Expo-Log Functions Applications

Announcements
Quiz # 3 will be on 03 November 2011.
R. Lapus Applications of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Announcements

Coverage:
exponential & logarithmic functions
how to determine odd/even functions
how to determine one-to-one functions (without using
horizontal line test)
how to find inverse of a function (e.g. exponential/logarithmic
function)

Announcements

Coverage:
function)
Exam types: True/false, Solving (no calc), Word problems
(with calc)

Announcements

Coverage:
function)
(with calc)
Bring: 1 graphing paper, 1 small test booklet and a scientific
calculator (to be used in Part 3 only)

Announcements

Coverage:
function)
(with calc)
Bring: 1 graphing paper, 1 small test booklet and a scientific
calculator (to be used in Part 3 only)
31 Oct & 07 Nov are declared holidays. We need a 3-hour
extra class, either Tues or Fri afternoon. Send me your class
schedule via jrrlapus24@yahoo.co.nz.

Applications of Exponential and
Logarithmic Functions
Raymond Lapus
De La Salle University, Manila
October 24, 2011

Contents
Exponential growth
Exponential decay
Bounded growth / Learning curve

Exponential growth
Definition
A function defined by the equation of the form
f (t) = B ekt , t≥0
where B and t are positive constants, is said to describe

exponential growth.

Exponential growth
Definition
f (t) = B ekt , t≥0

exponential growth.
What does the variables B, k and t mean?

t is expressed in time (e.g. in seconds, hours, days, years, etc.)

Exponential growth
Definition
f (t) = B ekt , t≥0

exponential growth.

B is the initial quantity or the quantity present at t = 0

Exponential growth
Definition
f (t) = B ekt , t≥0

exponential growth.

k is the growth constant or the frequency of growing by a
factor e.

Exponential growth
Definition
f (t) = B ekt , t≥0

exponential growth.

k is the growth constant or the frequency of growing by a
factor e.
In finance, k is called logarithmic return, continuously
compounded return or force of interest.

Exponential growth vs Linear growth vs Quadratic growth
y
80
70
60
Illustration:
50
f (x) = 20e 0.029x
40
g (x) = (2/3)x + 20
30
h(x) = (2/115)x 2 + 20
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
x
Remark: In reality, exponential growth does not continue
indefinitely. There would, eventually, come a time when there
would no longer be any room for the bacteria, or nutrients to
sustain them. Exponential growth actually refers to only the early
stages of the process and to the manner and speed of the growth.

Examples
Problem 1.
Victor wants to buy a new car that costs $90,000. He has saved
$20,000. Determine how many years it will take his $20,000 to
grow to $90,000 at 6.25% interest compounded continuously.
Solution.
Given: B = $20, 000, k = 0.0625

Examples
Problem 1.
Solution.
Given: B = $20, 000, k = 0.0625
Working equation: f (t) = B ekt = 20, 000 e0.0625t

Examples
Problem 1.
Solution.
Given: B = $20, 000, k = 0.0625
Compute t such that f (t) = 90, 000.

Examples
Problem 1.
Solution.
Given: B = $20, 000, k = 0.0625
Divide both sides by 20,000, then take ln both sides.

Examples
Problem 1.
Solution.
Given: B = $20, 000, k = 0.0625
Divide both sides by 20,000, then take ln both sides.
ln 4.5
One finds t = ≈ 24.07 years.
0.0625

Examples
Problem 2.
Growth of bacteria in food products causes a need to ”time-date”
some products (like milk) so that shoppers will buy the product
and consume it before the number of bacteria grows too large and
the product goes bad. Suppose that the formula
f (t) = 5e0.1t
represents the growth of bacteria in a food product. The variable t

represents time in days and f (t) represents the number of bacteria
in millions. If the product cannot be eaten after the bacteria count
reaches 20, 000, 000, how long will it take?
Solution.
Given: f (t) = 5 e0.1t

Examples
Problem 2.
f (t) = 5e0.1t

Solution.
Compute t such that f (t) = 20.

Examples
Problem 2.
f (t) = 5e0.1t

Solution.
Compute t such that f (t) = 20.
ln 4
One finds t = ≈ 13.86 days.
0.1
Examples
Problem 2 (continued).
Estimate the number of bacteria are present in a food product 10
days after the said product has been purchased. How about after
15 days?
Solution.
We have f (10) = 5 e1 ≈ 13.59 million bacteria.

Examples
Problem 2 (continued).
Estimate the number of bacteria are present in a food product 10
days after the said product has been purchased. How about after
15 days?
Solution.
We have f (10) = 5 e1 ≈ 13.59 million bacteria.
After 15 days, there are f (15) = 5 e1.5 ≈ 22.41 million
bacteria.

Exercises
1 In a given year, the minimum wage was only $1.60 per hour.
Use the formula f (t) = 1.6ert to predict that minimum wage
will reach $8.50 per hour provided that the rate of growth in
the minimum wage is 3.9%.
2 Scientific research has shown that the risk of having a car
accident increases exponentially as the concentration of
alcohol in the blood increases. A formula that models the risk
of an accident is
R = 6e12.8a .
In the formula, R represents the chance of risk in percent.
Find the blood alcohol concentration (a) that corresponds to
a 25% risk of a car accident.

Exponential decay
Definition
f (t) = B e−kt , t≥0

exponential decay.

Exponential decay
Definition
f (t) = B e−kt , t≥0

exponential decay.
y 50
Illustration: 35
B = 50, k = 1% 20
f (x) = 50e−0.01x 5
0 50 100
x

What does B, k and f (t) means?
B is the initial quantity of the substance that will decay

(measured in grams, moles, number of atoms, etc.),


f (t) is the quantity that still remains and has not yet decayed
after time t,


f (t) is the quantity that still remains and has not yet decayed
after time t,
k is the decay constant

Examples
Problem 3.
Nuclear energy derived from radioactive isotopes can be used to
supply power to space vehicles. Suppose that the output of the
radioactive power supply for a certain satellite is given by the
function: g (t) = 30e−0.003t . In the function, g (t) is measured in
watts and t is time in days. After how many days will the output
be reduced to 25 watts?

Examples
Problem 3.
Solution:
Given: g (t) = 30e−0.003t

Examples
Problem 3.
Solution:
Given: g (t) = 30e−0.003t
Find t such that g (t) = 25.

Examples
Problem 3.
Solution:
Given: g (t) = 30e−0.003t
Find t such that g (t) = 25.
ln(5/6)
We obtain t = ≈ 60.77 days.
−0.003

Examples
Problem 3 (cont’d).
How much radioactive power supply left at day 40? day 80?

Examples
Problem 3 (cont’d).
How much radioactive power supply left at day 40? day 80?
Solution:
We compute g (40) and g (80).
The amount of remaining radioactive power supply at day 40
is g (40) ≈ 26.61 watts.
The amount of remaining radioactive power supply at day 80
is g (80) ≈ 23.60 watts.

Half-life
Definition
Half-life, denoted by t1/2 is the period of time it takes for the
amount of a substance undergoing decay to decrease by half.

Half-life
Definition
Remarks:
The name was originally used to describe a characteristic of
unstable atoms (radioactive decay).

Half-life
Definition
Remarks:
It may apply to any quantity which follows a set-rate decay.

Half-life
Definition
Remarks:
It may apply to any quantity which follows a set-rate decay.
The original term, dating to 1907, was ”half-life period”,
which was later shortened to ”half-life” in the early 1950s.

Carbon-14 (C-14) dating
Exponential decay is used in determining the age of artifacts. The

process involves calculating the percentage of carbon-14 that
remains in the artifact.
C-14 decays exponentially with t1/2 ≈ 5715 years.


After 5715 years, a given amount of C-14 will have decayed to
half the original amount.


Applicable to artifacts whose age is at most 80,000 years old.


Applicable to artifacts whose age is at most 80,000 years old.
Artifacts older than 80,000 years do not have enough C-14 to
date age accurately.

Example
Problem 5.
Pre-historic cave paintings were discovered in a cave in France.
The paint contained 12% of the original carbon-14. Estimate the
age of the paintings given that the constant k = 0.000121 for this
half-life.

Example
Problem 5.
half-life.
Solution:
Given: k = 0.000121, g (tc ) = 0.12B, tc is present year

Example
Problem 5.
half-life.
Solution:
Find t such that g (t) = g (tc ).

Example
Problem 5.
half-life.
Solution:
Find t such that g (t) = g (tc ).
ln(0.12)
We obtain t = ≈ 17, 523 years.
−k

Exercise
1 A city finds its residents moving to the suburbs. Its population

is declining according to this relationship: P = P0 e−0.04t
where P and P0 are expressed in millions. Given that the
original population for the city was 1, 000, 000, how long will
it take for the population to decline to half its initial number?
2 In 1947, earthenware jars containing what are known as the
Dead Sea Scrolls were found. In 2011, analysis showed that
the scroll wrappings contained 76% of their original
carbon-14. Estimate the age of the Dead Sea Scrolls using the
formula A = A0 e−kt , where the decay constant k = 0.000121
for this particular half-life of 5715.

Bounded growth / learning curve
Definition
f (t) = A(1 − e−kt ), t≥0
where A and t are positive constants, is said to describe bounded

growth.

Definition
f (t) = A(1 − e−kt ), t≥0
where A and t are positive constants, is said to describe bounded

growth.
y 60
f (t) = 60(1 − e−0.25t )
50
Illustration: 40
A = 60, k = 0.25;
30
f (x) = 60(1 − e −0.25x )
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
x
y 60
f (t) = 60(1 − e−0.25t )
50
Illustration: 40
A = 60, k = 0.25;
30
f (x) = 60(1 − e −0.25x )
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
x

y 60
f (t) = 60(1 − e−0.25t )
50
Illustration: 40
A = 60, k = 0.25;
30
f (x) = 60(1 − e −0.25x )
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
x
Remarks:
The graph of the function that describes bounded growth is
sometimes called learning curve.
The function f (x) can represent someone’s competence in
performing a job after x units of time.

y 60
f (t) = 60(1 − e−0.25t )
50
Example: 40
A = 60, k = 0.25;
30
f (x) = 60(1 − e −0.25x )
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
x

y 60
f (t) = 60(1 − e−0.25t )
50
Example: 40
A = 60, k = 0.25;
30
f (x) = 60(1 − e −0.25x )
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
x
Interpretation:
As his/her experience increases, the competence rapidly increases
and then slows down, since additional experience has little effect
on the skill with which the task is performed.

Examples
Problem 6.
A typical worker at a certain factory can produce f (t) units of a
certain product per day after t days on the job, where
f (t) = 50(1 − e−0.34t ).
(a) How many units per day can the worker produce after 7 days
on the job?
(b) How many units per day can the worker eventually be
expected to produce?

Examples
Problem 6.
f (t) = 50(1 − e−0.34t ).
on the job?
Solution:
In (a), we compute f (7), that is f (7) ≈ 45.37. Hence, the
worker produces 46 units per day after 7 days.

Examples
Problem 6.
f (t) = 50(1 − e−0.34t ).
on the job?
Solution:
In (a), we compute f (7), that is f (7) ≈ 45.37. Hence, the
worker produces 46 units per day after 7 days.
In (b), f (t) → 50 units/day as t becomes large.
Exercises
1 After t hours of practice typing, it was determined that a

certain person could type f (t) words per minute, where
f (t) = 90(1 − e−0.03t ).
(a) Sketch the graph of f (t).
(b) How many words per minute can the person type after 30
hours of practice?
(c) How many words per minute can the person eventually be
expected to type?
2 The resale value of a certain piece of equipment is f (t)
hundred dollars t years after its purchase, where
f (t) = 12 + 80e−0.25t .
(a) Sketch the graph of f (t).
(b) What is the value of the equipment when it is purchased?
(c) What is the value of the equipment 10 years after its purchase?
(d) What is the anticipated scrap value of the equipment after a
long period of time?

Depreciation
Solution:
y 90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10 f (t) = 12 + 80e−0.25t
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Graph: x

Depreciation
Solution:
y 90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10 f (t) = 12 + 80e−0.25t
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Graph: x
The value of the equipment is 100 × f (0) = 9, 200 dollars.

Depreciation
Solution:
y 90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10 f (t) = 12 + 80e−0.25t
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Graph: x

After 10 years, its value is 100 × f (10) ≈ 1, 856.68 dollars.

Depreciation
Solution:
y 90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10 f (t) = 12 + 80e−0.25t
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Graph: x

After 10 years, its value is 100 × f (10) ≈ 1, 856.68 dollars.
Its anticipated scrap value is $ 1,200.00.

Expo-Log Functions Applications

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Announcements

Quiz # 3 will be on 03 November 2011.

R. Lapus Applications of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Quiz # 3 will be on 03 November 2011.

R. Lapus Applications of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Quiz # 3 will be on 03 November 2011.

R. Lapus Applications of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Quiz # 3 will be on 03 November 2011.

R. Lapus Applications of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Quiz # 3 will be on 03 November 2011.

R. Lapus Applications of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

October 24, 2011

R. Lapus Applications of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

R. Lapus Applications of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

f (t) = B ekt , t≥0

where B and t are positive constants, is said to describe

R. Lapus Applications of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

f (t) = B ekt , t≥0

where B and t are positive constants, is said to describe

What does the variables B, k and t mean?

R. Lapus Applications of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

f (t) = B ekt , t≥0

where B and t are positive constants, is said to describe

What does the variables B, k and t mean?

R. Lapus Applications of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

f (t) = B ekt , t≥0

where B and t are positive constants, is said to describe

What does the variables B, k and t mean?

R. Lapus Applications of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

f (t) = B ekt , t≥0

where B and t are positive constants, is said to describe

What does the variables B, k and t mean?

R. Lapus Applications of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

R. Lapus Applications of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

R. Lapus Applications of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

R. Lapus Applications of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

R. Lapus Applications of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

R. Lapus Applications of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

R. Lapus Applications of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

represents the growth of bacteria in a food product. The variable t

R. Lapus Applications of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

represents the growth of bacteria in a food product. The variable t

R. Lapus Applications of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

represents the growth of bacteria in a food product. The variable t

R. Lapus Applications of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

R. Lapus Applications of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

R. Lapus Applications of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

f (t) = B e−kt , t≥0

where B and t are positive constants, is said to describe

R. Lapus Applications of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

f (t) = B e−kt , t≥0

where B and t are positive constants, is said to describe

R. Lapus Applications of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

B is the initial quantity of the substance that will decay

R. Lapus Applications of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

B is the initial quantity of the substance that will decay

R. Lapus Applications of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

B is the initial quantity of the substance that will decay

R. Lapus Applications of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

R. Lapus Applications of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

R. Lapus Applications of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

R. Lapus Applications of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

R. Lapus Applications of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

R. Lapus Applications of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions