17-Dec-18

TODAY’S GOAL PRESSURE

Learn more about

Fluids
Pressure in a fluid acts equally in all directions

Pressure in a static liquid increases linearly with depth

& p= g  h
increase in
pressure
increase depth (m)

PRESSURE The pressure at a given depth in a continuous, static body of liquid is

constant.

p1 p3 p1 = p2 = p3
p2

PRESSURE PRESSURE
 Pressure is defined as a normal force exerted by Pressure is the ratio of a force F to the area A over which it is
a fluid per unit area. applied:
 Units of pressure are N/m2, which is called a
pascal (Pa).
Force F
 Since the unit Pa is too small for pressures Pressure  ; P
encountered in practice, kilopascal (1 kPa = 103 Area A
Pa) and megapascal (1 MPa = 106 Pa) are
commonly used. A = 2 cm2 F (1.5 kg)(9.8 m/s2 )
 Other units include bar, atm, kgf/cm2, P 
lbf/in2=psi. A 2 x 10-4 m 2
1.5 kg

P = 73,500 N/m2

THE UNIT OF PRESSURE

(PASCAL):
A pressure of one pascal (1 Pa) is defined as a force of one
Pressure is the force per unit area, where the force is
newton (1 N) applied to an area of one square meter (1 m2).
perpendicular to the area.

Nm-2 p=
F pa= 105 Nm-2
Pascal: 1 Pa = 1 N/m2
(Pa) A m2 1psi =6895Pa

This is the Absolute pressure, the pressure compared to a vacuum.

In the previous example the pressure was 73,500
N/m2. This should be expressed as:
The pressure measured in your tyres is the gauge pressure, p-pa.

P = 73,500 Pa

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 17-Dec-18

INDEPENDENCE OF SHAPE AND

PRESSURE HEAD
 P(A) static pressure of system Water seeks its own level,
 Column of water supported by this pressure indicating that fluid pressure
 Pressure Head is independent of area and
shape of its container.
 hp = p
ρg

• At any depth h below the surface of

the water in any column, the pressure
P is the same. The shape and area
are not factors.

PROPERTIES OF FLUID
PRESSURE
FLUID EXERTS FORCES IN MANY
DIRECTIONS. TRY TO SUBMERSE A
RUBBER BALL IN WATER TO SEE THAT AN
upward force acts on the ball.   The forces exerted by a fluid on the walls

• Fluids exert pressure in all

of its container are always perpendicular.
directions.   The fluid pressure is directly proportional
to the depth of the fluid and to its density.
  At any particular depth, the fluid
pressure is the same in all directions.
  Fluid pressure is independent of the
shape or area of its container.

PRESSURE VS. DEPTH IN EXAMPLE 2.A DIVER IS LOCATED 20 M BELOW

FLUID THE SURFACE OF A LAKE ( = 1000 KG/M3).
WHAT IS THE PRESSURE DUE TO THE WATER?
Pressure = force/area

The difference in pressure from

mg
P ; m  V ; V  Ah the top of the lake to the diver is:
A h
 = 1000kg/m3
Vg   Ahg
h
P Area
mg
A A P = gh
h = 20 m; g = 9.8 m/s2
• Pressure at any point in a
fluid is directly proportional Fluid Pressure:
P  (1000 kg/m3 )(9.8 m/s2 )(20 m)
to the density of the fluid
and to the depth in the P =  gh P = 196 kPa
fluid.

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 17-Dec-18

MEASURING PRESSURE DROPS

ATMOSPHERIC  Manometers are

well-- suited to
PRESSURE
One way to measure atmospheric
measure pressure
P=0 drops across valves,
pressure is to fill a test tube with pipes, heat
mercury, then invert it into a bowl at at exchangers, etc.
m m h
of mercury.   Relation for
pressure drop P1-P2 is
Density of Hg = 13,600 kg/m3 Mercury obtained by starting
at point 1 and adding
Patm = gh h = 0.760 m or subtracting
 gh terms until we
Patm = (13,600 kg/m3)(9.8 m/s2)(0.760 m) reach
 point 2.
Patm = 101,300 Pa   If fluid in pipe is a gas,
 2>>1and P1-P2= gh

ABSOLUTE
THE BAROMETER
PRESSURE 1 atm = 101.3 kPa  Atmospheric pressure is
Absolute Pressure: The sum of the measured by a device called
pressure due to a fluid and the a barometer; thus,
pressure due to atmosphere. atmospheric pressure is
often referred to as the
Gauge Pressure: The difference P = 196 kPa
barometric pressure.
h
between the absolute pressure and   PCcan be taken to be
the pressure due to the atmosphere: zero since there is only Hg
vapor above point C, and
it is very low relative to
Patm.
Absolute Pressure = Gauge Pressure + 1 atm   Change in atmospheric
pressure due to elevation
has many effects: Cooking,
P = 196 kPa Pabs = 196 kPa + 101.3 kPa PC gh  Patm nose bleeds, engine
performance, aircraft
1 atm = 101.3 kPa Patm   gh performance.
Pabs = 297 kPa

PRESSURE MEASUREMENT MEASURINGPRESSURE

 Pressure is an important variable in fluid mechanics and (2) BAROMETERS
many instruments have been devised for its
measurement.
 Many devices are based on hydrostatics such as vacuum p1 =
A barometer is used to measure the
0
barometers and manometers, i.e., determine pressure pressure of the atmosphere. The
simplest type of barometer consists of a
through measurement of a column (or columns) of a column of fluid.
liquid using the pressure variation with elevation
equation for an incompressible fluid. h
p2 - p1 = gh
p2 = pa
pa = gh

examples
water: h = pa/g =105/(103*9.8) ~10m
mercury: h = pa/g =105/(13.4*103*9.8)
~800mm