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nternationa
al Journal off Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sc
ciences
Researrch Article
STUDYING
G THE RELEASE RATIO
O OF SOME PPI’S IN DIIFFERENT B
BIORELEVA
ANT DISSOL
LUTION
MEDIA
S.HO
OUSHEH*, G.B
BASHOUR**, M
M.F.CHEHNA*
Department of Pharmaceuticall Chemistry & Qu
* uality Control, Fa
aculty of Pharmacy, University o of Aleppo, Syria.. **Department o
of Analytical
Ch
hemistry & Food
d Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaccy, University of Aleppo, Syria. E mail: mf.chehnaa@gmail.com
ed: 29 Dec 2010, Revised and Acccepted: 31 Jan 20
Receive 011
ABSTRACT
A
Lansoprazole, Om
L meprazole, and Esomeprazole are B Benzimidazole deerivatives; they beelong to proton p pump inhibitors g group (PPIs). PPIss are used for
trreatment of pepttic ulcer, GERD, and
a other gastro ointestinal disord
ders. Dissolution test in Compend
dial and differentt biorelevant med
dia had been
applied to some
a S
Syrian generic pr roducts. Dissolutiion profiles of theese products had d been studied, and a comparison n between dissolu ution profiles
was
w made to pred dict the in‐vivo behavior.
b It was found that somee products have reasonable behavvior and an acceeptable dissolutio
on profiles in
biorelevant media
b a, while other pro oducts do not com mply with the com mpendial dissolutiion test.
Keywords: LNS, O
K OMP, ESOMP, Biorelevant dissolution media, Dissollution profile, Disssolution test.
INTRODUCTION Previous researches have studied dissolution tests only for
Omep prazole from d different Spanissh,5 and Egypttian generic
Proton
P Pump In nhibitors (PPIs) are substituted d Benzimidazolee produ ucts.6 Other reseaarchers have stud died modified disssolution tests
compounds
c and prototype antii‐secretary agen nt. They act byy
for Laansoprazole.7 All these studies were
w done only in
n compendial
in
nteraction with H+/K+ ATPase in the secretory membranes
m of thee
orelevant media. No research
mediaa and they were not tested in bio
parietal
p cells. Thhey are widely used for the prophylaxis and d
trreatment of gaastro‐duodenal ulcers, for the treatment of was done
d on Syrian generic
g products neither in compeendial nor in
symptomatic gasttro‐esophageal reeflux, and are verry effective in thee biorellevant media.
trreatment of Zollinger–Ellison syndrome. PPIs includee: In ad
ddition, Some off these studies employed dissollution media
Esomeprazole,
E L
Lansoprazole, O
Omeprazole, Paantoprazole and d described in the pharmacopeias (so‐called “compendial
Rabeprazole.
R They y are supplied in
n different pharm
maceutical dosagee
approoach”),8,9,10,11 while others addeed synthetic su urfactants to
fo
orms.1 In Syria th
hey are supplied as enteric coateed pellets filled in
n
comp pendial media.112,13,14 As theese conditionss do not
capsules.
c These compounds
c are found
f in many generic
g names in n
Syrian market.
S comp prehensively represent the gastrointestinal
g (GI) tract
enviroonment, it can be inferred thaat the results can c only be
Lansoprazole
L (LN methyl‐4‐(2,2,2‐trrifluoroethoxy)‐2‐
NS) is: 2‐[[[3‐m interp
preted on an em mpirical basis. As a part of a general drive to
pyridyl]
p methyl] sulfinyl] Benzim
midazole. Its emp
pirical formula iss develop predictive in i vitro modelss, biorelevant media m were
C16H14F3N3OS with h a molecular weeight of 369.37; Fig. (1) Shows its
F s propoosed and have evvolved over the laast decade as a tool for in vitro
structure:2 biorellevant dissolution tests.15,16,17 Reecently, the mediia have been
updatted to more nearrly represent both the pre‐ and postprandial
statess in the proximal gut.18,19,20,21
The aim
a of this studyy is to develop a
a rapid and simpple analytical
metho od for quantificaation of some prroton pump inhib bitors (PPIs)
Usingg HPLC,22 and to sstudy invitro disssolution test for some Syrian
Fig. 1: Lansoprazole generric products in order
o to comparre the dissolutioon profile in
comppendial and biorelevant media, wh hich enables to predict the in
Omeprazole
O (OMP) is: 5‐methoxy y‐2‐[[(4‐methoxy y‐3, 5‐dimethyl‐2‐ vivo b
behavior of these products. In this study, it was found that some
pyridinyl)
p methyll] sulfinyl]‐1Hben
nzimidazole. Its empirical
e formulaa produucts comply witth compendial dissolution
d test while other
iss C17H19N3O3S, wiith a molecular w
weight of 345.42; F Fig. (2) shows itss produucts do not, because of theirr defects durin ng industrial
structure:3 prepaaration. In additio on, the behavior in biorelevant meedia had been
studiees and a comparrison between dissolution
d profilles had been
madee.
EXPE
ERIMENTAL
Fig. 2: Om
meprazole Materials
Esomeprazole
E (ESOMP) is bis (((S)‐5‐methoxy‐2[[[(4‐methoxy‐3,5‐ Lansooprazole RS (lot: 078K1098), Omeprazole RS (lot:: 069K1700),
dimethyl‐2‐pyridi
d inyl)‐methyl]sulfiinyl]‐ 1 H
H‐benzimidazole)
) Esom
meprazole (lot: 127K47123), and S Sodium taurochollate (Sigma &
magnesium
m trihy ydrate. Esomeprrazole is the S‐enantiomer of Aldricch), Sodium chlorride, sodium hyddroxide pellets, annd potassium
omeprazole.
o Its empirical
e formulaa is (C17H18N3O3S)
S 2Mg.3H2O withh phospphate monobasicc (Merck, German ny). Hydrochloric acid (37%,
molecular
m weight of 767.2 as a trihydrate an nd 713.1 on an
n fuminng), ethanol, methanol, orhto‐p phosphoric acid 85% (SCP
anhydrous basis, F
a Fig. (3) Shows itss structure:4 Englaand). Lethcine and d Sodium borate (Himedia, India).
Equip
pments
Beakeers of different vo olumes, volumetrric flasks of differrent volumes,
Erlenmeyers, graduateed cylinders, filtrration funnel, filtrration paper,
n filter 0.45 µ (C
nylon Chromtech), voluumetric pipette, micropipette
(Draggonmed) , sensitiv ve balance (Sartoorius), Ultra sonicc bath ( Grant
Fig. 3: Esom
meprazole XB2), electric stirrer and heater, pH paper (Merck, German),
G pH
Housheh et al.
Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 3, Issue 2, 2011, 174180
meter (Thermo – Orion), Dissolution apparatus (Pharma Test PTW Sample preparation
II, Germany). HPLC system consisted of:
• Acid stage: pellets were collected from each vessel after 1 hour
• High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC ‐ Shimadzu for LNS, and 2 hours for OMP and ESOMP. Samples were
Prominence, Japan) analyzed by HPLC in order to calculate the residual amount of
• UV detector (PDA) LNS, OMP, or ESOMP.
• Pump (prominence LD 10) • Buffer stage: samples were collected from each vessel at
• CBM (Shimadzu‐ LD10) different periods as mentioned in the compendial test. The 5 ml
• Column: RP‐18 (250mm×4.6 mm, particle size 5 µm). sample was filtered with nylon filter 0.45 µ, the filtrate was
• Mobile phase: water‐acetonitrile‐TEA (60:40:0.5, v/v) (pH 7.0). kept in the refrigerator protected from light till all the samples
• Flow rate: 1.0 ml/min, 20 μl loop injector. were collected, then they were injected in HPLC sample by
• Column temperature: ambient temperature. sample in order to calculate the released amount of the drug.
• Wavelength: 285, 280, 303 nm (PDA detector) for LNS, OMP, Compendial dissolution protocol
ESOMP respectively.
The compendial dissolution test for LNS and OMP is fully described
Methods in the United States Pharmacopoeia 30 (USP 30), and the dissolution
test of ESOMP capsules is described in the FDA web site (as
Reference samples
mentioned in the references). Table (1): summarize the protocols of
Reference samples were collected for each compound of PPI dissolution test for LNS, OMP and ESOMP.
products:
Preparation of biorelevant media
Lansoprazole (Prevacid, TAP Pharmaceuticals): 2 samples.
Biorelevant in vitro dissolution testing is useful for qualitative
• Omeprazole (Losec, Astra Zenica): 2 samples. forecasting of formulation and food effects on the dissolution and
• Esomeprazole (Nexium, Astra Zenica): 2 samples. availability of orally administered drugs. It has been observed that
biorelevant media can provide a more accurate simulation of
Samples pharmacokinetic profiles than simulated gastric fluid or simulated
intestinal fluid. The use of biorelevant media can have a great impact
Samples of LNS, OMP, and ESOMP were collected from 3 different
on the pharmacokinetic studies performed to optimize dosing
batches, which are available in Syrian market, samples’ numbers
conditions and product formulation. In addition, biorelevant
which have been collected are as follows:
dissolution testing could be used to assess bioequivalence of post‐
• Lansoprazole: 21 samples. approval formulation changes in certain kinds of drugs.26,27,28,29,30
• Omeprazole: 27 samples. The formulation and preparation instructions for the biorelevant
• Esomeprazole: 30 samples. media developed by Dr. Dressman’s group are fully detailed in the
Table (2).
Table 1: Dissolution protocols for pharmaceutical compendial dissolution test of Lansoprazole, Omeprazole and Esomeprazole.
Drug name Dosage form USP Speed Medium Volume Recommended sampling
apparatus (RPMs) times (minutes)
Lansoprazole Capsule (Delayed II (Paddle) 75 Acid stage: 0.1 N HCl; Acid stage: Acid stage: 60
23 Release) Buffer stage: Sodium 500 Buffer stage: 15, 30, 45 and
Phosphate Buffer, pH 6.8 Buffer stage: 60
900
Omeprazole 24 Capsule (Delayed II (Paddle) 100 Acid stage: 0.1 N HCl; Acid stage: Acid stage: 120
Release) Buffer stage: Sodium 300; Buffer stage: 10, 20, and 30
Phosphate Buffer, pH 6.8 Buffer stage:
1000
Esomeprazole Capsule (Delayed II (Paddle) 100 Acid stage: 0.1 N HCl; Acid stage: Acid stage: 120
25 Release) Buffer stage: Sodium 300; Buffer stage: 10, 20, 30, 45
Phosphate Buffer, pH 6.8 Buffer stage: and 60
1000
Table 2: Composition of biorelevant media developed by Dr. Dressman’s group
Composition FaSSGF FeSSGF FeSSGF FeSSGF FaSSIF FeSSIF
Early Middle Late
Sodium taurocholate 80 μm ـــــ ـــــ ـــــ 3 mM 15 mM
Lecithin 20 μm ـــــ ـــــ ـــــ 0.75 mM 3.75 mM
Pepsin 0.1 mg/ml ـــــ ـــــ ـــــ ـــــ ـــــ
NaH2PO4.H2O 1.977 g ـــــ ـــــ ـــــ 1.977 g ـــــ
NaOH pellets ـــــ ـــــ ـــــ ـــــ 0.174 g 4.04 g
Sodium chloride 34.2 mM 148(mM) 237.02(mM) 122.6(mM) 3.093 g 11.874 g
Acetic acid ـــــ ـــــ 17.12(mM) ـــــ ـــــ 8.65 g
Sodium acetate ـــــ ـــــ 29.75(mM) ـــــ ـــــ ـــــ
Ortho‐phosphoric acid ـــــ ـــــ ـــــ 5.5(mM) ـــــ ـــــ
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate ـــــ ـــــ ـــــ 32(mM) ـــــ ـــــ
Milk/buffer ـــــ 1:0 1:1 1:3 ـــــ ـــــ
Hydrochloric acid/Sodium hydroxide qs. pH= 1.6 pH= 6.4 pH= 5 pH= 3 pH=6.5 pH=5
FaSSGF
The stomach is the port of entry into the GI tract for orally between 1 and 3.31,32 For poorly soluble weak bases, the pH
administered drug products. Under fasting conditions, it is well conditions for dissolution are the most favorable in a fasted, healthy
known that the pH in a healthy human stomach is acidic, ranging stomach. Compared with simple aqueous buffers like Simulated
175
H
Housheh et al.
Int J Ph 011, 174180
harm Pharm Sci, Vol 3, Issue 2, 20
Gastric
G Fluid witthout pepsin (SG GFsp), gastric flu uids have a low
w methy ylene chloride, fo orming an emulsion. The methylen ne chloride is
surface tension in n addition to a low w pH.33 A medium m representing thee eliminnated under vacu uum at about 40°°C. Draw a vacuu um for fifteen
faasted conditionss in a human stomach, so‐callled Fasted‐Statee minuttes at 250 mbarr, followed by 15 5 minutes at 100 0 mbar. This
Simulated Gastric
S Fluid (FaSSGF), w was proposed by y Vertzoni et al. in
n resultts in a clear to
o slightly hazy, micellar solution n having no
2005.
2 34 The mediu um was designed d to embrace the important aspectss perceeptible odor of methylene chlorride. After cooliing to room
of
o human basal gastric
g juice pluss a glass of wateer normally givenn tempeerature, adjust tthe volume to 2 2 L with blank FeSSIF. The
with a dosage for
w rm. With respect to the applications of FaSSGF, thee recom
mmended volumee for simulating conditions
c in thee upper small
medium
m is able to
o predict the sollubility of poorly
y soluble drugs in
n intesttine after a meal iis one liter.
thhe fasted stomach h rather well.34, 355 RESU
ULTS AND DISCUSSION
FeSSGF
F Comp
pendial dissolutiion test
Milk (full‐fat [3.5%
M %], long‐life, UHT T‐treated) has beeen considered ass After applying dissollution test for LNS
L (21 sampless), OMP (27
a
a good starting point for medium design becaause its ratio of samples) and ESOMP (30 samples) ‐ each samples waas injected 3
carbohydrate/pro
c otein/fat is similaar to that observeed in the stomach
h timess in HPLC system
m ‐ the dissolutio
on profile betweeen the drug’s
after administrati
a on of meals.31 perceentage released and time was made for different generic
produucts. Charts (1)), (2), (3) show w the comparisson between
FaSSIF
F 36
dissollution profiles for
f each one off PPIs for different generic
Preparation of bl
P lank FaSSIF produucts used in this sstudy:
Dissolve 1.74 g of
D f NaOH (pellets), 1 19.77 g of NaH2PO O4.H2O, and 30.93 3 In thee acid stage, the acceptable criterio on for all productts is not more
g
g of NaCl in 5 liteers of purified water.
w Adjust the pH to exactly 6.5
5 than 10 %. While the acceptable criteria in buffer stagge is not less
using 1 N NaOH or
u r 1 N HCl. than 880% for LNS and d 75 % for both O OMP and ESOMP;; 23,24,25 hence
as shown in the prevvious charts, therre are some geneeric products
Preparation of Fa
P aSSIF
which h do not comply with the compen ndial dissolution test. Looking
Dissolve
D 3.3 g of sodium taurocho olate in 500 ml blank
b FaSSIF. Addd for th
he reasons for this, it was fou und that these unacceptable
u
11.8
1 ml of a soluttion containing 100
1 mg /ml lecitthin in methylenee produ ucts were in the form of crushed pellets filled in capsules Fig.
chloride, forming
c an emulsion. Thee methylene chloride is eliminated d (4), Fig. (5), Fig. (6). so
o when these pelllets and powders contact with
under vacuum at
u about 40°C. Draw w a vacuum for ffifteen minutes at the gastric
g fluids (H
HCl 0.1 M) they y degraded and turned into
250
2 mbar, follow wed by 15 minutees at 100 mbar. This results in aa degraadation productss. Later, when continuing
c the teest with the
clear,
c micellar soolution, having no perceptible od dor of methylenee intesttinal fluids (buffeer stage) the amount released is low because
chloride. After coo
c oling to room tem mperature, adjust the volume to 2 2 the in
nitial amounts of the active materiial degraded in th he acid stage.
L
L with blank FaSSSIF. For dissoluttion tests a volu ume of 500 ml iss But for
f ESOMP, somee of these generric products were in form of
recommended. tabletts contain comp pressed pellets Fig.
F (7) and Figg. (8), which
delayed the diffusion o of the liquids intoo the initial pellett and in turns
FeSSIF
F 36
decreease the dissolutio on ratio.
Preparation of bl
P lank FeSSIF olution test in biorelevant media
Disso a
Dissolve 20.2 g of
D f NaOH (pellets), 43.25 g of glaciaal acetic acid, and
d FaSSG
GF and FeSSGF
59.37 g of NaCl in
5 n 5 litres of purified water. Adjust the pH to exactlyy
5.0 using 1 N NaO
5 H or 1 N HCl. The generic
g products of LNS, OMP, an
nd ESOMP which h showed the
best ddissolution rate in
n compendial tesst were chosen to o evaluate the
Preparation of Fe
P eSSIF
dissollution profile in F
FaSSGF and FeSSG GF (full fat, UHT ttreated milk).
Dissolve
D 16.5 g of sodium tauroch
holate in 500 mll of blank FeSSIFF. Chartt (4), Chart (5), and Chart (6) exxplain the dissolu ution profiles
Add
A 59.08 ml of o a solution containing 100 mg/ml
m lecithin in
n for Laansoprazole, Omeeprazole, and Esomeprazole respectively.
140
120
100 A 30
80 A 15
60 B 30
B 15
40
C 30
20
C 15
0
D 30
‐
‐20 0 20 4
40 60
0 80 100 120 140
Chart 1: Disso
olution profile oof Lansoprazole iin acid stage andd buffer stage. A
All tested produccts are acceptablle except C30 & B
B30. The
microscopic exxamination show wed that these ccapsules containned crushed pellets and powderss which explain unacceptable diissolution
rates. (A, B, C, a
and D are generiic products whicch were used in t this study, 15 an
nd 30 refers to th
he dosage)
176
H
Housheh et al.
Int J Ph 011, 174180
harm Pharm Sci, Vol 3, Issue 2, 20
120
110 Buffer Staage
100 A
90 B
80 Accebtable Criteria 75%
%
C
Drug Dissolved %
70
60
D
50
40 E
30
20 F
Acid Staage
10 G
0
‐10 0 H
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
‐20 I
Tiime
(m
min)
Chart 2: Disso
olution profile o
of Omeprazole in n acid stage and buffer stage. Alll tested productss are acceptable
e except D, E, F an
nd I. The
microscopic exam
m mination showe ed that these cap
psules contained d crushed pelletss and powders w which explain inacceptable disso olution rate.
(A, B, C …. are generic products which
h were this study y)
120
110 A 40
0
100
A 20
0
90
80 B 20
0
70 B 40
0
60
50 C 20
0
40 C 40
0
30
20 D 20
0
10 D 40
0
0
E 20
0
‐10 0 50
5 100 150 200
0
E 40
0
Chart 3: Disso
olution profile off Esomeprazole i in acid stage andd buffer stage. A
All tested produccts are acceptablle except E40. Thhe optical
examination showed that this p product is in formm of tablet contaains compressed d pellets. (A, B, C
C, D and E are generic products w
which were
used d in this study, 2
20 and 40 referss to the dosage)
orm of normal p
Fig. 4: the fo pellets Fig.. 5: crushed pellets Fig. 6:: other crushed p
pellets
177
H
Housheh et al.
Int J Ph 011, 174180
harm Pharm Sci, Vol 3, Issue 2, 20
Fig. 7: Cua
alompressed pelllets Fig. 8: Esomeprrazole Tabs. (Con
ntain compresse
ed pellets)
50
40
30 LNS 15 FaSSGF
LNS 30 FaSSGF
20
LNS 15 FeeSSGF (Milk)
10 LNS 30 FeeSSGF (Milk)
0
0 10 20 30 40
0 50 60 70
Cha
art 4: Dissolution
n profile of Lanssoprazole in biorrelevant media ((FaSSGF and FeS
SSGF), dissolutio
on rate vs time.
100
80
60 OMP 20 FaaSSGF
OMP 40 FaaSSGF
40
OMP 20 FeeSSGF (Milk)
20 OMP 40 FeeSSGF (Milk)
0
0 10 20 30 40
0 50 60 70
Chart 5: Dissolutio
on profile of Ome
eprazole in biorrelevant media (
FaSSGF and FeSS
SGF), dissolution
n rate vs time.
80
70
60
50 Esomep 20 FFaSSGF
40 Esomep 40 FFaSSGF
30 Esomep 20 FFeSSGF (Milk)
20 Esomep 40 FFeSSGF (Milk)
10
0
0 20 40 60 80
art 6: Dissolution
Cha n profile of Esom
meprazole in biorelevant media (FaSSGF and FeS
SSGF), dissolutio
on rate vs time.
178
H
Housheh et al.
Int J Ph 011, 174180
harm Pharm Sci, Vol 3, Issue 2, 20
As
A noticed in ch hart (4), Lansop prazole was not t released in thee FaSSIIF and FeSSIF
FaSSGF
F medium, but it was releassed in the FeSSGF medium. Thesee
results can be exxplained by the influence of foood on the pH of The generic
g products of LNS, OMP, annd ESOMP which h showed the
stomach’s contentt. The FeSSGF (full fat, UHT treated d milk) raised thee best d
dissolution rate in n compendial tesst were chosen to o evaluate the
pH
p to about 4‐4 4.5. This increasse in the pH vaalue allowed thee dissollution profile in FaSSIF and FeSSSIF. Charts (7), (8), and (9)
dissolution of som
d me pellets of Lansoprazole to reacch about 40 % of explain the dissoluttion profiles in n FaSSIF and FeSSIF for
th
he labeled dosaage. The same thing
t can explaiin the charts of Lansooprazole, Omepraazole, and Esomep prazole respectiv vely.
Omeprazole and Es
O someprazole, charrt (5) and chart (6 6) respectively.
120
100
A 30 (FaSSIF)
80
A 30 (FeSSIF)
60 B 30 (FaSSIF)
B 30 (FeSSIF)
40
C 30 (FaSSIF)
20 C 30 (FeSSIF)
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
0 60 70
‐20
Chart 7: Disso
olution profile of Lansoprazole i
in biorelevant m
media (FaSSIF & F FeSSIF), dissoluttion rate vs time
e. (A, B, and C are generic
products which
h were used in t
this study, 15 an
nd 30 refers to th
he dosage)
120
100
A 40 (FaSSIF)
80
A 40 (FeSSIF)
60 B 20 (FaSSIF)
B 20 (FeSSIF)
40
C 20 (FaSSIF)
20 C 20 (FeSSIF)
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
5 30 35
‐20
Chart 8: Dissolut
C tion profile commparison of cumu ulative Omeprazzole dissolution vs time profiless using bioreleva
ant methods in t
the FaSSIF &
FeSSIF, (A, B, a
and C are genericc products which
h were used in t
this study, 20 and 40 refers to thhe dosage)
100
1
80
A 40 (FaSSIF)
60 A 40 (FeSSIF)
B 40 (FaSSIF)
40
B 40 (FeSSIF)
C 40 (FaSSIF)
20
C 40 (FeSSIF)
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
0 60 70
‐20
‐
Chart 9: Dissolu
C tion profile com
mparison of cumu ulative Esomeprrazole dissolutio
on vs time profiles using bioreleevant methods in
n the FaSSIF
& FeSSIF. (A
A, B, and C are ge
eneric products w
which were used d in this study, 4
40 refers to the d
dosage)
179
Housheh et al.
Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 3, Issue 2, 2011, 174180
As noticed in chart (7), Lansoprazole release in the FaSSIF medium, 16. Galia, E., Nicolaides, E., Hörter, D., Löbenberg, R., Reppas, C.,
because the physical and chemical properties of this is close to the Dressman, J.B. Evaluation of various dissolution media for
properties of compendial medium, except for the little amount of predicting in vivo performance of class I and II drugs. Pharm.
bile salts in the FaSSIF medium which has unremarkable effect on Res.1998, 15, 698–705.
the dissolution profile. 17. Nicolaides, E., Galia, E., Efthymiopoulos, C., Dressman, J.B.,
Reppas, C., 1999. Forecasting the in vivo performance of four
On the other hand, the FeSSIF medium causes a decrease in the low solubility drugs from their in vitro dissolution data. Pharm.
dissolution rate of Lansoprazole. This can be explained by the Res. 16, 1876–1882.
influence of the decreased pH value of this medium to about 5, and 18. Vertzoni, M., Fotaki, N., Kostewicz, E., Stippler, E., Leuner, C.,
the degradable effect of bile salts on dissolved Lansoprazole. Nicolaides, E., Dressman, J., Reppas, C. Dissolution media
simulating the intralumenal composition of the small intestine:
Dissolution profile of Omeprazole Chart (8) and Esomeprazole physiological issues and practical aspects. J. Pharm. Pharmacol.
chart (9) can be explained by the same way. 2004,56, 453–462.
19. Dressman, J., Schamp, K., Beltz, K., Alsenz, J., 2007.
CONCLUSION Characterizing release from lipid‐based formulations. In:
Hauss, D.J. (Ed.), Oral Lipid‐Based Formulations: Enhancing the
Compendial dissolution test and biorelevant media’s dissolution Bioavailability of PoorlyWater‐Soluble Drugs. Informa
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