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combustion of segregated municipal solid waste - Combustion and NOx emissions in deep-
air-staging combustion of char in a
circulating fluidized bed
To cite this article: Pranoto et al 2017 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 193 012044 Zhiqiang Gong, Zhentong Wang, Lei
Wang et al.
1
pak_pran@yahoo.com
Abstract. The combustion of segregated municipal solid waste (MSW) and the resulted char
from the pyrolysis process were investigated in this research. The segregated MSW that was
collected and used can be divided into organic and inorganic waste materials. The organic
materials were bamboo and banana leaves and the inorganic materials were Styrofoam and
snack wrappings. The composition ratio of the waste was based on the percentage of weight of
each sample. The thermal behaviour of the segregated MSW was investigated by thermo
gravimetric analysis. For the pyrolysis process the prepared samples of 200gram were heated
from ambient temperature until a variance of final pyrolysis temperature of 550°C, 650°C and
750°C at a constant heating rate of 25°C/min. It was found that the highest activation energy of
the raw materials is achieved from sample CC1 (Char with 100% inorganic materials). The
activation energy of the raw materials is relatively lower than that of the char. The higher the
final pyrolysis temperature, the lower the calorific value of char. The calorific value gradually
increases with the amount of inorganic materials.
1. Introduction
An increasing world population with new developments in technology and economy increases the
demand in resources such as food and other living essentials. These developments result in an increase
in the amount of waste that is being produced. USEPA defines solid waste as any garbage, refuse,
sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control
facility, and other discarded material, including solid, liquid, semisolid, or contained gaseous material,
resulting from industrial, commercial, mining, and agricultural operations and from community
activities [1,2]. In the city Surakarta, often called Solo the growing economy is also noticeable. This is
a city in Central Java, Indonesia with a total population around 588.110 people (in 2011) with an
average density of 13.354 people/km2. According to the Department of Sanitation in Surakarta the
waste generation in Surakarta has been estimated at around 250 tons/day.
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution
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Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1
International Conference On Food Science and Engineering 2016 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 193 (2017) 012044 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/193/1/012044
1234567890
In the last decade adopting new renewable energy resources have increased although it will take a
lot more years to decrease the dependency of the use of fossil fuels. Turning MSW into a renewable
energy source can be a beneficial solution for both decreasing the amount of waste and for creating a
new energy source.
Biomass is any type of organic material that is available on a renewable or reoccurring
basis, and includes such things as agricultural crops and waste, wood and wood wastes, animal wastes,
aquatic plants, and organic fractions of municipal and industrial waste [3,4]. Depending on the
operating condition, pyrolysis can be classified into three main categories: conventional, fast and flash
pyrolysis.
Combustion of biomass or waste in combination with a base fuel is a simple and economically
way to replace fossil fuels by biomass and to utilize waste. The burning characteristics of biomass may
vary considerably depending on the composition of the raw material used [5,6].
The kinetics of the In this research the global kinetics of combustion of municipal solid waste
(MSW) is being studied to have a better understanding of the thermal degradation of MSW.
Segregated MSW that has no economic value yet on the market is used in this research and have been
collected from the TPA. The original condition of the selected samples of waste is that it already has
been mixed with other MSW. The composition of the segregated MSW can be divided into two main
groups: organic and inorganic MSW.
Combustion characteristics are influenced by different factors. In this research the composition
and the final pyrolysis temperature will be varied in order to identify the influences on the global
kinetics. The problem statement in this research can be formulated into two questions: The variations
of the composition of waste influence the global kinetics on combustion of segregated MSW ;
The variations of the final pyrolysis temperature influence the global kinetics on combustion of
segregated MSW.
2. Research Methods
The equipment used in this study consists of test pyrolysis equipment, combustion equipment,
supporting equipment and measuring equipment.
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International Conference On Food Science and Engineering 2016 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 193 (2017) 012044 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/193/1/012044
1234567890
temperature program in a controlled atmosphere. In other words, TGA is a technique in which, upon
heating a material, its weight increases or decreases.
2.3.4. Software
The software that is being used to record the data is WinCT that records the mass change and
Adam.NET utility records the data temperature. In the program WinCT the Rs Key is included. The
Rs Key is a program that is used to record data scales during the pyrolysis and combustion process.
The obtained data is stored in MS Excel format that subsequently will be process into a graph.
3
International Conference On Food Science and Engineering 2016 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 193 (2017) 012044 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/193/1/012044
1234567890
4
International Conference On Food Science and Engineering 2016 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 193 (2017) 012044 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/193/1/012044
1234567890
The highest activation energy of char with a final pyrolysis temperature of 550°C is 643,36 kJ/mol
(0% organic) followed by 225,35kJ/mol (30% organic). The highest activation energy of char with a
final pyrolysis temperature of 650°C is 288.81kJ/mol (90% organic) followed by 238.44kJ/mol (30%
organic). The highest activation energy of char with a final pyrolysis temperature of 750°C is 155,56
kJ/mol (10% organic) followed by 121,8 kJ/mol (50% organic). According to these results, the higher
the final pyrolysis temperature, the lower the activation energy will be.
4. Conclusions
The variation in composition of MSW influences the global kinetics on combustion of segregated
MSW. The highest activation energy is achieved from sample CC1 (Char MSW with 100% inorganic
materials) and the lowest with 100% organic materials. The activation energy of the raw materials is
relatively lower than that of the char. The higher the final pyrolysis temperature, the lower the
activation energy of the char is.
The combustion process of the raw MSW materials in this research is accordance to the theory of
solid fuels where there are 3 physical stages that can be identified that includes drying, de-
volatilization and the stage of char combustion where then ash will be left over. The drying stage can
be characterized by the slow mass losses in the beginning. The burning profile of the samples can be
divided into 4 different temperatures points: ITVM, ITFC, PT and BT. In the combustion of char
MSW the drying zones occurred in a short time. The fluctuations in the remaining mass may be caused
by the layer of ash covering the sample inhibited the diffusion of oxygen into the sample and the
combustion gases out of the sample. The decomposition of hemicellulose started at a higher
temperature for the combustion of the raw materials than that of the combustion of char MSW. The
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International Conference On Food Science and Engineering 2016 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 193 (2017) 012044 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/193/1/012044
1234567890
breakdown of cellulose also started at a higher temperature and finished at a lower temperature for the
combustion of char MSW.
It takes more energy to burn the maximum amount of MSW (T peak- maxium mass loss) in the
samples with a higher amount of inorganic material in the raw waste material samples. The higher the
final pyrolysis temperature, the lower the calorific value of char MSW. The calorific value gradually
increases with the amount of inorganic materials.
5. REFERENCES
[1] Claudia Juliana Gómez Díaz 2006. Chemical Engineer Understanding Biomass Pyrolysis
Kinetics: Improved Modeling Based on Comprehensive Thermokinetic Analysis (Barcelona :
Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya)
[2] Giudicianni,P., G. Cardone, R. Ragucci, Cellulose 2013 J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 100 213-222
[3] Mark Shaw 2006 Annual Conf. Edmonton 06-105
[4] Hosoya T., H. Kawamoto, S. Saka 2007 J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 80 118-125
[5] Rhen, C., Ohman, M., Gref, R., Wasterlund, I 2007 Biomass and Bioenerg. 31 66-72
[6] Wang, S.R., X.J. Guo, K.G. Wang, Z.Y. Luo 2011 J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 91 183-189
[7] Ragland Kenneth W., Bryden Kenneth M. 2011. Combustion Engineering, second edition.
ISBN-13: 978-1-4665-0001-3
[8] DA Himawanto, I Indarto, H Saptoadi, TA Rohmat 2013 Modern Applied. Sci. 7 33
[9] DA Himawanto IPTEK 24 1
[10] Carlo S. Alburo, Radzwell H. Conje, Maria Gracelda B. Pino,Engr. Patrick U. Tan. 2010.
Calorific Values and Proximate Analysis of Sargassum spp. And Ulva spp. (Cebu City :
University of San Carlos)