CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

“More than just a roof to keep our people safe from external threat, a shelter is where values are formed,

hopes and dreams are built, and the true meaning of family is defined,” said President Rodrigo Duterte at the 7th

National Developers’ Convention of the Organization of Socialized Housing Developers of the Philippines

(OSHDP). This word of our President defined the importance of decent home especially for the young ones. But, as

of today despite of the hard work and numerous actions of our government and some private sectors which aims that

every Filipinos lived in a peaceful and clean environment, there are still an overwhelming number of informal

settlements in the country.

Most of the Filipino family that belong to poor society cannot afford to buy or construct a house that can

be said “their own”. As the world population continues to grow, it can be speculated that without drastic measures to

increase the standard of living of those that are poverty stricken, the trend will be that the number of people affected

by poverty will also grow (based on Malthus Theory). This word of Malthus egg on the proponents as future civil

engineers of this country to study a low cost housing without sacrificing the quality because there is a huge

misconception that low cost housing is suitable for only sub-standard work and they constructed by utilizing cheap

building materials of low quality.

Low cost housing has central importance to quality of life with considerable economic, social, cultural and

personal significance. The focus of these studies is designing a low-cost housing for low income households or what

is commonly known as affordable housing or low cost housing. Affordable housing is a term used to describe low

cost housing units whose total housing costs are deemed affordable to a group of people within a specified income

range. A group of people with a specified income range refers to the average pay scale level of the majority people

in a population which is often low. Low-cost housing is aimed at individuals without enough income to provide

adequate housing for themselves and/or their families. These families are usually unable to purchase a house

because they fail to qualify for a good-quality home. Most families choose to rent based on their income and family

situation, unfortunately, there may not enough rental housing or enough good-quality rental housing for low-income

families especially in Zamboanga City.

Low cost construction is not always low cost housing for poor but it is cost effective construction

techniques. Cost effective economics are dependent on very diverse factors, some of which are not within local

control. But certain factors can be controlled by the local area for enhancement of the local economy. In the

Philippines, the technology to be adopted for housing components should be such that the production and erection

technology be adjusted to suite the level of skills and handling facilities available under the local areas.

The proponents decided to apply a method known as load bearing structure combined with the method used

in shear wall in designing the proposed low-cost house and using new method in construction known as shear wall-

Technology, on this method wall is design to carry or resist a gravitational and lateral forces. Columns and beams
are not visible to eye-sight. Applying new method of construction this might produce a low-cost house compare to

the conventional house of today which is known as RCC (Reinforced Cement Concrete) Frame Structure.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study aims to design a Two-Storey Low-Cost Housing which compares to the Conventional Housing

which RCC (Reinforced Cement Concrete) Frame Structure and Load Bearing Shear Wall Structure in Tumaga.

Specifically, the study aims to answer the following questions:

1. Comparison of design on two types of Construction techniques used to reduce cost estimate of house.

2. Comparison of cost and duration of project reduction by adopting two different techniques for low cost

housing project.

3. The lay-out of the proposed two-storey housing?

4. Advantages and Disadvantages of house with the design of the Load Bearing Shear Wall and RCC?

1.3 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

1.3.1 Scope

This study is the design of a Two Story Low-cost Housing consists of the following scope:

1. The study is to be conducted in Tumag, Zamboanga City.

2. The design of the two-storey housing load bearing shear wall is based on National Structural Code of the

Philippines (NSCP) 2015 to ensure the stability of the structure considering both gravitational and lateral

forces.

3. The loading conditions per room occupancy and height requirements per floor are based on the provisions

of the National Building Code of the Philippines.

4. The layout of the two storey low cost housing consisting of the following:

 Architectural Layouts

 Structural Layouts

 Plumbing / Sanitary Layouts

 Electrical Layouts

 Fire Protection System Layouts

5. Construction Project Management (CPM) which includes the following:

 Cost-Estimates (BOQ)

 S-Curve

6. The different software that will be used in this are the following:

 Microsoft Word 2010

 AutoCAD 2015

 Sketch Up
  STAAD Pro

1.3.2 Delimitation

This study delimited to the following:

1. The study doesn’t include the following:

 Electrical and Mechanical load computation

 Design of Stair Case

 Footing Design

2. Design of wall-technologies known as wall-tech

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study is important to the following:

 National Housing Authority (NHA): This study provides a proposed low-cost housing for the people

especially the informal settlers and homeless.

 Civil Engineers: This study provides an information on the difference between RCC frame structure

and Load bearing Shear Wall Structure in terms of Cost, duration of project and quality.

 Civil Engineering Students: This study serve as a reference and guide to those who intend similar or

related research.
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies that have relationship to the present

research study and provide insights relevant to the present study.

2.1 RELATED LITERATURE

This study consists of the following literature:

2.1.1 The need, rationale, and importance of house

2.1.2 RCC Frame Structure

In an RCC framed structure, the load is transferred from a slab to the beams then to the columns and further to

lower columns and finally to the foundation which in turn transfers it to the soil. The walls in such structures are

constructed after the frame is ready.

Cement concrete is strong in compressive strength but weak in tensile strength. To increase tensile strength we use
mild steel bars in cement concrete. Ref.fig 6.3. Steel bars used in cement concrete provide good strength to the
structure. Usually steel bars are roughened or corrugated to further improve the bond or cohesion between the
concrete and steel. Care must be taken that there should be no joints in steel bars used for RCC work. Therefore, you
might have observed that steel used for RCC work is long in length. If full length steel bars are not available, proper
overlap should be given in steel bar and overlap should be staggered.

2.1.3 Load Bearing Structure

In wall or load bearing construction, all load of roof and structure is carried by walls down to its foundation ref.

fig.6.2. This type of construction may not use supporting column or wood pillar. The size of walls needs to be bigger

to carry all the loads. Further, there is limitation to construct long walls at a stretch. This is typically used in

residential or 1–2 storied buildings. This is economical than RCC structure or steel frame structures.

2.1.4 Shear Wall Structure

Shear wall is a structural member used to resist lateral forces i.e. parallel to the plane of the wall. For slender walls

where the bending deformation is more, Shear wall resists the loads due to Cantilever Action. In other words, Shear

walls are vertical elements of the horizontal force resisting system.

In building construction, a rigid vertical diaphragm capable of transferring lateral forces from exterior walls, floors,

and roofs to the ground foundation in a direction parallel to their planes. Examples are the reinforced-concrete wall.

Lateral forces caused by wind, earthquake, and uneven settlement loads, in addition to the weight of structure and

occupants, create powerful twisting (torsional) forces. This leads to the failure of the structures by shear.

Shear walls are especially important in high-rise buildings subject to lateral wind and seismic forces. Generally,

shear walls are either plane or flanged in section, while core walls consist of channel sections. They also provide

adequate strength and stiffness to control lateral displacements.

The shape and plan position of the shear wall influences the behavior of the structure considerably. Structurally, the

best position for the shear walls is in the center of each half of the building. This is rarely practical, since it also

utilizes the space a lot, so they are positioned at the ends. It is better to use walls with no openings in them. So,

usually, the walls around lift shafts and stairwells are used. Also, walls on the sides of buildings that have no

windows can be used.

2.1.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of RCC Frame Structure

Advantage:

 Reinforced concrete has a high compressive strength compared to other building materials.

 Due to the provided reinforcement, reinforced concrete can also withstand a good amount tensile stress.

 Fire and weather resistance of reinforced concrete is fair.

 The reinforced concrete building system is more durable than any other building system.

 Reinforced concrete, as a fluid material, in the beginning, can be economically molded into a nearly

limitless range of shapes.

 The maintenance cost of reinforced concrete is very low.

 In the structure like footings, dams, piers etc. reinforced concrete is the most economical construction

material.

 It acts like a rigid member with minimum deflection.

 As reinforced concrete can be molded to any shape required, it is widely used in precast structural

components. It yields rigid members with minimum apparent deflection.

 Compared to the use of steel in structure, reinforced concrete requires less skilled labor for the erection of

the structure.

Disadvantage:

 The tensile strength of reinforced concrete is about one-tenth of its compressive strength.

 The main steps of using reinforced concrete are mixing, casting, and curing. All of this affect the final

strength.

 The cost of the forms used for casting is relatively higher.

 For multi-storied building the RCC column section for is larger than steel section as the compressive

strength is lower in the case of .

 Shrinkage causes crack development and strength loss.

2.1.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Load Bearing Shear Wall Structure

2.1.4 Wall Technologies

2.1.5
2.2 RELATED STUDIES

2.3 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.4 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents a detailed procedure for the design of the research; collection of primary and

secondary data required for the study as well as their analysis is explained in the chapter.

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

3.2 RESEARCH LOCALE

3.3 DATA GATHERING

3.4 DESIGN PROCEDURES

IN PUT

PROCESS