harmonics has been consid-
ered as the critical level while a lower marginal level
has also been used to conduct this research as shown
in Table 17.
TABLE 19. VTHDs of radial network.
1) HARMONICS ANALYSIS OF RADIAL NETWORK
Table 18 presents the voltage individual harmonic distortion
(VIHD) results for the radial network with each bus’s rated
capacity and voltage distortion fundamental with respect to
harmonic orders. It can be seen that this simulated radial
network has an impact on harmonic orders 11, 13, 23, 25,
35 and 37. The maximum voltage distortion fundamental is
102.56% at Bus 632 in harmonic orders 11, 13, 23, 25 and
35, and the maximum VIHD 4.51% at Bus 646 in harmonics
order 35.
Table 19 presents the results of the voltage total harmonic
distortion (VTHD) analysis of the radial network with the
voltage distortion fundamentals and VTHD percentages. The
maximum voltage distortion fundamental is 102.56% at Bus
632 and the maximum VTHD 10.41% at Bus 646. associated harmonics order while ‘Total’ has been used to
Table 20 shows a summary of the harmonics alerts for indicate the bus that has exceeded THD.
the radial network based on the Table 17, which indicates
the conditions of the critical and marginal buses requiring 2) HARMONICS ANALYSIS OF RING NETWORK
immediate attention and their harmonic orders with operating The VIHDs of the ring network are given in Table 21 with
values. The buses that exceed IHD have been identified with harmonic orders of 5, 7 and 11. The maximum voltage

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 F. R. Islam et al.: Aromatic Network: A Novel Structure for Power Distribution System
TABLE 20. Harmonic alerts for radial network.
TABLE 21. VIHDs of ring network.
distortion fundamental of 102.67% is observed at Bus 632
with impacts on harmonic orders 5 and 7 and the maximum
VIHD 7.72% at Bus 675.
Table 22 shows the VTHDs of the ring network, with the
rated capacity, fundamental voltage distortion and VTHD
percentage of each bus, where the maximum voltage dis-
tortion fundamental is 102.67% at Bus 633 and maximum
VTHD 8.87% at Bus 675.
Table 23 presents a summary of alerts for the ring net-
work with the critical buses requiring immediate attention
(Buses 632, 633, 634, 645 and 646) and their harmonic orders
and operating values.
25248
TABLE 22. VTHDs of ring network.
TABLE 23. Harmonic alerts for ring network.
3) HARMONICS ANALYSIS OF MESH NETWORK
The VIHDs of the mesh network are summarized in
Table XXIV, with the maximum of 4.26% at Buses 652
and 684
Table 25shows the results of the VTHD analysis of the
mesh network, with the maximum voltage distortion funda-
mental of 102.67% at Bus 632 and the maximum VTHD of
5.26% at Bus 675 has been highlighted.
A summary of the harmonic alerts has been generated for
the mesh network (Table 26) shows that Buses 632, 633, 634,
645 and 646 are critical and require immediate attention as
their harmonics exceed the limit.
4) HARMONICS ANALYSIS OF AROMATIC NETWORK
In the Aromatic network, mainly the 5th-order har-
monics are responsible for distortions. Table 27 shows
that the maximum voltage distortion of this network is
102.67% at Bus 100 and the maximum VIHD 2.35% at
Bus 104.
From the VTHD analysis of this network, the rated capac-
ity, fundamental voltage distortion percentage and VTHD
percentage of each bus are shown in Table 28. The maximum
voltage distortion fundamental is 101.79% at Bus 103 and
maximum VTHD 2.82% at Bus 104 which are much lower
than those of the other networks.
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F. R. Islam et al.: Aromatic Network: A Novel Structure for Power Distribution System
TABLE 24. VIHDs of mesh network.
TABLE 25. VTHDs of mesh network.
The summary of alerts for Aromatic network in Table 29
shows that most buses need attention for harmonics distortion
which indicates that, to obtain better performances from this
network, a well-designed technique for reducing the harmon-
ics is essential.
C. FAULT ANALYSIS
A fault analysis of a power system is essential to understand
the reliability of the system. A fault is common and can
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TABLE 26. Harmonic alerts for mesh network.
TABLE 27. VIHDs of aromatic network.
TABLE 28. VTHDs of aromatic network
occur due to an insulation failure, flashover, physical damage,
natural disaster or human error. It might be caused by a
short-circuit between live conductors or to earth by broken
conductors in one or more phases. Power system engineers
need to determine the consequences of a fault in a system
through various simulations of the network to prepare for
potential hazards.
In this research, a broken conductor or open-circuit fault
is analyzed by obtaining the voltage profiles of radial, ring,
mesh and Aromatic networks as these types of faults are
very common due to the natural disasters that occur in island
communities.
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 F. R. Islam et al.: Aromatic Network: A Novel Structure for Power Distribution System

FIGURE 9. Fault in a radial network.

TABLE 29. Harmonic alerts for aromatic network. Table 30 presents the voltage profile of each bus after
the fault is applied to this transmission line (between
Bus632 and Bus671). It is clear that, once the fault
occurs at this point in the network, the voltages of all
the nodes that depend on it in the tree structure become
zero.
Then, an increasing number of buses (marked with ‘*’) can
be observed at the marginal level with over-voltages.

2) IMPACT OF FAULT IN RING NETWORK

In a ring network, a fault is considered to be on the transmis-
sion line between Buses 671 and 684, as shown in Fig. 10. It
changes the network’s characteristics so that it works like a
radial network by forming a tree structure.
Table 31 presents the voltage profiles for the ring network
after a fault occurs on the transmission line between Buses
671 and 684. It is clear that most of the buses are either
critical (marked with ‘**’) or marginal (marked with ‘*’) due
to under- and over-voltage situations respectively.

1) IMPACT OF FAULT IN RADIAL NETWORK 3) IMPACT OF FAULT IN MESH NETWORK

A fault analysis of a radial network is conducted by con- To identify the performance of the mesh network, a fault
sidering a broken conductor (transmission line) between is applied on the transmission line between Buses 671 and
Buses 632 and 671, as shown in Fig. 9. 684, as shown in Fig. 11. As the redundant transmission

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F. R. Islam et al.: Aromatic Network: A Novel Structure for Power Distribution System
FIGURE 10. Fault in a ring network.
TABLE 30. Voltage profiles of buses after fault in radial network.
lines connected to a generating source (in the form of a
spider web) route the power flow to the fault section, in
most scenarios, even with increasing numbers of marginal
buses, the consequences of the fault are limited, as shown
in Table 32.
4) IMPACT OF FAULT IN AROMATIC NETWORK
To assess the performance of the Aromatic network, three
fault scenarios are introduced. In the first, a fault is applied
at the double-bonding overhead transmission line between
VOLUME 5, 2017
TABLE 31. Voltage profiles of buses after fault in ring network.
Buses 101 and 102 (Fig. 12); in the second, at the single-
bonding transmission line between Buses 101 and 106
(Fig. 13); and, in the third, at the transmission line connecting
the slack bus (Bus 100) and Bus 107 (Fig. 14).
Table 33 shows the results for the first fault scenario
(between Buses 101 and 102). The underground cable is
instantly activated and the fault is automatically eliminated
which provides the Aromatic network with a self-healing
feature. Therefore, there are no changes to this network’s
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 F. R. Islam et al.: Aromatic Network: A Novel Structure for Power Distribution System
FIGURE 11. Fault in a mesh network.
TABLE 32. Voltage profiles of buses after fault in mesh network.
voltage profile if a fault occurs at a double-bonding overhead
transmission line.
Table 34 presents the results for the second fault scenario
(between Buses 101 and 106). As there is a slight voltage
drop in the benzene network connected through Buses 101,
102, 103, 104, 105 and 106, it is proven that, if a fault occurs
on a single-bonding transmission line of a benzene network,
the entire network acts as a radial one and forms a tree
structure.
25252
TABLE 33. Voltage profiles of buses after fault scenario 1 in aromatic
network.
If a fault occurs near the slack bus, i.e. on the transmission
line between it (Bus 100) and Bus 108, one bus in the benzene
network still connected to the slack bus works normally,
with the power flow to this benzene network continuous and
supplied by the slack bus. Table 35 shows the results for this
benzene network (connected to Buses 101, 102, 103, 104, 105
and 106). There is a slight increase in its voltage profiles as,
due to the fault, the slack bus supplies to only one benzene
network.
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F. R. Islam et al.: Aromatic Network: A Novel Structure for Power Distribution System

FIGURE 12. Fault scenario 1 in aromatic network.

FIGURE 13. Fault scenario 2 in aromatic network.

However, despite this, the entire network is ener- the entire benzene network as a microgrid. Table 36
gized by the diesel generator connected at Bus 110 shows the results for that benzene network during a
which acts as the slack bus and supplies power to fault.

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FIGURE 14. Fault scenario 3 in aromatic network and network working as microgrid.

TABLE 34. Voltage profiles of buses after fault scenario 2 in aromatic TABLE 36. Voltage profiles of benzene network 2 for fault scenario 3 in
network. aromatic network.

to be considered, such as the locations of DGs, voltage

TABLE 35. Voltage profiles of benzene network 1 for fault scenario 3 in
aromatic network.
V. DISCUSSION
When comparing radial, ring and mesh networks’ architec-
ture to determine the most suitable one, several factors need
range, grid structure, transmission target (underground or
overhead), climate and environment, principles of operation
(directional, over-current), types of generators (synchronous,
asynchronous, converters), load classification, characteriza-
tion and load schedules, as well as different failure condi-
tions [39], [54].
Table 37 presents a summary of three existing distribution
networks, radial, ring and mesh, and the proposed Aromatic
network. It highlights the stability, reliability, capital and
maintenance costs, range of voltages used, protection require-
ments and renewable penetration level of each network based
on literature and observations.
Table 38 shows the overall performance summary of radial,
ring, mesh, and Aromatic networks which has been identified
based on load flow, harmonics and fault analyses. It has been
observed that the performance of Aromatic network is better
than the performance of other existing networks, although

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F. R. Islam et al.: Aromatic Network: A Novel Structure for Power Distribution System
TABLE 37. Comparisons of radial, ring, mesh and aromatic networks.
TABLE 38. Overall performance summary of radial, ring, mesh and aromatic networks.
the number of marginal bus in case of harmonics analysis is
higher but the level of harmonics did not exceed the critical
level at any point of normal operation.
VI. CONCLUSION
This paper presented a review of existing distribution net-
work architectures and the proposed Aromatic one. Each net-
work’s performance was identified by load flow, harmonics
analysis and under various fault scenarios. Their benefits,
drawbacks and applications were discussed and compared.
It was observed that the proposed Aromatic network is suit-
able for distribution level and has various advantages over
existing networks with the capability to work with single or
multiple faults in the system and it can be converted into
microgrid with the integration of renewable sources without
any quality issues. Its implementation will be particularly
beneficial for island communities due to its self-healing
characteristics. This research has enormous potential and
offers future directions for designing appropriate distribution
networks to face the challenges of next-generation power
systems.
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F. R. ISLAM received the B.Sc. and M. Sc. degrees
in engineering from the Rajshahi University of
Engineering and Technology, Bangladesh, in 2004
and 2008, respectively, the MBA degree in 2006,
and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from
the University of New South Wales, Australia, in,
2013.
His professional experience includes being a
Lecturer in Electrical and Electronics Engineering
at The University of the South Pacific, Fiji, as a
Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the University of Ontario IT, Canada, and
as a Research Fellow at UNSW, Australia, in the field of energy and control.
He has continuous interest in micro grid, smart grid, SCADA, electrification
of transportation, and control system. He is the Publication and Publicity
Chair of IEEE Fiji. He is an Associate Editor of IEEE ACCESS.
K. PRAKASH was born in Ba, Fiji, in 1993. He
received the B.E. degree in electrical engineering
from The University of the South Pacific, Fiji, in
2016. He is currently working toward the M.Sc.
degree in engineering at the University of the
South Pacific. In 2016, he joined Clay Energy
Limited, Suva, Fiji, as a Graduate Engineer, and in
2017, he joined The University of the South Pacific
as a Teaching Assistant. His current research inter-
ests include power electronics and drives, elec-
trical machines, renewable energy systems, smart microgrid designs, dis-
tributed generation, and power quality.
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F. R. Islam et al.: Aromatic Network: A Novel Structure for Power Distribution System

K. A. MAMUN received the B.Eng. degree from
the Islamic University of Technology, Bangladesh,
and the M.Eng. and Ph.D. degrees in mechani-
cal and manufacturing engineering from Dublin
City University (DCU), Ireland, in 2007 and 2012,
respectively. He joined The University of the South
Pacific in 2013. He was a Mechanical and Instru-
mentation Design Engineer at Sonex Metrology
Ltd., Ireland, which is a metrology tools design
company for the semiconductor industries. He has
work experience as a Research Assistant with the School of Mechanical
and Manufacturing Engineering, in the prestigious DCU. He started his
professional career as an Assistant Production/Manufacturing Engineer in
Sun power Ceramic industry, Bangladesh, in 2003. He was a Teaching
Assistant during his Research Assistantship Tenure.
H. R. POTA received the B.E. degree from
SVRCET, Surat, India, in 1979, the M.E. degree
from IISc, Bangalore, India, in 1981, and the Ph.D.
degree from the University of Newcastle, NSW,
Australia, in 1985, all in electrical engineering.
He is currently an Associate Professor at the Uni-
versity of New South Wales, Australian Defence
Force Academy, Australia. He has a continuing
interest in the area of power system dynamics and
control, flexible structures, and UAVs.

A. LALLU received the B.Eng. degree in electrical

and electronics engineering from The University
of South Pacific, Suva, Fiji, in 2016, where he is
currently working toward the M.Sc. degree. He has
been an Engineer specializing in renewable energy
solutions with Clay Energy Limited, Suva, Fiji
since 2015 and also part of the teaching teams at
the University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji since
2014. His current interest includes reactive power,
distributed generation, energy markets, power sup-
plies, renewable energy sources, and new energy storage devices.

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