國立台灣海洋大學

國立台灣海洋大學 National Taiwan Ocean University

National Taiwan Ocean University  Amplitude Modulation

 Virtues, Limitations, and Modifications of
通訊與導航工程學系 Amplitude Modulation
通訊原理  Double Sideband-Suppressed Carrier Modulation
Fundamental Communications Theory  Costas Receiver
Fall 2018  Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing
 Single-Sideband Modulation
吳家琪 助理教授
 Vestigial Sideband Modulation
Lecture 5. Amplitude Modulation and DSB-SC  Baseband Representation of Modulated Wave and
Band-Pass Filters

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Amplitude Modulation
 Modulation is defined as the process by which some
characteristic of a carrier wave is varied in accordance
with an information-bearing signal.
 Continuous modulation
 Amplitude modulation (AM)
 Frequency modulation (FM)
 AM modulation family
 Amplitude modulation (AM)
 Double sideband-suppressed carrier (DSB-SC)
 Single sideband (SSB)
 Vestigial sideband (VSB)
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Amplitude Modulation
 Fourier analysis provides a powerful mathematical tool
to realize the spectral characterization of linear
modulation strategies
 Implementation of analog communication is simplified
by using AM, at the expense of transmitted power and
channel bandwidth
 Utilization of transmitted power and channel bandwidth
is improved through well-defined modifications of an
amplitude-modulated wave’s spectral content at the
expense of increased system complexity.
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s (t )  Ac [1  k a m (t )] cos( 2f c t )
where ka is a constant called the amplitude sensitivity of
the modulator responsible for the generation of the
modulated signal s(t).
 Figure 3.1(a) shows a message signal m(t), and Figs.
3.1(b) and 3.1(c) show the corresponding AM wave s(t)
for two values of amplitude sensitivity ka and a carrier
amplitude Ac = 1 volt.
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3.1 Amplitude Modulation
Theory
c (t )  Ac cos( 2f c t )
where Ac is the carrier amplitude and fc is the carrier
frequency. The information-bearing signal or message
signal is denoted by m(t);
 Amplitude modulation1 (AM) is formally defined as a
process in which the amplitude of the carrier wave c(t)
is varied about a mean value, linearly with the message
signal m(t).
s (t )  Ac [1  k a m (t )] cos( 2f c t )
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 The envelope of s(t) – that essentially the same
shape as the message signal m(t) provided that two
conditions are satisfied:
 The amplitude of kam(t) is always less than unity;
that is, | kam(t) | < 1. for all t
 The carrier frequency fc is much grater than the
highest frequency component W of the message
signal m(t) – that is, fc >> W
 We call W the message bandwidth.
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 Demodulation of the AM wave is achieved by

using an envelope detector, which is defined as a
device whose output traces the envelope of the AM
wave acting as the input signal.
 Let m(t)  M(f), where the Fourier transform M(f)
is called the message spectrum.
Ac k A
S( f )  [ ( f  f c )   ( f  f c )]  a c [ M ( f  f c )  M ( f  f c )]
2 2
1
cos( 2f c t )  [exp( j 2f c t )  exp(  j 2f c t )]
2
Figure 3.1 The amplitude modulation exp( j 2f c t )   ( f  f c )
process. (a) Message signal m(t). (b)
m (t ) exp( j 2f c t )  M ( f  f c )
AM wave for kam(t) ＜ 1 for all t. (c)
AM wave for |kam(t)|＞1 for some t.

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 Three important observations:  For positive frequencies, the highest frequency

 As a result of the modulation process, the spectrum of
the message signal m(t) for negative frequencies
extending from – W to 0 becomes completely visible
for positive frequencies,
 For positive frequencies, the portion of the spectrum
of an AM wave lying above the carrier frequency fc is
referred to as the upper sideband, whereas the
symmetric portion below fc is referred to as the lower
sideband.
component of the AM wave equals fc + W, and the
lowest frequency component equals fc – W.
 The difference between these two frequencies defines the
transmission bandwidth BT of the AM wave, which is
exactly twice the message bandwidth W;
BT = 2W
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Example 3.1 Single-Tone Modulation

 Consider a modulating wave m(t) that consists of a
single tone or frequency component; i.e.
m (t )  Am cos( 2f m t )
 Am is the amplitude of the sinusoidal modulating wave
and fm is the frequency. The sinusoidal carrier wave has
amplitude Ac and frequency fc. The corresponding AM
wave is therefore given by
s (t )  Ac [1   cos( 2f m t )] cos( 2f c t )
  k a Am ; modulation factor or percentage modulation

Figure 3.2 (a) Spectrum of message signal m(t). (b) Spectrum of

AM wave s(t).

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Amax Ac (1   )

Amin Ac (1   )

Amax  Amin

Amax  Amin
1 1
s (t )  Ac cos( 2f c t )  Ac cos[ 2 ( f c  f m )t ]  Ac cos[ 2 ( f c  f m )t ]
2 2
 The Fourier transform of s(t) is
1
S( f )  Ac [ ( f  f c )   ( f  f c )]
2
1
 Ac [ ( f  f c  f m )   ( f  f c  f m )]
4
Figure 3.3 Illustration of the time-domain (on the left) and frequency-domain (on
1
 Ac [ ( f  f c  f m )   ( f  f c  f m )] the right) characteristics of amplitude modulation produced by a single tone. (a)
4 Modulating wave. (b) Carrier wave. (c) AM wave.
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 The average power delivered to a 1-ohm resistor by

AM wave s(t) is comprised of three components
1
Carrier power = Ac
2
1 2 2
Upper side-frequency power =  Ac
8
1
Lower side-frequency power =  2 Ac2
8
 Figure 3.4 shows the percentage of total power in both
side frequencies and in the carrier plotted versus the
percentage modulation.
 Notice that when the percentage modulation is less than
20 percent, the power in one side frequency is less than
1 percent of the total power in the AM wave. Figure 3.4 Variations of carrier power and total sideband
power with percentage modulation in amplitude modulation.

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Carrier amplitude, Ac = 1
Carrier frequency, fc = 0.4 Hz
Modulation frequency, fm = 0.05 Hz
 It is recommended that the number of frequency samples
satisfies the condition fc 10
M   2000
fr 0.005
 The only variable parameter in the full AM experiment is Figure 3.5
the modulation factor μ, with respect to which three Amplitude modulation with 50
different situations are investigated: percent modulation: (a) AM wave,
μ = 0.5, corresponding to under-modulation (b) magnitude spectrum of the AM
wave, and (c) expanded spectrum
 μ = 1.0 (p108), corresponding to 100% modulation
around the carrier frequency.
 μ = 2.0 (p109), corresponding to over-modulation
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Figure 3.6
Amplitude modulation with 100
percent modulation: (a) AM wave, (b)
magnitude spectrum of the AM wave,
and (c) expanded spectrum around
the carrier frequency.
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Envelope Detection
 The demodulation of an AM wave can be accomplished
by means of a simple and yet highly effective circuit
called the envelope detector2, provided two practical
conditions are satisfied:
 The AM wave is narrowband, which means that the
carrier frequency is large compared to the message
bandwidth.
 The percentage modulation in the AM wave is less than
woo percent.
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Figure 3.7
Amplitude modulation with 200
percent modulation: (a) AM wave,
(b) magnitude spectrum of the AM
wave, and (c) expanded spectrum
around the carrier frequency.
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 An envelope detector of the series type is shown in Fig.
3.9(a),
 The charging time constant (rf + Rs)C must be short
compared with the carrier period 1/fc
(rf + Rs)C  1/fc
 The discharging time constant RlC must be long enough
to ensure that the capacitor discharges slowly through
the load resistor Rl between positive peaks of the carrier
wave,
1/fc  RlC  1/W
where W is the message bandwidth.
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Computer Experiment: Envelope Detection for Sinusoidal AM

 The numerical values used in the computation of Fig.

3.9(c) are as follows:

 Source resistance Rs = 75 Ω
 Forward resistance rf = 25 Ω
 Load resistance Rl = 10 kΩ
 Capacitance C = 0.01 μF
 Message bandwidth W = 1 kHz
 Carrier frequency fc = 20 kHz
Figure 3.9 Envelope detector.
 Notice that the envelope detector output includes a high-
(a) Circuit diagram. (b) AM
wave input. (c) Envelope frequency ripple; this ripple can be removed by using a
detector output. low-pass filter (not shown in Fig. 3.9(a))

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3.2 Virtues, Limitations, and Modifications of 3.3 Double Sideband-Suppressed Carrier Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
 Amplitude modulation is the oldest method of Theory
performing modulation.  Double sideband-suppressed carrier (DSB-SC)

 Two major practical limitations: modulation consists of the product of the message signal
 Amplitude modulation is wasteful of transmitted power. m(t) and the carrier wave c(t), as shown in the equation
 Amplitude modulation is wasteful of channel bandwidth. s (t )  c (t ) m (t )  Ac cos( 2f c t ) m (t )
 Three modifications of amplitude modulation:
 Double sideband-suppressed carrier (DSB-SC)
modulation,
 Single sideband (SSB) modulation,
 Vestigial sideband (VSB) modulation, (P.114)
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 Most noticeably, is the fact that the modulated signal s(t)

undergoes a phase reversal whenever the message
signal m(t) crosses zero, as indicated in Fig. 3.10(b) for
the message signal m(t) depicted in part (a) of the figure.
1
S( f )  Ac [ M ( f  f c )  M ( f  f c )]
2

where m(t)  M(f).

Figure 3.10 (a) Message signal m(t). (b) DSB-SC modulated wave s(t).

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Example 3.2 Sinusoidal DSB-SC spectrum

 Consider DSB-SC modulation using sinusoidal modulation
of amplitude Am and frequency fm and operating on a carrier
of amplitude Ac and frequency fc. The message spectrum is
1
M(f) Am [ ( f  f m )   ( f  f m )]
2

1 1
Ac Am ( f  ( f c  f m )); Ac M ( f  f m )
4 4

1 1
Figure 3.11 (a) Spectrum of message signal m(t). (b) Spectrum of Ac Am ( f  ( f c  f m )); Ac M ( f  f m )
4 4
DSB-SC modulated wave s(t).
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Coherent Detection
 Since the envelope of the DSB-SC modulated wave s(t)
is different from the message signal m(t), we have to
find some other means for recovering m(t) from s(t).
1 1
cos 2 ( )   cos( 2 )
2 2
 This method of demodulation is known as coherent
detection or synchronous demodulation.
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Figure 3.12 Block diagram of coherent detector, assuming
that the local oscillator is out of phase by with respect to the
sinusoidal carrier oscillator in the transmitter.
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 Denoting the local oscillator signal by A’c cos(2πfct +  )
and using Eq. (3.8) for the DSB-SC wave s(t), we find
that the product modulator output in Fig. 3.12 is
v (t )  Ac' cos( 2f c t   ) s (t )
 Ac Ac' cos( 2f c t ) cos( 2f c t   ) m (t )
1 1
 Ac Ac' cos( 4f c t   ) m (t )  Ac Ac' cos(  ) m (t )
2 2
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1 1
cos(1 ) cos( 2 )  cos(1   2 )  cos( 1   2 )
2 2
 This is further illustrated by the spectrum V(f) shown in
Fig. 3.13, where it is assumed that the message signal
m(t) is limited to the interval – W ≤ f ≤ W.
 At the filter output we then obtain a signal given by
1
vo (t )  Ac Ac' cos(  ) m (t )
2
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Computer Experiment; DSB-SC

 Results of the experiment are described under two

points:
 Figure 3.14(a) displays 10 cycles of the DSB-SC
modulated wave produced by the sinusoidal modulating
wave of frequency 0.05 Hz.
 To perform coherent detection, we proceed in two stages;
(i) multiply the DSB-SC modulated wave by an exact
Figure 3.13 Illustration of spectrum of product modulator output replica of the carrier, and (ii) pass the product through a
v(t) in the coherent detector of Fig.3.12, which is produced in low-pass filter,
response to ad DSB-SC modulated wave as the detector input.

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Figure 3.14 DSB-SC

modulation: (a) DSB-SC
modulated wave, (b)
magnitude spectrum of the
Figure 3.15 Coherent detection of DSB-SC modulated wave; (a) Waveform of
modulated wave, and (c)
signal produced at the output of product modulator, (b) amplitude spectrum of the
expanded spectrum around signal in part (a), (c) waveform of low-pass filter output; and (d) amplitude
the carrier frequency. spectrum of signal in part (c).