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ANSIITIA/EIA-222-F-1996
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Approved: March 29, 1996
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TIAIEIA
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STANDARD
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Structural Standards for Steel Antenna
Towers and Antenna Supporting
Structures
•
TIAlEIA-222-F
(Revision of EIAII1A-22l-E)
JUNE 1996
TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION
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TELECOMMUNICATIONS
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INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION
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Repl'Dduced By GLOBAL
ENGINEERING DOCUMENTS
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TELECOMMUNICATIONS
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June 10, 1996
TO: Recipients of new TIA Standards and Engineering Publications
Enclosed please find one copy of the following TIAIEIA Standard:
TIAIEIA-222-F Structural Standards for Steel Antenna Towers and Antenna

Supporting Structures
Additional copies of this Standard may be obtained from the Global Engineering Documents, •
I '.S.A. and Canada (1-800-854-7179) International (303)-397-7956 at a price of $80.00 each.
Sincerely,
(JIu- . ~~.
r cecil~rking
Engineering Department
enclosure
•
2500 W,/san 8au/evara • SUI/e 300
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•
NOTICE
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• (From Standards Proposal No. 3278, formulated under the cognizance of the TR-14.7 Structural
Standards for Steel Antenna Towers and Antenna Supporting Structures Subcommittee
Published by
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l1Atr.1A-~-r
STRUCTURAL STANDARDS FOR STEEL ANTENNA TOWERS

AND
~. ANTENNA SUPPORTING STRUCTURES
CONTENTS
Section Page Number

OBJECTIVE .......................................................... 1
SCOPE............................................................... 1
1 MA'I'ERIAL........................................................ 1
1.1 Standard....................................................... 1
2 LOADING......................................................... 2
2.1 Defmitions..................................................... 2
2.2 Nomenclature for Section 2 Loading ................................ 3
2.3 Standard....................................................... 4
2.4 References ..................................................... 11
3 S'fRESSES......................................................... 11
• 3.1 Standard....................................................... 11
4 MANUFACTURE AND WORKMANSHIP .............................. 18
4.1 Standard ..............................~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 18
5 FACTORY FINISH .................................................. 18
5.1 Standard....................................................... 18
6 PLANS. ASSEMBLY TOLERANCES. AND MARKING ................... 18
6.1 Standard ............................... "........................ 18
7 FOUNDATIONS AND ANCHORS ..................................... 19
7.1 Defmitions..................................................... 19
7.2 Standard....................................................... 19
7.3 Special Conditions .............................................. , 20
7.4 Foundation Drawings ............................................ 21
8 SAFETY FACTOR OF GUYS ......................................... 21
8.1 Defmition...................................................... 21
8.2 Standard .......................... "............................. 21
• 9 PRESTRESSING AND PROOF LOADING OF GUYS ..................... 21
9.1 DefInitions..................................................... 21
9.2 Standard....................................................... 22
•
CONTENTS (Continued)
Section Page Number

10 rnrnAL GUY 1ENSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
10.1 Definition ..................................................... . 22
10.2 Standard ...................................................... . 22
10.3 Method Of Measurement ......................................... . 22
11 OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS ................................... . 22
11.1 Defininons ............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
11.2 Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
12 PROJECTIVE GROUNDIN'G ........................................ . 23
12.1 DeflIlitions .................................................... . 23
12.2 Standard ...................................................... . 23
13 CLIMBlNG AND WORKING FAcn..ITIES ............................. . 23
13.1 DeflIlitions .................................................... . 23
13.2 Standard ...................................................... . 23
•
14 MAINTENANCE AND IN'SPECTION ................................. . 24
14.1 Standard ...................................................... . 24
15 ANALYSIS OF EXISTING TOWERS AND STRUCTURES ................ . 24
15.1 Standard ..............................~ ........................ . 24
16 COUNTY USTINGS OF MINIMUM BASIC WIND SPEEDS .............. . 25
ANNEXES
AnnexA: PURCHASER CHECKLIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 59
AnnexB: DESIGN WIND LOAD ON TYPICAL MICROWAVE
ANTENNAS/REFLECTORS ................................. 61
AnnexC: TABLE OF ALLOWABLE TWIST AND SWAY VALUES FOR
PARABOUC ANTENNAS. PASSIVE REFLECTORS, AND
PERISCOPE SYSTEM REFLECTORS ......................... 71
AnnexO: DETERMINATION OF ALLOWABLE BEAM TWIST AND SWAY
FOR CROSS-POLARIZATION LIMITED SYSTEM:S . . . . . . . . . . . .. 77
AnnexE: TOWER MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION PROCEDURES .... 83
AnnexF: CRITERIA FOR THE ANALYSIS OF EXISTING STRUCTURES. .. 101
AnnexG: SI CONVERSION FACTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 103
•
AnnexH: COM1\1ENTARY ON ICE DESIGN CRITERIA FOR
COMl\1UNICATION STRUCTIJRES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 105
Annex I: GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS FOR TOWERS ............ ·109
AnnexJ: CORROSION CONTROL OPTIONS FOR GUY ANCHORS
m DIRECT CONTACT WITH SOIL .......................... 111
STRUCTURAL STANDARDS FOR STEEL ANTENNA TOWERS AND
• ANTENNA SUPPORTING STRUCTURES
OBJECTIVE
The objective of these standards is to provide minimum criteria for specifying and designing steel
antenna towers and antenna supporting structures. These standards are not intended to replace or
supersede applicable codes. The information contained in these standards was obtained from
sources as referenced and noted herein and represents, in the judgement of the subcommittee, the
accepted industry practices for minimum standards for the design of steel antenna supporting
structures. It is for general infonnation only. While it is believed to be accurate, this infonnatio~
should not be relied upon for any specific application without competent professional examination
and verification of its accuracy, suitability, and applicability by a licensed professional engineer.
These standards utilize wind loading criteria based on an annual probability and are not intended to
cover all environmental conditions which could exist at a particular location.
These standards apply to steel antenna towers and antenna supporting structures for all classes of
communications service, such as AM, CATV, PM, Microwave, Cellular, TV, VHF, etc.
These standards may be adapted for international use; however, it is necessary to determine the
appropriate basic wind speed (fastest-mile) and icc load at the site location in the specific country
based on local meteorological data.
Equivalent International System of Units (SI) are given in brackets [] throughout these standards.
SI conversion factors have been provided in Annex G .
• It is the responsibility of the purchaser to provide site-specific data and requirements differing from
those contained in these standards.
Annex A provides a checklist for assisting the purchaser ~ specifying the requirements for a specific
structure when using these standards. _The user is cautioned that local conditions of wind and ice, if
known, have precedence over the minlmum standards described herein.
SCOPE
These standards describe the requirements for steel antenna towers and antenna supporting
structures.
1 MATERIAL
1.1 Standard
1.1.1 Material shall conform to one of the following standards except as provided in 1.1.2.
1.1.1.1 Structural steel, cast steel, steel forgings, and bolts shall confOInl to the material
specifications listed in the June 1, 1989, American Institute of Steel Construction,
"Specification for Structural Steel Buildings - Allowable Stress Design and Plastic
Design", hereinafter referred to as the AISC specification.
1.1.1.2 Light gauge steel structural members shall be structural quality as defined by the
• August 19, 1986, American Iron and Steel Institute, "Specification for the Design of
Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members", hereinafter referred to as the AISI spe~ification.
1.1.1.3 Material for tubular steel pole structures and components shall confonn to section
7.0 of ANSI/NEMA IT1-1983, "Tapered Tubular Steel Structures".
- -- - _ ..... - __ -J
1.1.2 When materials other than those specified herein are used, the supplier must provide •
certified data concerning mechanical and chemical properties.
1.1.3 Bolts and nut locking devices (excluding guy hardware).
1.1.3.1 Slip-critical connections and connections subjected to tension where the
application of externally applied load results in prying action produced by deformation of
the connected parts shall be made with high-strength bolts tightened to the minimum bolt
tensions specified in the November 13. 1985. AISC. "Specification for Structural Joints
Using ASTM A325 or A490 Bolts".
Exception: Where it can be shown that the stiffness of the connected parts is sufficient to
reduce prying forces to insignificance. tension connections may be made with high-strength
bolts tightened to a snug-tight condition as defined in the AISC specification referred to in
1. 1.3. l.
(Note: Contact surfaces for slip-critical connections shall not be oiled or painted and for
galvanized material, the contact surfaces shall be prepared in accordance with the AISC
specification referred to in 1.1.3.1.)
1.1.3.2 Bearing-type connections may be made with high-strength bolts tightened to a
snug-tight condition as defined in the AISC specification referred to in 1.1.3.l.
1.1.3.3 Where high-strength bolts are used and tensioned in accordance with the AISC
•
specification referred to in 1.1.3.1, a nut-locking device is not required.
1.1.3.4 Bolts not covered in 1.1.3.3 require a nut-locking device.
1.1.3.5 Hot-dip galvanized A490 bolts shall not be used.
1.1.4 Materials other than steel are not within the 1cope of this section.
2 LOADING
2.1 Definitions
2.1.1 Dead Load - The weight of the structure, guys, and appurtenances.
2.1.2 Ice Load - The radial thickness of ice applied unifonnly around the exposed surfaces of
the structure, guys, and appurtenances.
2.1.2.1 Unless otherwise indicated, a specified radial ice thickness shall be considered as
solid ice.
2.1.2.2 The density of solid ice shall be considered to be 561b/ft3 [8.8 kN/m3].
2.1.2.3 The density of rime ice shall be considered to be 30 Ib/fi3 [4.7 kN/m3].
2.1.3 Wind Load - The wind loading requirements specified in 2.3 (see Annex A).
2.1.3.1 Basic Wind Speed - Fastest-mile wind speed at 33 ft [10 m] above ground
•
corresponding to an annual probability of 0.02 (50-year recurrence interval).
2.1.4 Appunenances - Items attached to the structure such as antennas, transmission lines,
conduits, lighting equipment, climbing devices, platforms, signs, anti-climbing devices, etc.
2.1.4.1 Discrete Appurtenance - An appurtenance whose load can be assumed to be
concentrated at a point.
TIAlEIA-222-F
2.1.4.2 Linear Appurtenance - An appurtenance whose load can be assumed to be
• 2.2
AA
Ac
distributed over a section of the structure.
Nomenclature for Section 2 Loading
Projected area of a linear appurtenance
Projected area of a discrete appurtenance
AE Effective projected area of structural components in one face
AF Projected area of flat structural components in one face
Ao Gross area of one tower face as if the face were solid
AR Projected area of round structural components in one face
C Velocity coefficient for tubular pole structure force coefficients
CA Linear or discrete appurtenance force coefficient
CD Guy drag force coefficient
CF Structure force coefficient
CL Guy lift force coefficient
D Dead weight of the structure, guys, and appurtenances
• Wind direction factor for flat structural components

Average diameter or average least width of a tubular pole structure
Wind direction factor for ~ound structural coritponents
Horizontal force applied to a section of the structure
Fe Design wind load on a discrete appurtenance
FD Total drag force on a guy
FL Total lift force on a guy
On Gust response factor for fastest-mile basic wind speed
I Weight of ice
Kz Exposure coefficient
Lc Chord length of guy
RR Reduction factor for round structural components
V Basic wind speed for the structure location
WI Design wind load on the structure, appurtenances, guys, etc., with radial ice
• W0 Design wind load on the structure, appurtenances, guys, etc., without ice
d Diameter of guy strand
e Solidity ratio
TIAiEIA-222-F
•
h Total height of structure
Velocity pressure
r Ratio of corner diameter to diameter of inscribed circle of a tubular pole structure
t Radial thickness of ice
z Height above average ground level to midpoint of section, appurtenance or guy
g Clockwise angle from guy chord to wind direction vector
2.3 Standard
2.3.1 Wind and Ice Loads
2.3.1.1 The total design wind load shall include the sum of the horizontal forces applied to
the structure in the direction of the wind and the design wind load on guys and discrete
appurtenances.
2.3.1.2 This standard does not specifically state an ice requirement. Ice loading,
depending on tower height, elevation, and exposure, may be a significant load on the
structure in most parts of the United States. If the structure is to be located where ice
accumulation is expected, consideration shall be given to an ice load when specifying the
requirements for the structure. (Refer to Annexes A and H.)
2.3.2 The horizontal force (F) applied to each section of the structure shall be calculated from •
the equation:
F = qz GH [CF AE + r. (CA A~] (lb) [N]

Not to exceed 2 qz GtI AG
where ~ =Gross area of one tower face (ft2) [m2]

(Note: All appurtenances, including antennas, mounts and lines, shall be assumed to remain
intact and attached to the structure regardless of their wind load capacities.)
2.3.3 The velocity pressure (qz) and the exposure coefficient (Kz) shall be calculated from the
equations (see Annex A):
qz = .00256 Kz V2 (lb/ft2) for V in m.i/h or

qz = .613 Kz V2 [Pal for V in m/s
Kz = [zj33]2n for z in ft or
Kz =[z/10]2n for z in meters
1.00 ~ Kz < 2.58
V = Basic wind speed for the structure location (mi/h) [m/s]
z = Height above average ground level to midpoint of the section (ft) [m]
2.3.3.1 Unless otherwise specified, the basic wind speed (V) for the structure location shall
be determined from section 16.
•
nAlEIA-2~·F
2.3.4 Gust Response Factors
• 2.3.4.1 For latticed structures, the gust response factor

equation:
<1H =.65 + .60/(h/33) 1 17 for h in ft or

(OW shall be calculated from the
an = .65 + .60/(h/10)1/7 for h in meters

1.00 < <1H < 1.25
- -
2.3.4.2 For tubular pole structures, the gust response factor (Ga) shall be 1.69.
2.3.4.3 One gust response factor shall apply for the entire structure.
2.3.4.4 When cantilevered tubular or latticed pole structures are mounted on latticed
structures, the gust response factor for the pole and the latticed structure shall be based on the
height of the latticed structure without the pole. The stresses calculated for pole structures
and their connections to latticed structures shall be multiplied by 1.25 to compensate for the
greater gust response for mounted pole structures.
2.3.5 Structure Force Coefficients
2.3.5.1 For latticed structures, the structure force coefficient (Cp) for each section of the
structure shall be calculated from the equations:
•
Cp =4.0e2 - 5.ge + 4.0 (Square cross sections)
Cp = 3.4e2 - 4.7e + 3.4 (Triangular cross sections)
e =Solidity Ratio =(Ap + AR)/Av ~
Ap = Projected area (ft2) [m2] of flat structural components in one face of the section.
AR = Projected area (ft2) [m2] of round structural components in one face of the section
and the projected area of ice when specified on flat and round structural components.
(Refer to Figure 1).
(Note: The projected area of structural components shall include the projected area of
connection plates.)
•
! !All::.JA-222-F
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•
\
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'------, I
: 1
\ .... _ _ - - ---""til
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'~----""'"
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t =Specified radial thickness of ice
Figure 1
(Note: Ice, when specified, shall be assumed to accumulate uniformly on all swfaces as •
illustrated. The additional projected area caused by the ice accumulation may be
considered cylindrical even though the bare projected area is flat. Consideration shall be
given to the change in shape from round to ~t for closely spaced linear appunenances
with ice accumulations.) .
2.3.5.2 For cantilevered tubular steel pole structures, the structure force coefficient (CF)
shall be determined from Table 1.
2.3.6 The effective projected area of structural components (AE> for a section shall be
calculated from the equation:
AE = DF AF + DR AR RR (ftl) [m2]
(Note: For tubular steel pole structures, AE shall be the actual projected area based on pole
diameter or overall width.)
2.3.6.1 The wind direction factors, Op and DR. shall be determined from Table 2.
2.:;.6.2 The reduction factor (RR) for round structural components shall be calculated from
the equation:
RR =.51e2 + .57
2.3.6.3 Linear appurtenances attached to a face and not extending in width beyond the •
nonnal projected area of the face may be considered as structural components when
calculating the solidity ratio and wind forces.
TIAlEIA-2:U-F
•
Table 1
Force Coefficients (CF) for Cantilevered 1bbular Pole Structures
C Round 16 Sided 16 Sided 12 Sided 8 Sided
(mph ft) r>0.26
<32 1.20
r < 0.26
1.20
-1.20 1.20 1.20
32 to 64
-130
(C) 1.3
1.78+ 1.4Dr-..£.. ~ .72 + (64- C)
91.5 22.9 .44.8
-12.5
(C) .6
1.20
>64 .59 1.08·1.4Or .72 1.03 1.20

SIUnits
C Round 16 Sided 16 Sided 12 Sided 8 Sided
(m/s m) r<0.26 r> 0.26
<4.4 1.20
- 1.20 1.20
1.20 1.20
4.4 to 8.7
-9.74
(C) 1.3
1.78 + l40r _£. C(r) 72+ (8.7 - C)
. 12.5 3.12 . 6.10 -3.78
(C).6
1.20
> 8.7 .59 1.08·1.4Or .72 1.03 1.20
= jKz
•
C V Dp for Dp in ft em]
Notes:
1. The above force coefficients apply only to cantilevered tubular pole structures which
stand alone or are mounted on the top of a latticed structure.
2. The force coefficients indicated account for wind load reductions under supercritica! flow
conditions and therefore do not apply to appurtenances attached to the structure. Use Table 3 for
appropriate force coefficients for appurtenances.
3. For all cross sectional shapes, Cr need not exceed 1.2 for any value of C.
4. V is the basic wind speed for the loading condition under investigation.
Table 2
Wind Direction Factors
Tower Cross Square Triangular
Section
Wind Direction Nonna! ±45°* Nonna! 60°* ±:90°""
• Dp
DR
1.0
1.0
1+.75e (1.2 max)
1+.75e (1.2 max)
* Measured from a line nonnal to the face of the structure
1.0
1.0
.80
1.0
.85
1.0
TIAlEIA-222-F
•
2.3.7 The force coefficient (CtV applied to the projected area (ttl) [m2] of a linear
appurtenance (AflJ not considered as a structural component shall be detemtined from Table 3.
The force coefficient for cylindrical members may be applied to the additional projected area of
radial ice when specified. (Refer to Figure 1.)
Table 3
Appurtenance Force Coefficients
Aspect Ratio ~ 7 Aspect Ratio ~ 25
Member Type CA CA
Flat 1.4 2.0
Cylindrical 0.8 1.2
Aspect Ratio = Overall length/width ratio in plane normal to wind direction. (Aspect ratio is not
a function of the spacing between support points of a linear appurtenance, nor the section length
considered to have a uniformly distributed force.)
Note: Linear interpolation may be used for aspect ratios other than shown.
2.3.8 Regardless of location. linear appurtenances not considered as structural components in

accordance with 2.3.6.3 shall be included in the term E CA AA.
2.3.9 The horizontal force (F) applied to a sectioh of the structure may be assumed to be
•
uniformly disuibuted based on the wind pressure at the mid-height of the section.
2.3.9.1 For guyed masts, the section considered to have a unifonnly distributed force shall
not exceed the span between guy levels.
2.3.9.2 For free-standing structures, the section considered to have a uniformly distributed
force shall not exceed 60 it [18 m].
2.3.9.3 For tubular steel pole structures, the section considered to have a unifonnly
distributed force shall not exceed 30 ft [9.1 mJ.
2.3.10 In the absence of more accurate data, the design wind load (Fd on a discrete
appurtenance such as an ice shield, platfonn, etc. (excluding microwave antennas/passive
reflectors) shall be calculated from the equation:
Fe =qz <hi [r CA Ac] (lb) [N]
where I: CA Ac considers all elements of the discrete appurtenance including any feed lines,
brackets, etc., related to the appurtenance. Components of a discrete appUrtenance attached •
directly to a tower face and not projecting away from the face may be considered as
structural components when calculating the solidity ratio and wind forces.
2.3.10.1 The v~locity pressure (qz) shall be calculated based on the centerline height of the
appurtenance.
TIAlEIA-212·F
•
2.3.10.2 The gust response factor (Gg) shall be calculated based on the total height of the
structure for latticed structures (see 2.3.4.4) and shall be equal to 1.69 for tubular pole
structures.
2.3.10.3 The design wind load (Fe) shall be applied in a horizontal direction in the direction
of the wind.
2.3.10.4 The force coefficient (CA> applied to the projected area (fil) [m2] of a discrete
appurtenance (Ae) shall be detennined from Table 3. The force coefficient for cylindrical
members may be applied to the cylindrical portions of the appurtenance and to the additional
projected area of ice when specified. (Refer to Figure 1).
2.3.10.5 When an equivalent flat-plate area based on Revision C oftrus standard (Ap +
2/3 AR,) is provided by a manufacturer of an appurtenance, a force coefficient of 2.0 must be
applied to the equivalent flat-plate area when detennining design wind loads. When the
appunenance is made up of round members only, a force coefficient of 1.8 may be applied.
2.3.11 In the absence of more accurate data, the design wind load on microwave
antennas/passive reflectors shall be determined using Annex B.
2.3.12 When the azimuth orientations of antennas located at the same relative elevation on the
structure are not specified, the antennas shall be asswned to radiate symmetrically about the
structure.
•
2.3.13 Shielding of antennas shall not be considered.
. 2.3.14 The design wind load on guys' shall be determined in accordance with Figure 2. The
design wind load may be assumed to be unifmm based on the velocity pressure (qz) at the
midheight of each guy. ~
2.3.15 The maximum member stresses and structure reactions shall be detennined considering
the wind directions resulting in maximum wind forces and twisting moments. Each of the wind
directions indicated in Table 2 shall be considered for latticed structures. .
2.3.16 Each of the following load combinations shall be investigated when calculating the
maximum member stresses and structure reactions (see Annex A):
D+Wo
D + .75 WI +1
(Note: When the basic wind speed is specified as occuning simultaneously with an ice load by
the purchaser or local authority, no reduction factor shall be applied to WI.)
•
TIAlElA- .,.,i-F
Wind Forces on Guys
FD =qz an CD d Lc =Total drag force (lb) [N]

FL =qz an CL d Lc = Total lift force (lb) [N]
qz = Velocity pressure at mid-height of guy (lb/ft2) [PAJ (see 2_3.3)
<iH =Gust response factor based on total height of structure (see 2.3.4)
d =Diameter of guy strand (ft) [m]
LC = Chord length of guy (ft) [m]
o =Clockwise angle from guy chord to wind direction vector (0 < 180°)
CD = 1.2 sin3 g
CL = 1.2 sin2 g cos g
Figure 2
•
TlA/EIA-"2"'-F
2.4 References
• AASHTO, "Standard Specifications for Structural Supports for Highway Signs, Luminaires and
Traffic Signals", American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials,
Washington, D.C., 1985 with 1988 interim specfficatiODS.
ASCE, "Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures", ASCE 7-93, American
Society of Civil Engineers, New York, NY. 1993.
Diehl, W.S., "Engineering Aerodynamics", Revised Edition, Ronald Press Co., New York, NY,
1936.
IASSS, "Recommendations for Guyed Masts", International Association for Shell and Spatial
Structures, Working Group Nr 4, 198!.
Lou, T., "Force Coefficients for Transmission Towers", A Master Research Report in Civil
Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 1983.
Simiu, E., Changery, M.J.• and Filliben, J3., "Extreme Wmd Speeds at 129 Stations in the
Contiguous United States", Building Science Series Report 118, National Bureau of Standards,
Washington, D.C., 1979.
3 STRESSES
3.1 Standard
3.1.1 Unless othexwise noted, structural members shall be designed in accordance with the
appropriate AISC or AISI specification.
• 3.1.1.1 For structures under 700 ft [213 m] in height, allowable stresses may be increased
1/3 for both load combinations defined in 2.3.16.
3.1.1.2 For Structures 1200 ft [366 m] or greater in height, allowable stresses shall not be
increased.
3.1.1.3 For structures between 700 ft [213 m] and 1200 ft [366 m] in height, allowable
stresses may be increased by linear interpolation between 1/3 and O.
(Note: For structures 1200 ft [366 m] or greater in height, increases in allowable stresses do
not apply due to the uncertainties of the wind effects above this height.)
3.1.1.4 Structure height, for purposes of determining allowable stresses, shall be based on
the total structure height including tubular or latticed poles mounted on the structure.
3.1.1.5 Refer to 2.3.4.4 for stress increases required for cantilevered tubular pole structures
mounted on latticed structures.
3.1.2 For guyed structures, the displacement of the mast at each guy level shall be considered
when computing stresses.
3.1.3 The end connection and intennittent filler requirements of section E4 of the AISC
specification for double angle members need not be satisfied when the slenderness ratio for the
buckling mode involving relative deformation between the angles is modified as follows when
determining allowable stresses:
• (Ajft =
where
(Kft = column slenderness of built-up member acting as a unit about the axis
involving relative deformation
•
a
R/ =largest column slenderness of individual components
(Kft = modified column slenderness of built-up member
a = distance between connectors
R/ =minimum radius of gyration of individual component

3.1.4 A reduction coefficient equal to .75 shall be used when calculating effective net areas in
accordance with section B3 of the AISC specification for angle members and other similar
members connected by one leg with one or two fasteners.
3.1.5 The reduction factor of 3.1.4 does not apply to the required investigation of block shear
in accordance with section J4 of the AISC specification. Net shear and tension areas shall be
based on hole diameters 1/16 inch [1.6 mm] larger than bolt hole diameters.
3.1.6 Bolt holes shall not be considered pin holes, as referred to in section 03 of the AISC
specification. .
3.1.7 Deformation around bolt holes shall be a design consideration for the purposes of
calculating allowable bearing stresses in accordance with section J3. 7 of the AIS C specification.
3.1.8 Table J3.5 of the AISC specification shall apply except at sheared edges where the
minimum edge distance shall be 1.5 times the bolt diameter.
•
3.1.9 The measured unsupported length of a compression member shall be detennined
considering the rigidity of the connected parts and the direction of buckling about the axis under
consideration.
3.1.10 In computing allowable stresses, when effective length fac::tors are considered less than
1.00 for leg members or members whose ends are attached by a single bolt, justification of each
factor must be shown by test or computation.
3.1.11 For a guyed structure, the stability of the structure between guy levels shall be
considered when calculating allowable member stresses.
3.1.12 Limiting values of effective slenderness ratios for compression members shali
preferably be 150 for legs, 200 for bracing, and 250 for redundants (members used solely to
reduce slenderness of other members).
3.1.13 Bracing and redundants utilized to reduce the slenderness ratio of compression members
shall be capable of supporting a force normal to the supported member equal to 1.5 percent of the
supported member's calculated axial load. This force is not to be applied simultaneously with •
the forces resulting from loads applied directly to the structure.
,~'-u'\.-_·r
3.1.14 Structural Steel Single Angle Compression Members
• 3.1.14.1 Allowable compression stresses shall be calculated in accordance with the AISC
"Specification for Allowable Stress Design of Single Angle Members" except that the
flexural-torsional buckling provisions do not apply.
3.1.14.2 Members subjected to lateral loads, which induCe bending. shall meet the
provisions of section 6 of the AISC specification referred to in 3.1.14.1.
3.1.14.3 Effective length factors shall be calculated in accordance with ANSI/ASCE 10-90,
''Design of Latticed Steel Transmission Towers", hereinafter referred to as ASCE 10, (See .
Table 4).
(Note: The effective length factors established in ASCE 10 have been adopted to adjust the
AISC allowable compression stresses for the effects of eccentric axial loading and partial
end restraint.)
3.1.14.4 Effective length factors, other than those specified herein, shall be substantiated by
tests.
3.1.14.5 Slenderness ratios (L/R) shown in Figures 3 and 4 shall be utilized as a guide to
detennine measured and effective slenderness ratios.
3.1.14.6 Members shall be considered fully effective when the ratio of width to thickness
(wit) is not greater than the limiting value specified in ASCE 10.
• 3.1.14.6.1 When width-thickness ratios exceed the limiting value, allowable stresses
shall be reduced in accordance with section 4 of the AISC specification referred to in
3.1.14.1 with Q equal to the value ca1culatedfor Fer in ASCE 10 divided by the yield
stress of the member. .
3.1.14.6.2 The width w for cold-fanned angles shall equal the distance from the inside
bend radius to the extreme fiber but not l~s than the angle width minus three times the
angle thickness.
3.1.14.6.3 Width-thickness ratios (wit) shall not exceed 25.
3.1.14.7 ASCE 10 effective slenderness curves 5 and 6 of Table 4 shall be restricted to
bracing and redundant members with multiple bolt or properly detailed welded connections.
In addition. connections must be to members having adequate flexural strength to resist
rotation of the joint including the effects of gussets.
3.1.14.8 Where eccentricity at a joint cannot be avoided, due consideration shall be given to
the additional stresses introduced in the members.
3.1.15 For tubular pole structures, the secondary bending moments caused by vertical loads
shall be considered when computing stresses.
3.1.15.1 Allowable combined bending and axial stresses for polygonal tubular steel pole
• structures shall be detennined from Table 5 .

TIAlEIA-222-F
Table 4
ANSljASCE 10-90
•
EF'FECTlVE SLENDERNESS CURVES
CURVES 1-3 CURVES 4-6

i S 120 i > 120
CURVE 1 CURVE 4
•
KL = L
R R
(CONCENTRIC BOTH ENDS) (NO END RESTRAINT)

~
CURVE 2 CURVE 5
~ = 30 + .75 i ~ = 28.6 + .762 i

(ECCENTRIC ONE END) (PARTIAL RESTRAINT ONE END)
CURVE 3 CURVE 6
KL _
T-
L
60 +. 50 R ~ = 46.2 + .615 i
(ECCENTRIC BOTH ENDS) (PARTIAL RESTRAINT BOrn ENDS)
•
TlAiEIA-111-F
• SINGLE ANGLE COMPRESSION MEMBERS

SLENDERNESS RATIOS FOR LEG BRACING
SYMMETRICAL BRACING
CRmCAL MEASURED SLENDERNESS RATIO:

L
RZ
EFFECTIVE SLENDERNESS RATIOS:
t-:s 120 RL > 120

z z
CURVE 1 CURVE 4
• STAGGERED BRACING
CRITICAL MEASURED SLENDERNESS RATIOS:

.b... .b... . OR (1 + 2N).b.
RX • Ry • 3 Rz
EFFECTIVE SLENDERNESS RATIOS:
~ MAX:s 120 ~ MAX > 120

CURVE 1 CURVE 4
NOTE:
FOR LEG MEMBERS, MEASURED LENGTH (L) SHALL BE
•
EQUAL TO THE PANEL SPACING MEASURED ALONG THE
AXIS OF THE LEG.
Figure 3
TIAlEIA-222-F
SINGLE ANGLE CO:MPRESSION MEMBERS

SLENDERNESS RATIOS FOR BRAClNG MEMBERS
REFER TO SECTION 3_1.9 FOR
DETERMINATION OF MEASURED LENGTH L
CRl1lCAL MEASURED L
•
SLENDERNESS RAllO: Ii
BFFECIIVE SLENDERNESS RATIOS:
t S120 t>120
CURVE 3 CURVE 4
CRmCAL MEASURED L
,~.L--..-I_I SLENDERNESS RAllO: Ii
0*0====:;:.=11 .~ , t
BFFECIIVE SLENDERNESS RAllOS:
FI S120 t>120
CURVE 3 CURVE 6
CRl1lCAL MEASURED L OR .SL
SLENDERNESS RAllO: Rx Rz
BFFECIIVE SLENDERNESS RAllOS:
f MAX S 120 f
MAX > 120
CURVE 3 CURVE 4
I. .--L-_.. ~I z x
CRmCAL MEASURED
SLENDERNESS RAllO:
L OR .SL
Rx
BFFECIIVE SLENDERNESS RATIOS:
Rz
10 O]it 0 01
.......- L - - . - I
z
L MAX S 120 ..b.. > 120 .5L > 120
~
CURVE 3
Rx
CURVE 6
CRmCAL MEASURED
SIJ¥IDERNESS RAllO:
1;
CURVE 5
..b.. OR .5L
Rx
EFFECIIVE SLENDERNESS RATIOS:
·t MAX S 120 t
MAX> 120
Rz
•
CURVE 3 CURVE 6
CRmCAL MEASURED Lx LI
SLENDERNESS RAIlO: Rx OR Rz
EFFECIIVE SLENDERNESS RATIOS:
L1>L2 t MAX S 120 i
MAX > 120
Lx= Ll +.51.2 CURVE 2 CURVE 4
CRl1lCAL MEASURED Lx LI
SLENDERNESS RAllO: Rx OR Rz
EFFECIlVE SLENDERNESS RAtiOS:
Ll>L2 lrA MAX S 120 Rx
Lx > 120 L1
Rz
> 120
Lx=Ll +.51.2 CURVE 2 CURVE 6 CURVE 5
Note:
For bracing members with welded or two or more bolt connections. measured length (L)
shall not be less than the distance between the centroids of the connections at each end.
Properly detailed welded connections may be considered as providing partial restraint.
Figure 4
•
3.1.16 The design of reinforced concrete for foundations and guy anchors shall confonn to the
• "Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete" (ACI 318-89) issued by the American
Concrete Institute.
3.1.16.1 For structures under 700 ft [213 m] in height, the reqttired reinforced concrete
strength shall equal 1.3 times the full structure reactions produced by each load combination
defmed in 2.3.16.
3.1.16.2 For structures 1200 ft [366 m] or greater in height, the required reinforced concrete
strength shall equal 1. 7 times the full structure reactions produced by each load combination
defmed in 2.3.16.
3.1.16.3 For structures between 700 ft [213 m] and 1200 ft [366 m] in height, the required
reinforced concrete strength shall be determined by linear interpolation between 1.3 and 1.7
times the structure reactions.
3.1.16.4 Structure height, for pwposes of determining required reinforced concrete
strength, shall be based on the total structure height including tubular or latticed poles
mounted on the structure.
TableS
Allowable Combined Bending and Axial Stresses for Polygonal Thbular Steel Pole
Structures
Compact Sections
• 16 Sided
Fn = .60Fy
Noncompact Sections
215 < jFy wit < 365
565 < jFy wit < 958
~ Fy in ksi
. Fy in :MFa
Fn = .852 Fy (1.0 - 0.00137,fFy wit) ksi
Fn = .852 Fy (1.0 - 0.000522 jFy wit) MFa
12 Sided 240 ~ jFyw/t ~ 365 Fyin ksi
630 ~ jFyw/t < 958 Fy in:MFa
Fn = .870 Fy (1.0 - 0.00129 jFy wit) ksi
Fn = .870 Fy (1.0 - 0.000491 jFy wit) MFa
8 Sided 260 ~ jFyw/t ~ 365 Fy in ksi
683 ~ jFyw/t ~ 958 Fy in:MFa
Fn = .852 Fy (1.0 - 0.OO114jFy wIt) ksi
Fn = .852 Fy (1.0 - 0.000434 jFy wit) MFa
Fn = Allowable combined bending and axial stress
Fy= Yield strength
t = Wall thickness
• w= Actual flat side dimension, but not less

equal to 4t
than
dimension calculated using a bend radius
Note: Equations obtained from EPRI report 1LMRC-87-R3, "Local Buckling Strength ofPolyg-
onal Tubular Poles", April 1987.
J JA/t:.lA-2:1-F
•
4 MANUFACTIJRE AND WORKMANSHIP
4.1 Standard
4.1.1 Manufacturing and workmanship shall be in accordance with commonly accepted
standards of the structural steel fabricating industry.
4.1.2 Welding procedures shall be in accordance with the requirements of the appropriate
AISC or AISI specifications.
5 FACTORY FINISH
5 .1 Standard
5.1.1 In the absence of other specific requirements, all materials shall be galvanized (see
AnnexA).
5.1.1.1 Structural Materials - Structural materials shall be galvanized in accordance with
ASTM A123 (hot-dip). Exceptions may be made when galvanizing in accordance with
ASTM A123 would be potentially detrimental to the structure or its components. Examples
include applications utilizing cenain high-strength andJorproprietary steels and weldments.
In these cases, an alternative method of corrosion control shall be specified.
5.1.1.2 Hardware - Hardware shall be galvanized in accordance with ASTM A153
(hot-dip) or ASTM B695 Class 50 (mechanical).
5.1.1.3 Guy Strand - Zinc-coated guy strand shall be galvanized in accordance with
ASTM A475 or ASTM A586. •
6 PLANS, ASSE11BLY TOLERANCES, AND MARKING
6.1 Standard ,
.
6.1.1 Complete plans, assembly drawings, or other documentation shall be supplied showing
the necessary marking and details for the proper assembly and installation of the material,
including the design yield strength of the structural members and the grade of structural bolts
required.
6.1.2 Tolerances for the proper layout and installation of the material; and the foundations and
anchors shall be shown on the plans.
6.1.2.1 Plumb - The horizontal distance between the vertical centerlines at any two
elevations shall not exceed .25 percent of the vertical distance between the two elevations.
6.1.2.2 Twist - The twist (angular· rotation in the horizontal plane) between any two
elevations shall not exceed 0.5° in 10 feet [3 m] and the total twist in the structure shall not
exceed 5°.
6.1.2.3 Length - For tubular steel pole structures with telescoping joint. butt welded or
flanged shaft connections, the overall length of the assembled structure shall be within plus 1
percent or minus If}. percent of the specified height.
(Note: Hom reflectors and other types of offset-feed antennas have polarization •
perfozmance requirements, which are sensitive to angular displacement from boresight
direction. Special consideration must be given to the mount, attachment hardware,
installation practice, as well as the support structure, to minimize all contributing factors to
initial skew or offset.)
J ,I"'\, .L..Jn-__--r
6.1.3 All structural members or welded structural assemblies, except for hardware, shall have
a part number. The part numbers shall correspond with the assembly drawings. The part number
is to be pennanently attached (stamped, welded lettering, stamped on a plate that is welded to. the
member, etc.) to the member before all protective coatings (galvanizing, paint, etc.) are applied.
The part number shall have a minimum character height of 1{2 in. [13 mm], be legible and
clearly visible to an inspector after erection. .
7 FOUNDATIONS AND ANCHORS
7.1 DefInitions
7.1.1 Standard Foundations and Anchors - Structures designed to support the specified loads
defmed in Section 2 for nonnal soil conditions as defined in 7.1.3. Pile construction, roof
installations, foundations or anchors designed for submerged soil conditions, etc., are not to be
considered as standard.
7.1.2 NonStandard Foundations and Anchors - Structures designed to support the specified
loads defined in Section 2 in accordance with site specific conditions.
7.1.3 Nonnal Soil- A cohesive soil with an allowable net vertical bearing capacity of 4000
pounds per square foot [192 kPa] and an allowable net horizontal pressure of 400 pounds per
square foot per lineal foot of depth [63 kPa per lineal meter of depth] to a maximum of 4000
pounds per square foot [192 kPa].
(Note: Rock, noncohesive soils, saturated or submerged soils are not to be considered nonnal
• 7.2
soil.)
Standard
7.2.1 Standard foundations and anchors may Be used for bidding purposes and for
construction when actual soil parameters equal or exceed nonnal soil parameters.
7.2.2 When standard foundations and anchors are utilized for final designs, it shall be the
responsibility of the purchaser to verify by geotechnical investigation that actual site soil
parameters equal or exceed nonnal soil parameters. (See Annex A.)
7.2.3 Foundations and anchors shall be designed for the maximum structure reactions
resulting from the specifIed loads defmed in Section 2 using the following criteria:
7.2.3.1 When standard foundations and anchors are to be used for construction, "nonnal
soil" parameters from 7.1.3 shall be used for design.
7.2.3.2 When nonstandard foundations and anchors are to be used for construction, the soil
parameters rp.commended by the geotechnical engineer should incorporate a minimum
factor of safety of 2.0 against ultimate soil strength (see Annexes A and I).
7.2.4 Uplift
7.2.4.1 Standard foundations, anchors, or drilled and belled piers shall be assumed to resist
•
uplift forces by their own weight plus the weight of earth enclosed within an inverted
pyramid or cone whose sides fonn an angle of 30° with the vertical. The base of the cone
shall be the base of the foundation if an undercut or toe is present or the top of the foundation
base in the absence of the foundation undercut. Earth shall be considered to weigh 100
pounds per cubic foot [16 kN/m3] and concrete 150 pounds per cubic foot [24 kN/m3].
IIAlt.IA-222-F
7.2.4.2 Straight shaft drilled piers for standard foundations shall have an ultimate skin •
friction of 200 pounds per square foot per lineal foot of depth [31 kPa per lineal meter ~f
depth] to a maximum of 1000 pounds per square foot of shaft surface area [48 kPa] for uplift
or download resistance.
7.2.4.3 Nonstandard foundations. anchors. and drilled piers shall be designed in
accordance with the recommendations of a geotechnical report (see Annex 1).
7.2.4.4 Foundations. anchors. and drilled piers shall be proportioned in accordance with
the following:
(WR/2.0) + (Wc/1.25) > Up and (WR+Wc)/1.5 > Up
where:
- -
WR = soil resistance from 7.2.4.1, 7.2.4.2 or 7.2.4.3
Wc =weight of concrete
Up = maximum uplift reaction
7.2.4.5 A mat or slab foundation for a self-supporting structure shall have a minimum
safety factor against overturning of 1.5.
7.2.5 The depth of standard drilled foundations subjected to lateral or overturning loads shall
be proportioned in accordance with the following:
LD > 2.0 + S/(3d) + 2 [S2/(18d 2)+ S/2 + M/(3d}] 112 (ft)
LD:=: .61 + S/(143d) + 2 [S2/(41333d2) + S/96 + M/(143d)]112 em]
where:
LD
,
=Depth of drilled foundation below ground level (ft) em]
•
d =Diameter of drilled foundation (ft) [m]
S =Shear reaction at ground level (kips) [kN]
M =Overruming moment at ground level (ft-kips) [m-kN]
Reference: Broms, B., "Design of Laterally Loaded Piles", Journal of the Soil Mechanics
and Foundation Division Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, May,
1965.
7.3 Special Conditions
7.3.1 When a support is to be designed by other than the manufacturer, the manufacturer will
be responsible for furnishing the reactions, weights, and interface details for the purchaser's
engineer to provide the necessary attachment.
7.3.2 The effects of the presence of water shall be accounted for in the design of nonstandard
foundations. Reduction in the weight of materials due to buoyancy and the effect on soil
properties under submerged conditions shall be considered.
•
J JI'1J J:.JA-~,;-t
7.4 Foundation Drawings
• 7.4.1 Foundation drawings shall indicate structure reactions, material strengths, dimensi~ns,
reinforcing steel, and embedded anchorage material type, size, and location. Foundaoons
designed for nonnal soil conditions shall be so noted.
(Note: Normal soil design parameters and methods are presented to obtain unifonn standard
foundation and anchor designs for bidding purposes. Design methods for other conditions and
other foundation types must be consistent with accepted engineering practices.)
8 SAFETY FACTOR OF GUYS
8.1 Definition
8.1.1 Guy Connection - The guy connection is defmed as the hardware or mechanism by
which a length of guy strand is connected to the tower~ insulator, or guy anchor. The connection
may include, but is not limited to, the following: shackles, in-line insulators, thimbles,
turnbuckles, twin base clips, u-bolt cable clips, poured socket fittings, and grip- type d~ad-end
connections. Twin base and u-bolt clips used on guy strand through 7/8-in. diameter shall be
considered to have a maximum efficiency factor of90 percent. In all other cases, clips on strand
shall be considered to have a maximum efficiency factor of 80 percent. For all other types of end
connections, manufacturer's recommendations should be followed when detennining the
connection efficiency factor.
8.1.2 Safety Factor of Guys - The safety factor of guys shall be calculated by dividing the
• 8.2
published breaking strength of the guy or guy connection strength, whichever is lower, by the
maximum calculated tension design load.
Standard
8.2.1 For structures under 700 ft [213 m] in height, the safety factor of guys and their
connections shall not be less than 2.0.
8.2.2 For structures 1200 ft [366 m] or greater in height, the safety factor of guys and their
connections shall not be less than 2.5.
8.2.3 For structures between 700 ft [213 m] and 1200 ft [366 m] in height, the minimum safety
factor of guys and their connections shall be detennined by linear interpolation between 2.0 and
2.5.
(Note: A 1/3 increase in stress for wind-loading conditions does not apply to the published
breaking strength of guys and their connections.)
8.2.4 Structure height, for purposes of detennining the required safety factor of all guys and
th~ir connections, shall be based on total structure height including tubular or latticed poles
mounted on the structure.
9 PRESTRESSING AND PROOF LOADING OF GUYS
9.1 DefInitions
• 9.1.1 Prestressing of Guys - The removal of inherent constructional looseness of the guy
under a sustained load.
9.1.2 Proof Loading -
connections.
The assurance of mechanical strength of factory assembled end
... _ .... --- &
•
9.2 Standard
9.2.1 Prestressing and proof loading are not nonnally required. When specified. prestressing
and proof loading shall be perioIlIled in accordance with the recommendations of the guy
manufacturer.
(Note: For tall, guyed structures, consideration should be given to prestressing and proof
loading.)
10 INITIAL GUY TENSION
10.1 Definition
10.1.1 Initial Guy Tension - The specified guy tension in pounds [newtons] under no wind
load conditions. at the guy anchor at the specified temperature (see 10.2).
10.2 Standard
10.2.1 Initial tension in the guys. for design pmposes, is nmmaily 10 percent of the published
breaking strength of the strand with upper and lower limits of 15 and 8 percent respectively.
Values of initial tension beyond these limits may be used provided consideration has been given
to the sensitivity of the structure to variations in initial tension and, if necessary, to dynamic
behavior (see note below). Consideration shall be given to the site ambient temperature range.
In the absence of site specific data. the initial tensions shall be based upon an ambient
temperature of 60°F.
(Note: The stated 8-15 percent initial tension extreme values are provided as recommended •
guidelines only. Specific site and terrain conditions may necessitate initial tension values
outside this range. When using initial tension values above 15 percent, consideration should be
given to the possible effects of aeolian vibration. L:ikewise, when using initial tension values
less than 8 percent. consideration should be given to the effects of galloping and slack-taut
pounding.)
10.3 Method of Measurement
10.3.1 Initial tension may be measured by vibration frequency, mechanical tensiometers,
measurement of guy sag, or by other suitable methods (see Annex E).
11 OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS
11.1 Defmitions
11.1.1 Twist - The angular rotation of the antenna beam path in a horizontal plane from the
no-wind load position at a specified elevation.
11.1.2 Sway - The angular rotation of the antenna beam path in a vertical plane from the
no-wind load position at a specified elevation.
11.1.3 Displacement - The horizontal translation of a point relative to the no-wind load
position of the same point at a specified elevation.
•
11.2 Standard (See Annex A)
11.2.1 The minimum standard shall be based on a condition of no ice and a wind load based on a
50 mph basic wind speed [22.4 m/s] calculated in accordance with 2.3. The operational
requirements shall be based on an overall allowable 10 dB degradation in radio frequency signal
level.
TIAlEIA-2:1-F
11.2.2 Unless otherwise specified, the operational requirements for microwave antenna!
• 12
12.1
reflector systems shall be determined using Annexes C and D .
PROTECTIVE GROUNDING
Definitions
12.1.1 Grounding - The means of establishing an electrical connection between the structure
and the eanh, adequate for lightning, high voltage, or static discharges.
12.1.2 Primary Ground - A conducting connection between the structure and earth or some
conducting body, which serves in place of the earth.
12.1.3 Secondary Ground - A conducting connection between an appurtenance and the
structure.
(Note: Ground wire should not be encased in the foundation.)
12.2 Standard (See Annex A)
12.2.1 Structures shall be directly grounded to a primary ground.
12.2.2 A minimum ground shall consist of two 5/8 in. [16 mm] diameter galvanized steel
ground rods driven not less than 8 ft [2.5 m] into the ground, 1800 apart, adjacent to the structure
base. The ground rods shall be bonded with a lead of not smaller than No.6 [5 mm] tinned bare
copper connected to the nearest leg or to the metal base of the structure. A similar ground rod
shall be installed at each guy anchor and similarly connected to each guy at the anchor.
• 12.2.3 Self-supporting towers exceeding 5 ft [1.5 m] in base width shall have one ground rod
per leg installed as above.
12.2.4 All equipment on a structure shall be connecled by a secondary ground.
12.2.5 Remote passive reflectors are exempt from the grounding requirements specified herein.
13 CLIMBING AND WORKING FAClllTIES
13.1 DefInitions
13.1.1 Climbing Facilities - Components specifically designed or provided to pennit access,
such as fIXed ladders, step bolts, or structural members.
13.1.2 Climbing Safety Devices - Equipment devices other than cages, designed to minimize
accidental falls. or to limit the distance of such falls. The devices pemrit the person to ascend or
descend the structure without having to continually manipulate the device or any part of the
device. The climbing safety device usually consists of a carrier, safety sleeves, and safety belts.
13.1.3 Working Facilities - Work platforms and access runways.
13.1.4 Hand or Guardrails - Horizontal barriers erected along the sides or ends of working
facilities to prevent falls.
13.2 Standard
• 13.2.1 Climbing and working facilities, hand or guardrails, and climbing safety devices shall be
provided when specified by the purchaser. (See Annex A.)
13.2.2 Climbing facilities shall be designed to support a minimum 250 [1.1 kN] pound
concentrated live load.
TIAlElA-222-F
13.2.2.1 When fIXed ladders are specified as the climbing facility, they shall meet the •
following minimum requirements:
a. Side rail spacing - 12 in. [300 mm] minimum clear width.
b. Rung spacing - 12 in. [300 mm] minimum center-to-center, 16 in. [410 mmJ
m~um. .
c. Rung diameter - 5/8 in. [16 mm] minimum.
13.2.2.2 When step bolts are specified, they shall meet the following requirements:
a. Clear Width - 4 1/2 in. [110 mm] minimum.
b. Spacing - 12 in. minimum [300 mm] center to center, alternately spaced, 18 in. (460
mm] maximum.
c. Diameter - 5/8 in. [16 mm] minimum.
13.2.3 Climbing safety devices shall meet the design requirements of the American National
Standards Institute (ANSI) A14.3-1984, "Safety Requirements for FIXed Ladders", Section 7.
13.2.4 Support structures for working facilities shall be designed to support a unifonn live load
2
of 25 Ib/ft [1.2 kPa], but in no case shall the support structure be designed for less than a total
live load of 500 pounds [2.2 kN]. Working swiaces, such as grating, shall be designed to support
two 250-pound [1.1 leN] loads. These loads are not to be applied concurrently with wind and ice
loads. .
13.2.5 Hand or guardrails shall be designed to support a minimum concentrated live load of 150
pounds [0.67 kNJ, applied in any direction. ,
.
(Note: 13.2 is intended to provide minimum requirements for new structures. It is not intended
•
to replace or supersede applicable laws or codes.)
14 MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION
14.1 Standard
14.l.1 Maintenance and inspection of steel antenna towers and antenna supporting structures
should be perfolllled by the owner on a routine basis.
(Note1: It is recommended that all structures be inspected after severe wind and/or ice storms or
other extreme loading conditions.)
(Note 2: Recommended inspection and maintenance procedures for towers are provided in
Annex E.)
(Note 3: Shorter inspection intervals should be considered for structures in coastal salt water
environments, in corrosive atmospheres, and in areas subject to frequent vandalism.)
15 ANALYSIS OF EXISTING TOWERS AND STRUCTURES
15.1 Standard
15.l.1 Steel antenna towers and other supporting structures should be analyzed when changes
occur to the original design or operational loading conditions. Recommended criteria for the
analysis of existing structures are provided in Annex F.
•
TIAlEIA-212-F
16 COUNTY LISTINGS OF MlNIl\1UM BASIC WIND SPEEDS (See Annex A)
• State of ALABAMA Stare of ALABAMA

BASIC WIND BASIC WIND
COUNIY N01E* SPEED <MPH) COUNIY N01E* SPEED (MPH)
AUTAUGA 70 MONROE 2 85
BALDWlN 2 100 MONTGOMERY 70
BARBOUR 75 MORGAN 70
BmB 70 PERRY 70
BLOUNT 70 PIamNS 70
BULLOCX 70 PIKE 2 7S
BUfLER 2 80 RANDOLPH 70
CALHOUN 70 RUSSEL 70
ClAMBERS 70 SAINT CLAIR 70
CHEROKEE 70 SHELBY 70
CHIL'IUN 70 SUMTER 70
CHOCTAW 2 80 TALLADEGA 70
a..ARKE 2 80 TAllAPOOSA 70
a.AY 70 nrSCALOOSA 70
a.EBURNE 70 WALKER 70
COFFEE 2 85 WASmNGTON 2 85
COLBERT 70 WILCOX 2 75
CONECUH 2 85 WINSTON 70
COOSA 70
COVINGTON 2 90
OffiNSHAW 2 80 State of ALASKA
•
CUllMAN 70
DALE 2 80 ALEUI1AN ISLANDS 110
DAllAS 70 ANOIORAGE 110
DEKALB 70 BEIJIEL 110
ELMORE 70 BRISTOL BAY 105
ESCAMBIA 2 90 DIlLINGHAM 105
ETOWAH 70 FAIRBANKS NO. STAR 70
FAYETIE 70 HAINES 80
FRANKLIN 70 JUNEAU 90
GENEVA 2 90 KENAI PENINSULA 100
GREENE 70 KErCBIKAN GATEWAY 95
HALE 70 KOBUCX 100
HENRY 2 80 KODIAK ISLAND 110
HOUSTON 2 85 MATANUSKA-SUSIINA 80
JACXSON 70 NOME 110
JEFFERSON 70 NORIHSLOPE 100
LAMAR 70 PRINCE OF WALES 100
LAUDERDALE 70 SITKA 100
LAWRENCE 70 SKAGWAY-YAKUI'AT-
LEE 70 ANGOON 100
LIMESTONE 70 SOUTHEAST FAIRBANKS 70
LOWNDES 75 VAlDEZ-CORDOVA 90
MACON 70 WADEHAMPrON 110
MADISON 70 WRANGELL-PEIERSBURG 90
MARENGO 75 YUKON-KOYUKUK 90
• MARION
MARSHAll
MOBnE 2
70
70
95
*For notes, see end of Section 16

Caution: Mountainous regions of
Alaska should be considered as
special wind regions.
I'U'
TIAlEIA-222-F
•
State of ARIZONA State of ARKANSAS
COUNrY N01E* SPEED(MPID COUNlY NOTE* SPEED(MPID
APACHE 1 70 HOWARD 70
COCHISE 70 INDEPENDENCE 70
COCONINO 1 70 lZARD 70
GILA 75 JACKSON 70
GRAHAM 70 JEFFERSON 70
GREENLEE 70 JOHNSON 70
LAPAZ 70 LAFAYEITE 70
MARICOPA 75 LAWRENCE 70
MOHAVE 75 LEE 70
NAVAJO 1 70 LlNCOLN 70
PIMA 75 IJnl.ERIVER 70
PINAL 75 LOGAN 70
SANTACRUZ 70 LONOKE 70
YAVAPAI 75 MADISON 70
YUMA 70 MARION 70
MIlLER 70
MISSISSIPPI 70
State of ARKANSAS MONROE 70
MONTGOMERY 70
ARKANSAS 70 NEVADA 70
•
ASffi.EY 70 NEWlUN 70
BAXTER 70 OUACHITA 70
BEmON 70 PERRY 70
BOONE 70 PHU I IPS 70
BRADLEY 70 PIKE 70
CALHOUN 70 POINSEIT 70
CARROLL 70 POLK 70
CHICOT 70 POPE 70
a...ARK 70 PRAIRIE 70
CLAY 70 PULASKI 70
a.EBURNE 70 RANDOLPH 70
a.EVELAND 70 SAINT FRANCS 70
COLUMBIA 70 SALINE 70
CONWAY 70 SCOIT 70
CRAIGHEAD 70 SEARCY 70
OtAWFORD 70 SEBASTIAN 70
OUITENDEN 70 SEVIER 70
CROSS 70 SHARP 70
DAllAS 70 STONE 70
DESHA 70 UNION 70
DREW 70 VANBUREN 70
FAUlKNER 70 WASHINGI'ON 70
FRANKLlN 70 WHITE 70
FUIJ'ON 70 WOODRUFF 70
GARLAND 70 YELL 70
•
GRANT 70
GREENE 70
HEMPS1EAD 70
HOT SPRING 70
*For notes. see end of Section 16

llAlJ:.1A-l::-f
State of CAUFORNIA Stare of CALIFORNIA
• COUNTY
ALAMEDA
ALPINE
NOTE*
1
BASIC WIND
SPEE)(MPID
70
70
COUNTY
STANISLAUS
SUITER.
1EHAMA
NOTE*
BASICWlND
SPEED(MPID
70
75
75
AMADOR 1 70
BUITE 75 'IRlNITY 80
CALAVERAS 1 70 TULARE 1 70
COLUSA 75 ruOLUMNE 1 70
CONTRA COSTA 70 VENTURA 70
DELNOR1E 80 YOLO 75
ELDORADO 1 75 YUBA 75
FRESNO 1 70
GLENN 75
HUMBOLDT 80 State of COLORADO
IMPERIAL 1 70
INYO 1 70
KERN 1 70 ADAMS 85
KINGS 70 ALAMOSA 1 80
LAKE 80 ARAPAHOE 85
LASSEN 1 75 ARCHULEI'A 70
LOS ANGELES 1 70 BACA 85
MADERA 1 70 BENT 85
MAroN 75 BOULDER 1 85
• MARIPOSA 1 70 CHAFFEE 80
MENDOCINO 80 CHEYENNE 85
MERCE> 70 O.EARCREEK 1 85
MODOC 1 70 CONEJOS 80
MONO 1 7D. COSm.LA 1 80
MONTEREY 70 aOWLEY 85
NAPA 75 roSTER 1 80
NEVADA 1 75 DELTA 70
ORANGE 70 DENVER 85
PLACER 1 75 DOLORES 70
PLUMAS 1 70 DOUGLAS 1 85
RIVERSIDE 1 70 EAGLE 80
SACRAMENTO 75 ELBERf 85
SAN BENITO 70 ELPASO 85
SAN BERNARDINO 1 70 FREMONT 1 80
SAN DIEGO 1 70 GARFIELD 80
SANFRANOSCO 70 GUIN 1 85
SAN JOAQUIN 70 GRAND 1 85
SAN LIDS OBISPO 70 GUNNISON 75
SAN MATEO 70 HINSDALE 70
SANfABARBARA 70 HUERFANO 1 80
SANTAa.ARA 70 JACKSON 85
SANTACRUZ 70 JEFFERSON 1 85
SHASTA 1 75 KIOWA 85
KIT CARSON 85
•
SIERRA 1 70
SISKIYOU 1 75 LAKE 80
SOLANO 75 LA PLATA 70
SONOMA 80 LARIMER 1 85
J lAlt:.1A-222-l-
State afFLORIDA
•
State of COLORADO
COUNTY N01E* SPEED(MPID COUNIY N01E* SPEED (MPH)
LASANIMAS 1 80 ALAClIUA 2 95
LINCOLN 85 BAKER 2 90
LOGAN 85 BAY 2 100
MESA 70 BRADFORD 2 95
MINERAL 75 BREVARD 2 105
MOFFAT 80 BROWARD 2 115
MONTEZUMA 70 CALHOUN 2 100
MON1ROSE 70 CHARLOTIE 2 lOS
MORGAN 85 CI1RUS 2 100
OTERO 85 CLAY 2 95
OURAY 70 COLLIER 2 110
PARK 1 80 COLUMBIA 2 90
PHTT TIPS 85 DADE 2 115
PITKIN 80 DESOTO 2 105
PRowms 85 D1XlE 2 100'
PUEBLO 85 DUVAL 2 95
RIO BLANCO 75 ESCAMBIA 2 100
RIO GRANDE 80 FLAGLER 2 100
ROUIT 85 FRANKL1N 2 lOS
SAGUACHE 1 80 GADSDEN 2 95
SANJUAN 70 GILCHRIST 2 95
•
SANMIGUEL 70 GLADES 2 100
SE:>GWICX 85 GULF 2 lOS
SUMMIT 1 80 HAMILTON 2 90
TELLER 1 85 HARDEE 2 100
WASHINGTON 85 HENDRY 2 lOS
WELD 85 . HERNANDO 2 lOS
YUMA 85 mGHLANDS 2 100
HILLSBOROUGH 2 lOS
HOLMES 2 95
State of CONNEcnarr INDIAN RIVER 2 lOS
JACKSON 2 95
FAIRFIELD 2 85 JEfFERSON 2 95
HARfFORD 2 80 LAFAYEITE 2 95
LITCliF1ELD 1.2 80 LAKE 2 100
MIDDLESEX 2 85 LEE 2 lOS
NEW HAVEN 2 85 LEON 2 95
NEW LONDON 2 85 LEVY 2 100
TOLLAND 2 85 LIBERTI 2 100
WINDHAM 2 85 MADISON 2 95
MANATEE 2 lOS
MARION 2 100
State ofDE...AWARE MAImN 2 lOS
MONROE 2 120
KENT 2 80 NASSAU 2 95
NEWCASTI.E 2 75 OKALOOSA 2 100
•
SUSSEX 2 90 OKEECHOBEE 2 100
District of COLm.mIA
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 2 75

UN c,lA- 2:2 - f
Stare of FLORIDA State of GEORGIA
• COUNfY
ORANGE
OSCEOLA
N01E*
2
2
BASIC WIND
SPEED (MPH)
100
100
COUNIY
CHAITAHooCHEE
CHATI'OOGA
CHEROKEE
N01E*
BASIC WIND
SPEED (MPH)
70
75
70
PALM BEACH 2 110
PASCO 2 105 CLARKE 75
PINEU.AS 2 105 CLAY 75
POLK 2 100 a.AYI'ON 70
PUINAM 2 95 CLINCH 2 85
SAlNTJOHNS 2 100 COBB 70
SAlNTLUCIE 2 105 COFFEE 2 80
SANTA ROSA 2 100 COLQUITr 2 80
SARASOTA 2 105 COLUMBIA 75
SEMINOLE 2 100 COOK 2 80
SUMTER 2 100 COWEI'A 70
SUWANNEE 2 90 aAWFORD 70
TAYLOR 2 100 CUSP 75
UNION 2 95 DADE 70
VOLUSIA 2 100 DAWSON 75
WAKULLA 2 100 DECATUR 2 90
WALTON 2 100 DEKALB 70
WASIDNGTON 2 95 DODGE 75
DOOLY 75
• DOUGHEIITY 75
State of GEORGIA DOUGLAS 70
EARLY 2 80
APPLING 2 85 ECijOLS 2 85
ATKINSON 2 .80 EFFINGHAM 2 90
BACON 2 85 ELBERI' 75
BAKER 2 80 EMANUEL 2 80
BALDWIN 75 EVANS 2 85
BANKS 75 FANNIN 70
BARROW 75 FAYEITE 70
BARrOW 75 FLOYD 70
BEN HILL 80 FORSYfH 75
BERRIEN 2 80 FRANKLIN 75
BmB 70 FULTON 70
BLEaa..EY 75 GILMER 70
BRANTI...EY 2 90 GLAScoex 75
BROOKS 2 85 GLYNN 2 95
BRYAN 2 90 GORDON 70
BUllOCH 2 85 GRADY 2 85
BURKE 80 GREENE 7S
BlmS 70 GWJNNEIT 75
CALHOUN 75 HABERSHAM 75
CAMDEN 2 95 HALL 75
CANDLm 2 80 HANCOCX 75
70 HARALSON 70
•
CARROll
CATOOSA 70 HARRIS 70
CHARLTON 2 90 HAKI' 75
0iATHAM 2 95 HEARD 70
... ".
TIAlEIA-222-F
State of GEORGIA
•
State of GEORGIA
BASIC WIND BASICWll'ID
COUNTY N01E* SPEED (MPH) COUNIY NOTE* SPEED(MPID
HENRY 70 SCHLEY 70
HOUSTON 75 SCREVEN 2 80
IRWIN 80 SEMmOLE 2 85
IA<XSON 75 SPAlDING 70
IASPER 75 SIEPHENS 75
JEFF DAVIS 2 80 STEWARI' 70
JEfFERSON 75 SUMI'ER 70
JENKINS 2 80 TALBOT 70
JOHNSON 75 TALIAFERRO 75
IONES 75 TATINAU. 2 85
LAMAR 70 TAYLOR 70
LANIER 2 85 m.FAlR 80
LAURENS 75 1ERRELL 75
LEE 75 mOMAS 2 85
LIBERTY 2 90 11FT 80
LINCOLN 75 TOOMBS 2 85
LONG 2 90 TOWNS 70
LOWNDES 2 85 TREU1l.EN 80
LUMPKIN 75 moup 70
MACON 70 nJRNER 75
MADISON 75 1WIGGS 75
MARION 70 UNION 70
MCDUFFlE
MCINTOSH
M:ERIWEI1IER
MILLER
MITCHELL
MONROE
2
2
2
75
95
70
80
80
70
UPSON
WALKER
WAIION
WARE
WARREN
WASHmGTON
2
70
75
75
85
75
75
•
MONTGOMERY 2 80 WAYNE 2 90
MORGAN 75 WEBSTER 70
MURRAY 70 WHEELER 80
MUS CO GEE 70 wmrE 70
NEWTON 75 WIDIF1FLD 70
OCONEE 75 wn.cox 75
OGLETHORPE 75 Wll..KES 75
PAULDING 70 WILKlNSON 75
PEACH 70 WORTH 75
PIO{ENS 75
PIERCE 2 90
PIKE 70 State ofHAWAIT
POLK 70
PULASKI 75 HAWAIT 80
PUfNAM 75 HONOLULU 80
QUITMAN 75 KAUAl 80
RABUN 70 MAUl 80
RANDOLPH 75
•
RICHMOND 75
ROCKDALE 70
...." ...
TlA/EIA-22:-F
.."
TIAlEIA-2:!:!-F
•
State of nLINOIS Stare of ILLINOIS

COUNTY NOTE* SPEED(MPID COUNTY NOTE* SPEED(MPID
LAKE 1 80 WHITESIDE 80
LASAU.E 75 WIll 75
LAWRENCE 70 wn.uAMSON 70
LEE 75 WINNEBAGO 80
LIVINGSTON 75 WOODFORD 75
LOGAN 70
MACON 70 Stare of INDIANA
MACOUPIN 70
MADISON 70 ADAMS 75
MARION 70 AUEN 75
MARSHAIL 75 BARI'HOLOMEW 70
MASON 70 BENTON 75
MAS SAC 70 BLACKFORD 70
MCDONOUGH 70 BOONE 70
MCHENRY 80 BROWN 70
Ma..E.AN 70 CARROLL 70
MENARD 70 CASS 75
MERCER 75 CLARK 70
MONROE 70 a.AY 70
MONTGOMERY 70 OJNTON 70
MORGAN
MOUU'RIE
OGLE
PEORIA
PERRY
PIAIT
70
70
80
75
70
70
atAWFORD
DAVlESS
DEARBORN
DECA11JR
DE-lCALB
DELAWARE
70
70
70
70
75
70
•
PIKE 70 DUBOIS 70
POPE 70 ELKHAlU 75
PULASKI 70 FAYEITE 70
PUINAM 75 FLOYD 70
RANDOLPH 70 FOUNTAIN 70
RICIn..AND 70 FRANKLIN 70
ROO{ ISLAND 75 FULTON 75
SAINT CLAIR 70 GmSON 70
SALINE 70 GRANf 70
SANGAMON 70 GREENE 70
SanJYI.rR 70 BAMIIJ'ON 70
SCOTT 70 HANCOQ{ 70
SHELBY 70 HARRISON 70
STARK 75 BENDRI<XS 70
STEPHENSON 80 HENRY 70
TAZEWELL 70 HOWARD 70
UNION 70 HUNfINGI'ON 75
VERMILION 70 JACXSON 70
•
WABASH 70 JASPER 75
WARREN 75 JAY 70
WASHINGTON 70 JEFFERSON 70
WAYNE 70 JENNINGS 70
WHITE 70 JOHNSON 70
TIAfEIA-222-F
State of INDIANA State of INDIANA
• BASIC WIND BASICWlND

eoUNfY NOTE* SPEE:>(MPID COUNrY NOTE* SPEED(MPID
KNOX 70 WEILS 7S
KOSauSKO 75 WHITE 75
LAPOR1E 1 75 WBII1..EY 75
LAGRANGE 75
LAKE 1 75
LAWRENCE 70 State of IOWA
MADISON 70
MARION 70 ADAIR 80
MARSHAlL 75 ADAMS 80
MARrIN 70 ALLAMAKEE 80
MIAMI 75 ·APPANOOSE 80
MONROE 70 AUDUBON 80
MONTGOMERY 70 BENTON 80
MORGAN 70 BLA<XHAWK 80
NEWTON 75 BOONE 80
NOBLE 75 BREMER 80
omo 70 BUCHANAN 80
ORANGE 70 BUENA VISTA 80
OWEN 70 BUlLER 80
PARKE 70 CALHOUN 80
PERRY 70 CARROLL 80
PIKE 70 CASS 80
•
PORTER 1 75 CEDAR 80
POSEY 70 CERRO GORDO 80
PULASKI 75 CHEROKEE 80
Pl.ITNAM 70 CHICKASAW 80
RANDOLPH 70 cr.ARKE 80
RIPLEY 70 DAY 80
RUSH 70 DAYTON 80
ST. JOSEPH 75 a.INTON 80
seOTI 70 CRAWFORD 80
SHELBY 70 DALLAS 80
SPENCER 70 DAVIS 75
STARKE 75 DECATIJR 80
S1EUBEN 75 DELAWARE 80
SUUIVAN 70 DES MOINES 75
SWITZERLAND 70 DICKINSON 80
TIPPECANOE 70 DUBUQUE 80
TIPTON 70 EMMET 80
UNION 70 FAYEITE 80
VANDERBURGH 70 FLOYD 80
VERMIlllON 70 FRANKLIN 80
VIGO 70 FREMONr 80
WABASH 75 GREENE 80
WARREN 70 GRUNDY 80
WARRICK 70 GUfHRIE 80
WASHINGTON 70 HAMILTON 80
•
WAYNE 70 HANCOCX 80
TlA/EIA-2Z1-F
•
Stare ofIOWA Stale of IOWA

COUNTY N01E* SPEEJ)(MPH> COUNfY N01E* SPEED(MPID
HARDIN 80 WARREN 80
HARRISON 80 WASHINGTON 80
HENRY 75 WAYNE 80
HOWARD 80 WEBSlER 80
HUMBOLDT 80 WINNEBAGO 80
IDA 80 WINNESBJEK 80
IOWA 80 WOODBURY 80
JACXSON 80 WORTH 80
JASPER 80 WRIGHI' 80
JEFFERSON 80
JOHNSON 80
JONES 80 Stale of KANSAS
KEOKUK 80
KOSSum 80
LEE 75 AlLEN 75
LINN 80 ANDERSON 75
LOUISA 75 ATCHISON 80
LUCAS 80 BARBER 80
LYON 85 BAlUON 80
MADISON 80 BOURBON 70
MAHASKA
MARION
MARSHAll
MILLS
MITCHELL
MONONA
80
80
80
80
80
80
BROWN
BUILER
CHASE
CHATAUQUA
CHEROKEE
CHEYENNE
80
80
80
75
70
85
•
MONROE 80 a.ARK 80
MONTGOMERY 80 a.AY 80
MUSCATINE 80 a..oun 80
O'BRIEN 80 COFFEY 75
OSCEOLA 80 COMANCHE 80
PAGE 80 COWLEY 80
PALO ALTO 80 CRAWFORD 70
PLYMOUTH 80 DECATIJR 85
POCAHONTAS 80 DIaaNSON 80
POI.K 80 DONIPHAN 80
POITAWAITAMlE 80 DOUGLAS 80
POWESHIEK. 80 EDWARDS 80
RINGGOLD 80 ELK 75
SAC 80 EU.JS 85
SCOIT 80 ELLSWOImI 80
SHELBY 80 FINNEY 85
SIOUX 85 FORD 85
STORY 80 FRANKLIN 75
•
TAMA 80 GEARY 80
TAYLOR 80 GOVE 85
UNION 80 GRAHAM 85
VANBUREN 75 GRANT 85
WAPELLO 80 GRAY 85
TWEIA-211-F
State afKANSAS State of KANSAS
• COUNlY
GREELEY
GREENWOOD
N01E*
BASIC WIND
SPEED(MPID
85
75
COUNfY
SALINE
SCOTI
SEDGWICX
NOTE*
BASIC WIND
SPEED(MPID
80
85
80
HAMll..TON 85
HARPER 80 SEWARD 85
HARVEY 80 SHAWNEE 80
HASKELL 85 SHERIDAN 85
HODGEMAN 85 SHERMAN 85
JA<XSON 80 SMITH 85
JEFFERSON 80 STAfFORD 80
JEWELL 80 STANTON 85
JOHNSON 75 STEVENS 85
KEARNY 85 SUMNER 80
KINGMAN 80 mOMAS 85
KIOWA 80 1REGO 85
LABETIE 70 WABAUNSEE 80
LANE 85 WAILACE 85
LEAVENWORTII 80 WASHINGI'ON 80
LINCOLN 80 WICHITA 85
LINN 75 WILSON 75
LOGAN 85 WOODSON 75
LYON 80 WYANDOTIE 75
•
MARION 80
MARSHAlL 80
MCPHERSON 80 State ofKEN11JCKY
MEADE 85 ~
MIAMI 75. ADAIR 70

MITCHELL 80 AILEN 70
MONTGOMERY 75 ANDERSON 70
MORRIS 80 BALLARD 70
MORrON 85 BARREN 70
NEMAHA 80 BATH 70
NEOSHO 75 BElL 70
NESS 85 BOONE 70
NORrON 85 BOURBON 70
OSAGE 80 BOYD 70
OSBORNE 80 BOYLE 70
aITAWA 80 BRA<XEN 70
PAWNEE 80 BREATHIIT 70
PHR.LIPS 85 BREaaNRIDGE 70
POTIAWATOMIE 80 SUILrrr 70
PRATI 80 BU'Il.ER 70
RAWLINS 85 CAlDWELL 70
RENO 80 CALLOWAY 70
REPUBUC 80 CAMPBELL 70
RICE 80 CARLISLE 70
Rn..EY 80 CARROll. 70
• ROOKS
RUSH
RUSSELL
85
85
80
CARTER
CASEY
CHRISTIAN
70
70
70
- -- all . . . . ~-_--:..-r
State ofKENTIJaa
•
State of:K:am.JCXY
BASIC WIND BASICWlND

COUNTY NOTE* SPEED (MPH) COUNfY NOTE'" SPEED(MPID
a.ARK 70 MAGOFFIN 70
Q.AY 70 MARION 70
a.JNTON 70 MARSHAll 70
QUTIENDEN 70 MARTIN 70
CUMBERLAND 70 MASON 70
DAVIESS 70 MCCRACKEN 70
EDMONSON 70 MCCREARY 70
ELLIOTI' 70 Ma.EAN 70
ESTnl.. 70 MEADE 70
FAYEITE 70 MENIFEE 70
FLEMING 70 MERCER 70
FLOYD 70 MEI'CALFE 70
FR.ANKLm 70 MONROE 70
FUIION 70 MONTGOMERY 70
GAll.ATIN 70 MORGAN 70
GARRARD 70 MUHLENBERG 70
GRANT 70 NELSON 70
GRAVES 70 NICHOLAS 70
GRAYSON 70 omo 70
GREEN 70 OlDHAM 70
•
GREENUP 70 OWEN 70
HANCOCX 70 OWSLEY 70
HARDIN 70 PENDLETON 70
HARLAN 70 PERRY 70
HARRISON 70 PIKE 70
HAIrr 70 POWEll 70
HENDERSON 70 PULASKI 70
HENRY 70 ROBERTSON 70
mCXMAN 70 ROCXCAsn.E 70
HOPKINS 70 ROWAN 70
JACXSON 70 RUSSELL 70
JEfFERSON 70 SCOTI' 70
JESSAMINE 70 SHE...BY 70
JOHNSON 70 SIMPSON 70
KENTON 70 SPENCER 70
KNorr 70 TAYLOR 70
KNOX 70 TODD 70
LARUE 70 1RIGG 70
LAUREL 70 1RIMBLE 70
LAWRENCE 70 UNION 70
LEE 70 WARREN 70
LESLIE 70 WASHINGTON 70
LEI'OIER 70 WAYNE 70
LEWIS 70 WEBSTER 70
LINCOLN 70 WHI11..EY 70
LIVINGSTON
LOGAN
LYON
MADISON
70
70
70
70
WOLFE
WOODFORD
70
70
•
TIAIEIA-121-F
State of LOUISIANA State of LOUISIANA
•
BASIC WIND
BASICWlND
COUNrY NOTE* SPEED (MPH) COUNfY NOTE* SPEED (MPH)
ACADIA 2 95 SAINT MAItI'IN 2 100

AllEN 2 90 SAINT MARY 2 lOS
ASCENSION 2 100 SAINT TAMMANY 2 100
ASSUMPI10N 2 100 TANGIPAHOA 2 95
AVOYFITES 2 85 'IENSAS 80
BEAUREGARD 2 90 TERREBONNE 2 lOS
BIENW..LE 70 UNION 70
BOSSIER 70 VERMILION 2 100
CADDO 70 VERNON 2 85
CALCASIEU 2 95 WASHINGTON 2 95
CALDWELL 75 WEBSTER 70
CAMERON 2 100 WESTBA1UNROUGE 2 95
CATAHOULA 80 WEST CARROLL 70
a..AIBORNE 70 WESTFELIClANA 2 90
CONCORDIA 80 WlNN 70
DESOTO 70
EAST BATON ROUGE 2 95
EAST CARROll. 70
EAST FELICIANA 2 90
EVANGELINE 2 90 State of MAINE
FRANKLIN 75
GRANT 80 ANDROSCOGGIN 80
•
mERIA 2 100 AROOSTOOK 85
mERvn.LE 2 100 CUMBERLAND 80
lAo{SON 70 FRANKLIN 75
JEfFERSON 2 105 HANCOCX 90
JEFFERSON DAVIS 2 95 KENNEBEC 80
LAFAYEITE 2 100 KNOX 85
LAFOURCHE 2 105 LINCOLN 85
LASAll.E 80 OXFORD 1 . 75
LINCOLN 70 PENOBSCOT 85
LIVINGSTON 2 100 PISCATAQUIS 80
MADISON 70 SAGADAHOC 85
MOREHOUSE 70 SOMERSEI' 80
NATCHITOCHES 75 WAlDO 85
ORLEANS 2 105 WASHINGTON 100
OUACBlTA 70 YORK 80
PLAQUEMINES 2 105
POINT COUPEE 2 95
RAPIDES 85 State of MARYLAND
RED RIVER 70
RIcm.AND 70 AILEGANY 70
SABINE ·75 ANNE ARUNDEL 2 75
SAINT BERNARD 2 105 BAIIIMORE 2 75
SAINT CHARLES 2 105 CALVEiU 2 75
SAINT BEI ENA 2 95 CAROLINE 2 80
SAINT JAMES 2 100 CARROLL 2 70
• SAINT JOHN THE BAPTIST 2 100 CECIL 2 75

SAINT LANDRY 2 95 CHARLES 2 75
DORaIESTER 2 80·
FREDERICX 2 70
T1A1ElA-222-F
State of MARYLAND State of MIanGAN
COUNTY
GARREn"
HARFORD 2
N01E*
BASIC WIND
SPEED(MPID
70
75
COUNIY
CHARLEVOIX
CHEBOYGAN
NOTE*
1
1
BASIC WIND
SPrtlJ(MPm
75
75
•
HOWARD 2 70 CHIPPEWA 1 70
KENT 2 75 CLARE 75
MONTGOMERY 2 70 CLINTON 75
PRINCE GEORGE'S 2 75 CRAWFORD 75
QUEEN ANNE'S 2 75 DELTA 80
SAINT MARY'S 2 75 DICXINSON 80
SOMERSET 2 85 EATON 75
TALBOT 2 80 EMMET 1 75
WASIDNGTON 2 70 GENESEE 75
WICOMICO 2 85 GLADWIN 75
WORCESlER 2 90 GOGEBIC 1 75
GRAND TRAVERSE 1 75
GRATIOT 75
State of MASSACIruSEITS HILLSDALE 75
HOUomON 1 70
BARNSTABLE 2 100 HURON 1 75
BERKSHIRE 1.2 70 INGHAM 75
BRISTOL 2 90 IONIA 75
•
DUKES 2 95 IOSCO 1 75
ESSEX 2 90 m.ON 80
FRANKLIN 1.2 75 ISABELLA 75
HAMPDEN 2 80 IA(l{SON 75
HAMPSHIRE 2 75 ~OO 75
MIDDLESEX 2 90 KALKASKA 1 75
NANIUCXEr 2 105 KENT 75
NORFOLK 2 90 KEWEENAW 1 70
PLYMoum 2 95 LAKE 80
SUFFOLK 2 90 LAPEER 75
WORCESlER 2 85 LEELANAU 1 80
LENAWEE 75
LlVlNGSIDN 75
State of MIOflGAN LUCE 1 70
MAaaNAC 1 75
ALCONA 1 75 MACOMB 75
ALGER 1 75 MANISTEE 1 80
AllEGAN 1 75 MARQUETTE 1 80
ALPENA 1 75 MASON 1 80
ANTRIM 1 75 MECOSTA 75
ARENAC 1 75 MENOMINEE 85
BARAGA 1 75 MIDLAND 75
BARRY 75 MISSAUKEE 75
BAY 1 75 MONROE 75
BENZIE 1 80 MONTCALM 75
BERRIEN
BRA.fIlCH
CALHOUN
CASS
1

75
75
75
75
MONTMORENCY
MUSKEGON
NEWAYGO
OAKLAND
1
75
80
80
75 •
TIA/EIA-222-F
Slate of MIOIIGAN State of MINNESOTA
• BASIC WIND BASIC WIND

COUNTY NOTE* SPEED <MPH) COUNTY NOTE* SPEED (MPH)
OCEANA 1 80 BOU5I'ON 8S
OGEMAW 75 HUBBARD 80
ONI'ONAGON 1 75 ISANIl 80
OSCEOLA 75 rrASCA 75
OSCODA 75 JACKSON 80
OTSEGO 75 KANABEC 80
OTTAWA 1 80 KANDIYOm 80
PRESQUE ISLE 1 75 KlTI'SON 80
ROSCOMMON 75 KOOCHICBJNG 75
SAGINAW 1 75 LAC QUI PARLE 90
SAINTa..AIR 1 75 LAKE 75
SAINT JOSEPH 75 LAKE OFTBE WOODS 75
SANILAC 1 75 LESUEUR 80
SOIOOL CRAFr 1 80 LINCOLN 8S
SHIAWASSEE 75 LYON 8S
roseOLA 1 75 MAHNOMEN 8S
VANBUREN 1 75 MARSHALL 80
WASlITENAW 75 MARIlN 80
WAYNE 7S Ma.EOD 80
WEXFORD 80 MEEKER 80
MlILELACS 80
MORRISON 80
•
State of MINNESOTA MOWER 80
MURRAY 8S
AmON 75 NICOLLET 80
ANOKA 80 NO:QLES 85
BECXER 85 NORMAN 85
BEI.l'RAMI 80· OlMSTED 80
BENroN 80 OIlER TAll.. 90
BIG STONE 90 PENNINGI'ON 80
BLUEEARIll 80 PINE 75
BROWN 80 PIPESTONE 85
CARll'ON 1 75 POLK 85
CARVER 80 POPE 85
CASS 80 RAMSEY 80
CHIPPEWA 85 REDLAKE 80
OIISAGO 75 REDWOOD 85
a..AY 90 REMLLE 80
CLEARWATER 80 RICE 80
COOK 70 ROO{ 85
COTIONWOOD 85 ROSEAU 75
CROW WING 80 SAINT LOUIS 1 75
DAKOTA 80 scorr 80
DODGE 80 SHERBURNE 80
DOUGLAS 85 SlBLEY 80
FARIBAUI.I 80 STEARNS 80
FILLMORE 80 .STEELE 80
• FREEBORN
GOODHUE
GRANT
HENNEPIN
*For notes. see end of Section
80
80
90
80
16
STEVENS
SWIFT
roDD
TRAVERSE
90
85
80
90
TIAIEIA-222-l-
•
State of MINNESOTA State of MISSISSIPPI

COUNfY NOTE* SPEED(MPID COUNTY NOTE* SPEED(MPID
WABASHA 80 LAWRENCE 2 85
WADENA 80 LEAKE 70
WASECA 80 LEE 70
WASmNGTON 80 LEFLORE 70
WATONWAN 80 LINCOLN 2 85
WILKIN 90 LOWNDES 70
WINONA 80 MADISON 70
WRIGIIT 80 MARION 2 90
YElLOW MEDICINE 85 MARSHAll 70
MONROE 70
State of MISSISSIPPI MONTGOMERY 70
NESHOBA 70
ADAMS 80 NEWlON 75
ALCORN 70 NOXUBEE 70
AMITE 2 90 OKI1BBEHA 70
AlTALA 70 PANOLA 70
BENTON 70 PEARL RIVER 2 95
BOliVAR 70 PERRY 2 90
CALHOUN 70 PIKE 2 90
CARROll 70 PONTOTOC 70
•
Ofi<XASAW 70 PRENTISS 70
CHOcrAW 70 QUITMAN 70
a.AIBORNE 75 RANKIN 75
Cl..ARKE 2 75 SC01T 75
a.AY 70 SHARKEY 70
COAHOMA 70 SIMPSON 80
COPIAH 80 SMITH 75
COVINGTON 2 80 STONE 2 95
DESOTO 70 SUNFLOWER 70
FORREST 2 90 TAlLAHATCHIE 70
FRANKLIN 2 85 TATE 70
GEORGE 2 95 TIPPAH 70
GREENE 2 90 TISHOMINGO 70
GRENADA 70 TIJNICA 70
HANCOo{ 2 100 UNION 70
HARRISON 2 100 WAIJ'HALL 2 90
BINDS 75 WARREN 70
HOLMES 70 WASHINGrON 70
HUMPHREYS 70 WAYNE 2 85
ISSAQUENA 70 WEBSTER 70
ITAWAMBA
JA<XSON 2
70
100
wn.KINSON
WINSTON
"... 90
70
JASPER 75 YALOBUSHA 70
lEl4E{SON 80 YAZOO 70
JEl"FE{SON DAVIS 2 85
•
JONES 2 85
KEMPER 70
LAFAYEITE 70
LAMAR 2 90
LAUDERDALE 75
TIAlEIA-221-F
Slate of MISSOURI Stare afMISSOURI
• BASIC WIND BASIC WIND

COUNTY N01E* SPEED <MPH) COUNTY N01E* SPEED (MPH)
ADAm 75 IRON 70
ANDREW 80 JACXSON 75
ATCHISON 80 JASPER 70
AUDRAIN 70 JEFFERSON 70
BARRY 70 10HNSON 75
BARrON 70 KNOX 75
BATES 70 LAa.EDE 70
BENTON 70 LAFAYEITE 75
BOllINGER 70 LAWRENCE 70
BOONE 70 LEWIS 75
BUCHANAN 80 LINCOLN 70
BUTLER 70 LlNN 75
CAlDWELL 75 UVINGSIDN 7S
CAI..LAWAY 70 MACON 75
CAMDEN 70 MADISON 70
CAPE GIRARDEAU 70 MARIES 70
CARROll 75 MARION 70
CARI'ER 70 MCDONAlD 70
CASS 75 MERCER 80
CEDAR 70 MlLLER 70
CHARLTON 75 MISSISSIPPI 70
CHRISTIAN 70 MONIIEAU 70
•
a.ARK 75 MONROE 70
a.AY 75 MONfGOMERY 70
a.INTON 80 MORGAN 70
COLE 70 NEW MADRID 70
COOPER 70 NEWlON 70
CRAWFORD 70 NODAWAY 80
DADE 70 OREGON 70
DAlLAS 70 OSAGE 70
DAVlESS 80 OZARK 70
DEKALB 80 PEMISCOT 70
DENT 70 PERRY 70
DOUGLAS 70 PETIlS 70
DUNKLIN 70 PHELPS 70
FRANKLIN 70 PIKE 70
GASCONADE 70 PLATIE 80
GENlRY 80 POLK 70
GREENE 70 PULASKI 70
GRUNDY 7S PUTNAM 7S
HARRISON 80 RAlLS 70
HENRY 70 RANDOLPH 70
IDCXORY 70 RAY 7S
HOrr 80 REYNOLDS 70
HOWARD 70 RIPLEY 70
HOWE..L 70
• *For notes, see end of Section 16

•
State of MISSOURI State afMONTANA
BASIC WIND BASICWlND

COUNfY N01E* SPEED <MPH> COUNIY NOTE* SPEED (MPH)
SAINT CHARLES 70 JEfFERSON 70

SAINTCLAlR 70 ruDrmBASlN 80
SAINT FRANCOIS 70 LAKE 1 70
SAINT GENEVIEVE 70 LEWIS AND Cl.ARK 75
SAlNTLOms 70 I..IBElOY 1 80
SAINT LOUIS CITY 70 LINCOLN 1 70
SALINE 75 MADISON 1 75
SCB1JYLER 75 MCCONE 80
SCOTLAND 75 MEAGHER 75
SCOTI' 70 MINERAL 1 70
SHANNON 70 MISSOULA 1 70
SBFLBY 75 MUSSElrWEI1. 8S
sroDDARD 70 PARK 1 80
sroNE 70 PEIROLEUM 80
SUUJVAN 75 pnnrIPS 80
TANEY 70 PONDERA 1 75
TEXAS 70 POWDER RIVER 85
VERNON 70 POWEU. 70
WARREN 70 P.RAlRlE 80
WASHINGTON 70 RAVAUJ 1 70
WAYNE
WEBSTER
WORIli
WRIGHT
70
70
80
70
RICHLAND
ROOSEVFll'
ROSEBUD
SANDERS
SHERIDAN
SR.VERBOW
1
80
80
85
70
80
70
•
State of MONfANA STIlLWATER 80
SWEETGRASS 80
BEAVERHEAD 1 70 'IEI'ON 1 75
BIGHORN 85 TooLE 1 75
BLAINE 80 TREASURE 85
BROADWATER 75 VAlLEY 80
CARBON 80 WHEA1LAND 80
CARIER 80 WIBAUX 80
CASCADE 75 YELLOWSTONE 85
OIOUI'EAU 1 80
CUS'l"a 80
DANIELS 80 State of NEBRASKA
DAWSON 80
DEER LODGE 70 ADAMS 85
FAlLON 80 ANTELOPE 85
FERGUS 80 AKIHUR 85
FLATHEAD 1 70 BANNER 85
GA1l..ATlN 1 75 BLAINE 85
•
GARFIELD 80 BOONE 85
GLACIER 1 75 BOXBUI1E 85
GOLDEN VAllEY 80 BOYD 85
GRANITE 70 BROWN 85
HILL 80 BUFFALO 85
TIAlEIA-221-F
State of NEBRASKA Stare of NEBRASKA
•
BASIC WIND
BASICWlND
COUN1Y NOTE* SPEED (MPH)
COUNTY N01E* SPEED<MPID
BtJIU 80 Ma>BaSON 85
BU"I1D 80 MERRICX 85
CASS 80 MOIUULL as
CEDAR 85 NANCE 8S
CHASE 85 NEHAMA 80
CHERRY 80 NUCKOUS 80
CHEYENNE 85 oroE 80
a..AY 80 PAWNEE 80
COLFAX 80 PERKINS 8S
CUMING 80 PHELPS as
OJSTER 85 PIERCE as
DAKOTA 85 PLATI'E as
DAWES 85 POLK 80
DAWSON 85 REDwnLOW 85
DEUEL 85 RICHARDSON 80
DIXON 85 ROCX 85
DODGE 80 SALINE 80
DOUGLAS 80 SARPY 80
DUNDY 85 SAUNDERS 80
FlLLMORE 80 SCOITSBLUFF 85
FRANKLIN 85 SEWARD 80
•
FRONTIER 85 SHERIDAN 80
FURNAS 85 SHERMAN 85
GAGE 80 SIOUX 85
GARDEN 85 ST~N 85
GARFIEID 85 THAYER 80
GaSPER 85 moMAS 85
GRANT 85 THURSTON 85
GREELEY 85 VAlLEY 85
HALL 85 WASHINGTON 80
HAMILTON 85 WAYNE 85
HARLAN 85 WEBSTER 85
HAYES 85 WHEElER. 85
HlTCHCO(x 85 YORK 80
HOLT 85
HOOKER 85
HOWARD 85 State of NEVADA
JEFFERSON 80
JOHNSON 80 CHURCHILL 75
KEARNEY 85 a.ARK 1 75
KEITH 85 DOUGLAS 1 70
KEYAPAHA 85 ELKO 70
KIMBALL 85 ESMERAlDA 75
KNOX 85 EUREKA 80
LANCASTER 80 HUMBOlDT 70
LINCOLN 85 . LANDER 80
• LOGAN
LOUP
MADISON
85
85
85
LINCOLN
LYON 1
80
70
J IA't:.1A-222-F
State of NEW MEXICO
•
State of NEVADA

COUNTY N01E* SPEED(MPID COUNIY N01E* SPEED(MPID
MINERAL 7S BERNALIllO 70
NYE 1 80 CATRON 70
PERSHING 70 CHAVES 1 80
STOREY 1 70 CIBOLA 70
WASHOE 1 70 COLFAX 80
WHITE PINE 75 CURRY 80
DEBACA 80
DONA ANA 70
State of NEW HAMPSHIRE EDDY 75
GRANT 70
BELKNAP 2 80 GUADALUPE 1 80
CARROIL 2 80 HARDING 80
CHESHlRE 2 75 HIDALGO 70
COOS 1.2 75 LEA 80
GRAFrON 1.2 70 LINCOLN 1 75
HILLSBOROUGH 2 80 LOS ALAMOS 7S
MERRIMACX 2 80 LUNA 70
ROaaNGHAM 2 85 MaaNLEY 70
STRAFFORD 2 85 MORA 80
SUllIVAN 1.2 75 OTERO 1 70
•
QUAY 80
RIO ARRIBA 75
State of NEW JERSEY ROOSEVEIl' 80
SANDOVAL 70
ATLANTIC 2 85 SANJUAN 70
BERGEN 2 80 SANMIGUEL 1 80
BURLINGTON 2 80 SANI'AFE 1 75
CAMDEN 2 80 SIERRA 70
CAPE MAY 2 85 SOCORRO 70
CUMBERLAND 2 80 TAOS 80
ESSEX 2 80 TORRANCE 1 75
GLOUCESTER 2 80 UNION 85
HUDSON 2 80 VALENOA 70
HUNI'ERDON 2 75
MERrnR .2 80
MIDDLESEX 2 80 State of NEW YORK
MONMOum 2 85
MORRIS 2 75 ALBANY 70
OCEAN 2 85 AllEGANY 70
PASSAIC 2 80 BRONX 2 80
SALEM 2 80 BROOME 70
SOMERSET 2 80 CATIARAUGUS 70
SUSSEX 2 70 CAYUGA 70
UNION 2 80 CHAurAUQUA 1 70
•
WARREN 2 70 CHEMUNG 70
OIENANGO 70
CllNTON 70
COLUMBIA 1.2 70
COKILAND 70
TINEIA-222.-F
State of NEW YORK State of NORTH CAROLINA
• COUNTY
DELAWARE
DUTCHESS
ERIE
N01E*
1.2
1
BASIC WIND
SPEED <MPH)
70
75
70
COUNTY
ALAMANCE
ALEXANDER
AI.I.EGHANY
NOTE*
1
BASIC WIND
SPEED (MPH)
70
70
70
ESSEX 70 ANSON 75
FRANKLIN 70 ASHE 1 70
FUU'ON 70 AVFB.Y 1 70
GENESEE 70 BEAUFORI' 2 100
GREENE 1.2 70 BEIrnE 2 90
HAMILTON 70 BLADEN 2 90
~ 70 BRUNSWICX 2 100
JEFFERSON 70 BUNCOMBE 1 70
KINGS 2 85 BURKE 70
LEWIS 70 CABARRUS 70
LIVINGSTON 70 CALDWELL 70
MADISON 70 CAMDEN 2 100
MONROE 70 CARIERET ,2 110
MONTGOMERY 70 CASWEIL 70
NASSAU 2 85 CATAWBA 70
NEW YORK 2 80 CHATHAM 70
NIAGARA 1 70 CHEROKEE 70
ONEIDA 70 CHOWAN 2 95
70
•
ONONDAGA 70 a.AY
ONTARIO 70 a.EVELAND 70
ORANGE 1.2 70 COLUMBUS 2 95
ORLEANS 70 CRAVEN 2 100
OSWEGO 70 CUMBERLAND 2 80
OTSEGO 70 CURRl111<X 2 100
PUINAM 2 75 DARE 2 110
QUEENS 2 85 DAVIDSON 70
RENSSELAER 70 'DAVIE 70
RIOIMOND 2 85 DUPLIN 2 9S
ROaaAND 2 80 DURHAM 75
SAINT LAWRENCE 70 EDGECOMBE 2 80
SARATOGA 70 FORSYI'H 70
SaIENECTADY 70 FRANKLIN 2 75
SCHOHARIE 70 GASTON 70
SaruYLER 70 GATES 2 90
SENECA 70 GRAHAM 1 70
STEUBEN 70 GRANVILLE 70
SUFFOLK 2 85 GREENE 2 85
SUlLIVAN 2 70 GUILFORV 70
TIOGA 70 HALIFAX 2 80
TOMPKINS 70 HARNEIT 75
ULSTER 1.2 70 HAYWOOD 1 70
WARREN 70 HENDERSON 70
WASHINGTON 70 HElUFORD 2 85
•
WAYNE 70 HOKE 2 75
WESTCHESTER 2 80 HYDE 2 110
WYOMING 70 IREDEU. 70
YATES 70 JACKSON 1 70
State of NORm DAKOTA
•
State of NORm CAROLINA
COUNTY N01E* SF.... ,) (MPH) COUNTY NOTE* SPrE> (MPH)
JOHNSTON 2 80 ADAMS 80
JONES 2 100 BARNES 85
LEE 75 BENSON 80
LENom 2 90 BIIL1NGS 80
LINCOLN 70 BO'ITINEAU 75
MACON 1 70 BOWMAN 80
MADISON 1 70 BURKE 75
MARTIN 2 90 BURLEIGH 80
MCDOWELL 70 CASS 85
MEaa...ENBURG 70 CAVALIER 75
MITCHELL 1 70 DICXEY 85
MONTGOMERY 70 DIVIDE 75
MOORE 75 DUNN 75
NASH 2 80 EDDY 80
NEW HANOVER 2 105 EMMONS 80
NORI'HAMPTON 2 80 FOSTER 80
ONSLOW 2 100 GOIDEN VAllEY 80
ORANGE 70 GRAND FORKS 85
PAMLICO 2 105 GRANT 75
PASQUOTANK 2 95 GRIGGS 80
PENDER 2 100 BEllINGER 80
•
PERQUIMANS 2 95 KIDDER 80
PERSON 70 LA MOURE 80
PITT 2 90 LOGAN 80
POLK 70 MCHENRY 75
RANDOLPH 70 MCINTOSH 80
RICHMOND 75 MOffiNZIE 80
ROBESON 2 80 Ma..EAN 75
ROaaNGHAM 70 MERCER 75
ROWAN 70 MORTON 75
RUTHERFORD 70 MOUNTRAIL 75
SAMPSON 2 85 NFI.SON 80
SCOTI.AND 2 80 OliVER 75
STANLY 70 PEMBINA 80
SIDKES 70 PIERCE 75
SURRY 70 RAMSEY 80
SWAIN 1 70 RANSOM 85
TRANSYLVANIA 70 RENVILLE 75
1i'RRELL 2 100 RIan.AND 90
UNION 70 ROLEITE 75
VANCE 2 75 SARGENT 90
WAKE 75 SHERIDAN 75
WARREN 2 75 SIOUX 80
WASHINGTON 2 100 SLOPE 80
WATAUGA 1 70 STARK 80
•
WAYNE 2 85 STEELE 80
WILKES 70 snrrSMAN 80
WILSON 2 80 TOWNER 75
YADKIN 70 TRAILL 85
YANCEY 1 70 WALSH 80
S~~mNORTHDAKOTA StateofOmO
• COUNfY
WARD
WELLS
N01E*
BASIC WIND
SPEED (MPH>
75
80
COUNfY
LAKE
LAWRENCE
UaaNG
N01E*
1
BASIC WIND
SPEED (MPH)
70
70
70
Wll.LIAMS 80
LOGAN 70
LORAIN 1 70
Sta~mOmo LUCAS 1 75
MADISON 70
ADAMS 70 MAHONING 70
ALLEN 75 MARION 70
ASHLAND 70 MEDJNA 1 70
ASHI'ABULA 1 70 MEIGS 70
ATHENS 70 MERCER 70
AUGLAlZE 70 MIAMI 70
BELMONr 70 MONROE 70
BROWN 70 MONTGOMERY 70
BUl1.ER 70 MORGAN 70
CARROIL 70 MORROW 70
CHAMPAIGN 70 MUSKINGUM 70
CLARK 70 NOBLE 70
CLERMONr 70 OTTAWA 1 75
a.JNTON 70 PAULDJNG 75
• COLUMBIANA 70 PERRY 70
COSHOcrON 70 PIOUlWAY 70
rnAWFORD 70 PIKE 70
CUYAHOGA 1 70 POIqAGE 70
DARKE 70 PREBLE 70
DEFIANCE 75 PUTNAM 75
DELAWARE 70 RICHLAND 70
ERIE 1 70 ROSS 70
FAlRFIELD 70 SANDUSKY 1 75
FAYEITE 70 saoTO 70
FRANKLIN 70 SENECA 70
FUIJ'ON 75 SHELBY 70
GAILIA 70 STARK 70
GEAUGA 1 70 SUMMIT 1 70
GREENE 70 lRUMBULL 70
GUERNSEY 70 TIJSCARAWAS 70
HAMlLTON 70 UNION 70
HANCOQ( 7S VANWERT 75
HARDIN 70 VINTON 70
HARRISON 70 WARREN' 70
HENRY 7S WASIDNGTON 70
mGHLAND 70 WAYNE 70
HOaaNG 70 wn.LIAMS 7S
HOLMES 70 WOOD 1 7S
70
•
HURON 1 70 WYANDOT
JAo{SON 70
JEfFERSON 70
KNOX 70
A'"
llN t:.lt\-.:._.:.-r
•
State of OKLAHOMA Stale of OKLAHOMA
BASICWlND BASIC WIND

COUNTY NOTE* SPEED(MPID
COUNTY NOTE* SPEED<MPID
ADAIR 70 MURRAY 70
ALFALFA 80 MUSKOGEE 70
AIOKA 70 NOBLE 75
BEAVER 85 NOWATA 70
BECXHAM 80 OKFUSKEE 70
BLAINE 80 OKLAHOMA 75
BRYAN 70 OKMULGEE 70
CADDO 80 OSAGE 75
CANADIAN 80 QTfAWA 70
CARTER 70 PAWNEE 75
CHEROKEE 70 PAYNE 75
CHOcrAW 70 PIITSBURG 70
CIMARRON 85 PONfOTOC 70
a.EVELAND 75 POTIAWATOMIE 70
COAL 70 PUSBMATAHA 70
COMANCHE 80 ROGERMnLS 80
COTION 80 ROGERS 70
rnAIG 70 SEMINOLE 70
CREEK 70 SEQUOYAH 70
CUSTER 80 STEPHENS 75
•
DELAWARE 70 'IEXAS 85
DEWEY 80 1U.LMAN 80
Ell.IS 80 TIJLSA 70
GARFIElD 80 WAGONER 70
GARVIN 70 WASHINGTON 70
GRADY 75 WASIITfA 80
GRAN!' 80 WOODS 80
GREER 80 WOODWARD 80
HARMON 80
HARPER 80
HASKELL 70
HUGHES 70
JACXSON 80 Slate of OREGON
JEFFERSON 75
JOHNSTON 70 BAKER 70
KAY 75 BENTON 80
KINGFISHER 80 CLAexAMAS 80
KIOWA 80 Q.ATSOP 1 95
LA'I'IMffi 70 COLUMBIA 1 80
LEFLORE 70 COOS ..
1
80
LINCOLN 75 CROOK 1 70
LOGAN 75 CURRY 1 85
LOVE 70 DESCHUTES 70
MAJOR 80 DOUGLAS 1 80
70 GILLIAM 1 70
•
MARSHAll.
MAYES 70 GRANT 70
MCCLAIN 75 HARNEY 70
MCCURTAIN 70 HOODRlVER 1 80
MCINTOSH 70 JAO{SON 80
JEFFERSON 1 70
*For notes. see end of Section 16 JOSEP!IDffi 80
State of OREGON State of PENNSYLVANIA
• COUNfY
KLAMATH
LAKE
LANE
N01E*
1
BASIC WIND
SPEFD(MPID
75
70
80
COUNIY
FOREST
FRANKL1N
FVLTON
NOTE*
2
BASIC WIND
SPEED (MPH)
70
70
70
LINCOLN 1 90 GREENE 70
LINN 80 HUNI'INGION 70
MALHEUR 70 INDIANA 70
MARION 80 JEFFERSON 70
MORROW 1 70 RJNIATA 70
MUL1NOMAH 1 80 LACXAWANNA 70
POLK 80 LANCASTER 2 70
SHERMAN 1 70 LAWRENCE 70
TIILAMOOK 1 95 LEBANON 2 70
UMATnLA 70 LEHIGH 2 70
UNION 70 LUZERNE 70.
WAllOWA 70 LYCOMING 70
WASCO 1 70 M<XEAN 70
WASHINGTON 80 MERCER 70
WHEEIER 70 MIFFLIN 70
YAMIm..L 80 MONROE 2 70
MONrGOMERY 2 75
MONTOUR 70
2 70
•
State ofPENNSYLVANJA NORIHAMPTON
NOImIUMBERLAND 70
ADAMS 2 70 PERRY 2 70
ALLEGHENY 70 PIm..ADELPHIA 2 75
ARMSTRONG 70 PmE 2 70
BEAVER 70 POTIER 70
BEDFORD 70 SCHUYLKILL 2 70
BERKS 2 70 SNYDER 70
BLAIR 70 SOMERSEr 70
BRADFORD 70 SUIllVAN 70
BUCKS 2 75 SUSQUEHANNA 70
BlITLER 70 nOGA 70
CAMBRIA 70 UNION 70
CAMERON 70 VEN'ANGO 70
CARBON 2 70 WARREN 70
CENTRE 70 WASHINGTON 70
OIESTER 2 75 WAYNE 2 70
a..ARION 70 WESTMORELAND 70
CLEARFIELD 70 WYOMING 70
a.INTON 70 YORK 2 70
COLUMBIA 70
CRAWFORD 1 70
aJMBERLAND 2 70 State of RHODE ISLAND
DAUPHIN 2 70
DELAWARE 2 75 BRISTOL 2 90
•
ELK 70 KENT 2 90
ERlE 1 70 NEWPORT 2 90
FAYEITE 70 PROVIDENCE 2 90
WASHINGTON 2 90

.... - _ _ 411.- _ _ - '
State of soum CAROLINA Stale of soum DAKOTA
COUNfY
ABBEVILLE
N01E*
BASIC WIND
SPEED (MPH>
75
COUNIY
AURORA
BEADLE
NOTE*
BASICWlND
SPEED (MPH)
85
85
•
AIKEN 80
AllENDALE 2 80 BENNEIT 80
ANDERSON 75 BON HOMME 8S
BAMBERG 2 80 BROOKINGS 90
BARNWELL 2 80 BROWN 85
BEAUFORT 2 100 BRULE 8S
BERKELEY 2 100 BUFFALO 85
CALHOUN 2 80 BUTl'E 80
CHARLESTON 2 105 CAMPBEU. 80
CHEROKEE 70 CHARLES MIX 85
OIESTER 75 a.ARK 90
CHESTERFIELD 2 75 CLAY 85
a..ARENDON 2 85 CODINGI'ON 90
COlLEI'ON 2 95 CORSON 80
DARLINGlON 2 80 roSTER 80
DR.LON 2 80 DAVISON 85
DORCHESTER 2 95 DAY 90
EDGEFIELD 75 DEUEL 90
FAIRFIELD 75 DEWEY 80
•
FLORENCE 2 80 DOUGLAS 85
GEORGErOWN 2 100 EDMUNDS 80
GREENVILLE 70 FAILR1VER 80
GREENWOOD 75 FAULK 85
HAMPTON 2 90 GRANT 90
HORRY 2 100 GREGORY 85
JASPER 2 95 HAAKON 80
KERSHAW 75 HAMLIN 90
LANCASTER 75 HAND 85
LAURENS 75 HANSON 85
LEE 2 80 HARDING 80
LEXINGTON 75 HUGHES 80
MARION 2 85 HIITQIINSON 85
MARLBORO 2 80 HYDE 85
MCCORMICX 75 JA<XSON 80
NEWBERRY 75 JERAUID 85
OCONEE 70 JONES 80
ORANGEBURG 2 80 KINGSBURY 90
PICXENS 70 LAKE 85
RICHLAND 75 LAWRENCE 80
SALUDA 75 LINCOLN 85
SPARI'ANBURG 70 LYMAN 80
SUMTER 2 80 MARSHALL 90
UNION 75 MCCOOK 85
80
•
WlLLIAMSBURG 90 MU'HERSON
YORK 70 MEADE 80
MELLE1TE 80
MINER 85
MINNEHAHA 85
State of soum DAKOTA State af'IENNESSEE
.' COUNTY
MOODY
PENNINGI'ON
N01E*
BASIC WIND
SPEED(MPID
85
80
COUNTY
GRAINGER
GREENE
GRUNDY
NOTE*
1
BASIC WIND
SPEED(MPID
70
70
70
PERKINS 80
POTIER 80 HAMBLEN 70
ROBERTS 90 BAMJIl'ON 70
SANBORN 85 HANCOCK 70
SHANNON 80 HARDEMAN 70
SPINK 85 HARDIN 70
STANLEY 80 HAWKINS 70
SUllY 80 HAYWOOD 70
TODD 80 HENDERSON 70
TRIPP 85 HENRY 70
TURNER 85 mCKMAN 70
UNION 85 HOUSTON 70
WALWORTII 80 HUMPHREYS 70
YANKTON 85 JACKSON 70
ZIEBACH 80 JEFFERSON 1 70
JOHNSON 1 70
KNOX 70
State of TENNESSEE LAKE 70
LAUDERDALE 70
70
•
ANDERSON 70 LAWRENCE
BEDFORD 70 LEWIS 70
BENION 70 LINCOLN 70
BLEDSOE 70 LOl:1DON 70
BLOUNT 1 70 MACON 70
BRADLEY 70 MADISON 70
CAMPBELL 70 MARION 70
CANNON 70 MARSHAlL 70
CARROll 70 MAURY 70
CARTER 1 70 MCMINN 70
0lEATHAM 70 MCNAIRY 70
CHESTER 70 MEIGS 70
<1AlBORNE 70 MONROE 1 70
a..AY 70 MONTGOMERY 70
COCXE 1 70 MOORE 70
COFFEE 70 MORGAN 70
aOCXEIT 70 OBION 70
CUMBERLAND 70 OVERrON 70
DAVIDSON 70 PERRY 70
DECA11JR 70 PIamIT 70
DEKALB 70 POLK 70
DICKSON 70 PUlNAM 70
DYER 70 RHEA 70
FAYEITE 70 ROANE 70
FENTRESS 70 ROBERI'SON 70
• FRANKLIN 70 RUIBERFORD 70
GmSON 70 SCO'IT 70
GILES 70 SEQUATCHIE 70
r'1
State afTEXAS
•
Stare of TENNESSEE

COUNTY NOTE* SPEED(MPID COUNTY NOTE* SPEED(MPID
SEVIER 1 70 CALDWElL 70
SHELBY 70 CALHOUN 2 95
SMITH 70 CAILAHAN 75
STEWART 70 CAMERON 2 95
SUlllVAN 1 70 CAMP 70
SUMNER 70 CARSON 85
TIPTON 70 CASS 70
TROUSDALE 70 CASTRO 80
UNICOI 1 70 CHAMBERS 2 95
UNION 70 CHEROKEE 70
VANBUREN 70 can DRESS 80
WARREN 70 Cl.AY 75
WASHINGTON 1 70 COCHRAN 80
WAYNE 70 COKE 80
WEAKLEY 70 COLEMAN 7S
wmIE 70 COUJN 70
WllliAMSON 70 COlLlNGSWOlUH 80
wn.sON 70 COLORADO 2 80
COMAL 70
COMANOIE 70
75
•
State of TEXAS CONCHO
COOKE 70
ANDERSON 70 CORYEll. 70
ANDREWS 80 COTl1.E 80
ANGELINA 70 awm 80
7S
ARANSAS 2 95 CROCXEIT
ARCHER 80 CROSBY 80
ARMSTRONG 85 ctn..BERSON 75
ATASCOSA 2 75 DALLAM 85
AUSTIN 2 80 DAllAS 70
BAILEY 80 DAWSON 80
BANDERA 70 DEWIIT 2 80
BASTROP 70 DEAF SMITH 80
BAYLOR 80 DELTA 70
BEE 2 85 DENIDN 70
BElL 70 DIamNS 80
BEXAR 75 DIMWI' 75
BLANCO 70 DONLEY 80
BORDEN 80 DUVAL 2 80
BOSQUE 70 EASn.AND 75
BOWIE 70 ECIDR 80
BRAZORIA 2 100 EDWARDS 7S
BRAZOS 70 ELPASO 1 70
BREWSTER 75 ELLIS 70
BRISCOE 80 ERATH 70
BROOKS
BROWN
BURLESON
BURNET
2
"'For notes. see end of Section 16

85
70
70
70
FAlLS
FANNIN
FAYEITE
FISHER
2
70
70
7S
80 •
State of TEXAS State of TEXAS
• BASIC WIND BASICWJND

COUNTY N01E* SPEED (MPH) COUNrr N01E* SPEED (MPH)
FLOYD 80 IONES 80
FOARD 80 KARNES 2 80
FORl'BEND 2 90 KAUFMAN 70
FRANKLIN 70 KENDAlL 70
FREESTONE 70 KENEDY 2 95
FRIO 75 KENT 80
GAINES 80 KERR 70
-GALVESTON 2 100 KIMBLE 75
GARZA 80 KING 80
Gn..LESPIE 70 KINNEY 75
GLASSCOQ{ 80 KLEBERG 2 90
GOUAD 2 85 KNOX 80
GONZALES 2 75 LASALLE 75
GRAY 80 LAMAR 70
GRAYSON 70 LAMB 80
GREGG 70 LAMPASAS 70
GRIMES 2 75 LAVACA 2 85
GUADALUPE 70 LEE 70
HALE 80 LEON 70
HAll. 80 LIBERlY 2 90
HAMILTON 70 LIMESTONE 70
HANSFORD 85 LIPSCOMB 80
•
HARDEMAN 80 UVEOAK 2 80
HARDIN 2 90 U.ANO 70
!
HARRIS 2 90 LOVING 75
HARRISON 70 LUijBOQ{ 80
BARIl..EY 85 LYNN 80
HASKELL 80 MADISON 70
HAYS 70 MARION 70
HEMPHILL 80 MA1UIN 80
HENDERSON 70 MASON 70
HIDALGO 2 80 MATAGORDA 2 95
HlU. 70 MAVERICX 75
HOaa..EY 80 MCCUIl.OCH 75
HOOD 70 Ma..ENNAN 70
HOPKINS 70 MCMUILEN 2 80
HOUSTON 70 MEDINA 75
HOWARD 80 MENARD 75
mmSPEIH 1 70 MIDLAND 80
HUNT 70 MILAM 70
HUraDNSON 85 MILLS 70
DUON 75 MlTCHEIT 80
IACX 75 MONTAGUE 70
JACXSON 2 90 MONTGOMERY 2 85
IASPER 2 80 MOORE 85
JEFF DAVIS 75 MORRIS 70
JEfFERSON 2 100 MOTI..EY 80
• JIMHOGG
JJM~
JOHNSON
2
2

80
80
70
NACOGDOOIES
NAVARRO
NEWTON 2
70
70
85
-- - _ ••• _ _ -I
~
•
Stare of TEXAS State of TEXAS
BASICWlND BASIC WIND

COUNTY SP,..,..!) (MPH) coUNTY NOlE* SPEE 0 (MPH)
N01E*
NOLAN 80 TOM GREEN 75

NUECES 2 95 mAVIS 70
OODL!REE 85 1RINIIY 2 70
OlDHAM 85 TYLER 2 80
ORANGE 2 95 UPSHUR 70
PALO PINTO 70 UPTON 80
PANOLA 70 UVAIDE 75
PARKER 70 VALVERDE 75
PARMER 80 VANZANDT 70
PECOS 75 VICIORIA 2 90
POLK 2 80 WAIXER 2 75
POTIER 85 WALLER 2 8S
PRESIDIO 75 WARD 80
RAINS 70 WASBINGI'ON 2 75
RANDAll. 85 WEBB 75
REAGAN 80 WHARI'ON 2 90
REAL 75 WREFIER 80
RED RIVER 70 WICHrrA 80
REEVES 75 WlLBARGER 80
REFUGIO 2 90 WILLACY 2 9S
•
ROBERTS 80 W1LLIAMSON 70
ROBERTSON 70 wn..sON 2 75
RO<XWALL 70 WJNKLER 80
RUNNELS 75 WISE 70
RUSK 70 WOOD 70
SABINE 75 YOAKUM 80
SAN AUGUSTINE 75 YOUNG 75
SAN JACINTO 2 80 ZAPATA 75
SANPATRIOO 2 90 ZAVALA 75
SAN SABA 70
SCBLEIOIER 75
SCURRY 80 State oftrrAH
SHA<XELFORD 80
SHELBY 70 BEAVER 70
SHERMAN 85 BOXELDER 70
SMIl1I 70 CACHE 70
SOMERVELL 70 CARBON 70
STARR 2 80 DAGGEIT 75
STEPHENS 75 DAVIS 70
STERLING 80 DUCHESNE 70
STONEWALL 80 EMERY 70
SImON 75 GARFIELD 70
SWISHER 85 GRAND 70
TARRANT 70 IRON 75
TAYLOR 80 RJAB 70
TERRELL
TERRY
THROaruORTON
1Tl1JS

75
80
80
70
KANE
MIlLARD
MORGAN
PIUTE
70
70
70
70 •
StateoftrrAH State of VIRGINIA
• COUNTY
RICH
SA1J'LAKE
NOlE*
BASIC WIND
SPEED (MPH>
75
70
COUNIY
BUCKINGHAM
CAMPBELL
CAROLlNE
NOTE*
2
BASIC WIND
SPEED (MPH)
70
70
75
SANnJAN 70
SANPETE 70 CARROLL 1 70
SEVIER 70 CHARLESarY 2 80
SUMMIT 70 CHARL01TE 70
TOOELE 70 CBFSI'ERFlELD 2 75
UINTAH 75 CLARKE 2 70
tITAH 70 CRAIG 1 70
WASATCH 70 CULPEPER 2 70
WASHINGTON 75 CUMBERLAND 2 70
WAYNE 70 DICKENSON 70
WEBER 70 DINWIDDIE 2 75
ESSEX 2 80
FAIRFAX 2 70
StateofVERMONf FAUQUIER 2 70
FLOYD 1 70
ADDISON 70 FLtNANNA 2 70
BENNINGTON 1 70 FRANKLIN 70
CALEDONIA 1 70 FREDERICX 2 70
OUIIENDEN 70 GILES 1 70
•
ESSEX 1 70 GLOUCESTER 2 80
FRANKLIN 70 GOOCHLAND 2 70
GRAND ISLE 70 GRAYSON 1 70
LAMOn.LE 70 GREENE 2 70
ORANGE 1 70 GREENSVIILE 2 80
ORLEANS 70 HALIFAX 70
RUlLAND 1 70 HANOVER. 2 75
WASHINGTON 70 HENRICO 2 75
WINDHAM 1.2 70 HENRY 70
WINDSOR 1.2 70 mGHLAND 70
ISLE OF WIGHT 2 85
IAMEScrrY 2 80
State of vm.GINIA KING AND QUEEN 2 80
KING GEORGE 2 75
ACCOMA<X 2 95 KING WILLIAM 2 75
ALBEMARLE 70 LANCASTER 2 80
ALLEGHANY 1 70 LEE 70
AMEIlA 2 70 LOUDOUN 2 70
AMBEtST 70 LOUISA 2 70
APPOMAITOX 70 LUNENBURG 70
ARLINGTON 2 70 MADISON 2 70
AUGUSTA 70 MATHEWS 2 85
BATIl 70 MECKLENBURG 70
BEDFORD 70 MIDDLESEX 2 80
BLAND 1 70 MONfGOMERY 1 70
• BOTEI'OURT
BRUNSWI<X
BUOIANAN
2

70
75
70
NELSON
NEW KENT
NOIUHAMPTQN
2
2
70
80
95
•
State of VIRGINIA State afWASHINGTON
COUNTY N01E* SF.... I) (MPH) COUNI'Y NOTE* SPEED (MPH)
NORTHUMBERLAND 2 80 ISLAND 1 80
NOITOWAY 2 70 JEfFERSON 1 100
ORANGE 2 70 KING 1 80
PAGE 70 K1TSAP 1 85
PATRICK 70 KIIIlli\S 70
PIITSYLVANIA 70 KUCKlTAT 70
POWHATAN 2 70 LEWIS 1 80
PRINCE EDWARD 70 LINCOLN 70
PRINCE GEORGE 2 80 MASON 1 85
PRINCE WILLIAM 2 70 OKANOGAN 70
PULASKI 1 70 PACIFIC 1 100
RAPPAHANNOQ{ 2 70 PEND ORBT IE 70
RICHMOND 2 80 PIERCE 1 80
ROANOKE 70 SANJUAN 1 80
ROCXBRIDGE 70 SKAGIT 1 70
ROaaNGHAM 70 SKAMANIA 1 70
RUSSELL 70 SNOHOMISH 1 75
scon 70 SPOKANE 70
SHENANDOAH 70 STEVENS 70
SMYTH 70 THURSIDN 1 80
SOUllIAMPTON 2 80 WAHKIAKUM 1 100
•
SPOTSYLVANIA 2 70 WAil.AWALLA 70
STAfFORD 2 70 WHATCOM 1 70
SURRY 2 80 wmTMAN 70
SUSSEX 2 80 YAKIMA 70
TAZEWELL 70 ~
WARREN 2 70
WASHINGTON 70 State of WEST vm.GINIA
WESTMORELAND 2 75
WISE 70 BARBOUR 70
WYlHE 1 70 BERKELEY 2 70
YORK 2 85 BOONE 70
BRAXl'ON 70
BROOKE 70
State of WASHINGTON CABELL 70
CALHOUN 70
ADAMS 70 cr.AY 70
ASOTIN 70 DODDRIDGE 70
BENfON 70 FAYEITE 70
CHELAN 70 Gn.MER 70
<1AU..AM 1 100 GRANT 70
a.ARK 1 75 GREENBRIER 70
COLUMBIA 70 HAMPSHIRE 70
cowurz 1 90 HANCOCK 70
DOUGlAS 70 HARDY 70
FERRY 70 HARRISON 70
FRANKLIN
GARFIElD
GRANT
GRAYS HARBOR 1
*Fornotes. see end of Section 16

70
70
70
100
JACKSON
JEfFERSON 2
70
70
•
State of WEST VIRGINIA State afWISCONSlN
• COUNfY
KANAWHA
LEWIS
NOTE*
BASICWlND
SPEED (MPH)
70
70
COUNIY
CHlPPEWA
a.ARK
BASIC WIND
NOTE* SPEED (MPH)
80
80
85
LINCOLN 70 COLUMBIA
LOGAN 70 CRAWFORD 8S
MARION 70 DANE 8S
MARSHAlL 70 DODGE 8S
MASON 70 DOOR 1 85
MCDOWELL 70 DOUGLAS 1 75
MERCER 70 DUNN 80
MINERAL 70 EAUa.A!RE 80
MINGO 70 PLORENCE 80
MONONGALIA 70 FOND DULAC 1 85
MONROE 1 70 FOREST 80
MORGAN 70 GRANT 85
NICHOLAS 70 GREEN 80
OIDO 70 GREEN LAKE 90
PENDELTON 70 IOWA 85
PLEASANfS 70 IRON 1 75
POCAHONfAS 70 1ACKSON 85
PRESTON 70 JEFFERSON 80
PUINAM 70 JUNEAU 85
• RALEIGH
RANDOLPH
RITODE
ROANE
SUMMERS
TAYLOR
1
70
70
70
70
70
70
KENOSHA
KEWAUNEE
LACROSSE
LAFAYErI'E
LANGLADE
LINCOLN
1
1
80
85
85
80
85
85
WOCER 70 MANITOWOC 1 85
TYLER 70 MARATHON 90
UPSffiJR 70 MARINEITE 85
WAYNE 70 MARQUETI'E 90
WEBSTER 70 MENOMINEE 90
WElZEl.. 70 MILWAUKEE 1 80
wnrr 70 MONROE 85
WOOD 70 OCONlO 90
WYOMING 70 ONEIDA 80
OurAGAMIE 90
OZAUKEE 1 80
State of WISCONSIN PEPIN 80
PIERCE 80
ADAMS 90 POLK 75
ASHLAND 1 75 PORTAGE 90
BARRON 80 PRICE 80
BAYFIELD 1 75 RAONE 1 80
BROWN 1 90 RICHLAND 85
• BUFFALO 80 ROCK 80
BURNEIT 75 RUSK 80
CALUMET 90 SAINT CROIX 80

•
State of WISCONSIN Stare of WYOMING
COUNTY N01E* SPEED (MPH) COUNTY NOTE* SPEED<MPID
SAUK 85 ALBANY 90
SAWYER 75 BIGHORN 1 85
SHAWANO 90 CAMPBEU. 85
SHEBOYGAN 1 85 CARBON 85
TAYLOR 80 CONVERSE 90
TREMPEALEA.u 80 a~.oOK 80
VERNON 85 FREMONT 1 85
vn.AS 80 GOSHEN 85
WALWORTII 80 HOT SPRINGS 85
WASHBURN 75 JOHNSON 1 90
WASHINGTON 1 80 LARAMIE 85
WAUKESHA 1 80 LINCOLN 7S
WAUPACA 90 NATRONA 90
WAUSHARA 90 NIOBRARA 85
WINNEBAGO 90 PARK 1 80
WOOD 90 PLAtTE 90
SHERIDAN 1 85
SUBIEITE 1 80
SWEEIWATER 80
TEI'ON 1 75
UINTA 75
•
WASHAKIE 1 85
WESTON 80
References:
1. ASCE, "Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures", ASCE 7-88,
American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, NY. 1988.
2. MBMA, "Low Rise Building Systems Manual", Metal Building Manufacturers Association,
Inc., Cleveland, Ohio, 1986.
3. UBC, "Uniform Building Code", International Conference of Building Offici.als, Whittier, CA
1988.
Notes:
1. Site may be within a special wind region indicated on ASCE 7-88 wind map.Check with
local authorities before specifying basic wind speed.
2. County is within 100 miles from hurricane oceanline. Tabulated values of basic wind speed
have been adjusted in accordance with ASCE 7-88 to obtain 50-year recurrence intervals.
3. For locations not designated as a county, use basic wind speed for the closest county to the site. •
4. The wind speeds listed in Section 16 are fastest-mile wind speeds. 3-second gust speeds such as
those contained in ASCE 7-95, and wind speeds averaged over other time periods, must be
converted to fastest-mile wind speeds for use with this standard. (Refer to Annex A, Section
2.3.3.). .
1 U\J r.U\-~-r
ANNEXA: PURCHASERCHECKL~T
• EIA/TIA-222 standards are intended to set minimum criteria for the design, fabrication and
construction of antenna supporting structures. It is the responsibility of the purchaser to pro~de
site-specific data and requirements differing from those contained in these standards. The followmg
checklist is intended to alert the purchaser to the most common areas where specific data may be
required.
Reference
Section Purchaser Checklist
2.1.3 A. It is the responsibility of the purchaser to verify that the wind loads and design criteria
specified meet the requirements of the local building code. H other loading criteria are
required, they shall be provided to the designer.
B. This standard is based on an allowable stress design (ASD) method. Therefore, the use of
terms with an ambiguity in meaning and intent such as survivaL shall withstand. etc. is
not appropriate.
C. Dividing the calculated wind pressure by a factor is considered inconsistent with this
standard. See 2.1.3.1 for the proper definition of basic wind speed.
2.3.1.2 A. It is the responsibility of the purchaser to specify appropriate ice loads for locations
where ice accumulation is known to occur.
B. The standard does not specify ice-loadingrequirem.ents since ice accumulation may vary
• 2.3.3
substantially within a given geographical area .
C. It is recommended that a minimum Itl in. [12.7 mm] of solid radial ice be specified for
locations where ice accumulation is known tq occur.
A. For bidding purposes it is recommended that the purchaser specify the basic wind speed
(V) to obtain designs based on identical criteria. Wmd speeds specified for use with the
standard shall be fastest-mile wind speeds at 33 ft [10 m] above ground level.
B. The basic wind speed from Section 16, the equations for the exposure coefficient (Kz),
and the gust response factor (On) are based on ~ind conditions in open, level country,
and grasslands.
C. The equations specified for Kz and au result in conservative design wind loads for
urban and wooded areas.
D. It is the responsibility of the purchaser to specify basic wind speeds and appropriate
equations for Kz and au in hurricane, mountainous, and coastal areas, in the special
wind regions indicated in Section 16 and where local conditions require special
consideration.
E. The purchaser shall identify the elevation of the base above average ground level when
the structure will be placed on another structure or on a hill or escarpment.
F. The purchaser shall identify the relative elevations of the guy anchors with respect to the
• structure base and shall identify the maximum and minimum pennissible guy radii .
G. The basic wind speeds provided in Section 16 correspond to an annual probability of
0.02 (50-year recurrence interval). If the purchaser requires another probability, the
basic wind speed shall be provided to the designer.
rtAiEIA-222-r
2.3.16 A. Due to the low probability that an extreme ice load will occur simultaneously with an
extreme wind load, wind load has been reduced 25 percent when considered to occur •
simultaneously with ice (equivalent to 87 percent of the basic wind speed).
B. For basic wind speeds based on a 50-year recurrence interval (.02 annual probability),
the reduced wind load approximately corresponds to a 5-year recurrence interVal.
C. It is the responsibility of the purchaser to specify other critical wind and ice loading
combinations for locations where more severe conditions are known to occur.
S.1.1 A. Galvanizing is the preferred method of providing corrosion control. Alternate methods
of corrosion control, such as epoxy paint, chlorinated latex paint, plating,
electrogalvanizing, etc., may be used only when specified by the purchaser.
B. The purchaser shall specify the requirements of additional corrosion control systems
when required. (Refer to Annex J for corrosion control options for guy anchors in direct
contact with soil.)
7.2.2 A. When standard foundations and anchors are utilized for a final design, it is the
purchaser's responsibility to verify by geotechnical investigation that actual site soil
parameters equal or exceed normal soil parameters. IT the purchaser elects to accept the
normal soil foundation for construction. he accepts the responsibility and liability for the
adequacy of the subsurface soil conditions.
B. It is the responsibility of the purchaser to verify that the depths of standard foundations •
are adequate based on the frost penetration and/or the zone of seasonal moisture
variation.
7.2.3.2 A. The geotechnical engineer shall be infonned of the provisions of this section.
11.2 A. The purchaser shall specify the operational requirements when the minimum standard
does not apply.
12.2 A. The purchaser shall specify other grounding requirements for conditions where the
minirnwn standard will not be adequate.
13.2.1 A. The purchaser shall specify requirements for climbing and working facilities, hand or
guardrails, and climbing safety devices.
16 A. The purchaser is advised that the basic wind speeds listed in Section 16 are minimum
values. Specific sites may have local extreme wind conditions that are more severe than
the listed values. Topographical characteristics such as smooth terrain, bluffs, ducting,
mountain top exposure, and prevailing wind directions can significantly increase wind
speeds. The purchaser is advised to consult local information sources such as the
National Weather Service (NWS), local weather agencies, owners of existing towers at
the same or nearby sites, local landowners, and consulting meteorologists.
•
TIAlEIA-12':-F
ANNEX B: DESIGN WIND LOAD ON TYPICAL MICROWAVE
• ANTENNAS/REFLECTORS
This Annex contains data for calculating the design wind load on typical microwave antennas/
reflectors .
.(Note: Wind-loading values have been compiled from a wide variety of sources. Some data are
based on wind tunnel tests, and some are based on theoretical calculations. Precise antenna
geometry may vary between manufacturers, who should be consulted far data concerning their
products.)
Wind force data presented in this annex for parabolic antennas (including grid antennas) are
described in the antenna axis system having the origin at the vertex of the reflector. The axial force
(FA) acts along the axis of the antenna. The side farce (FS) acts perpendicular to the antenna axis in
the plane of the antenna axis and the wind vector. The twisting moment (M) acts in the plane
containing FA and Fs .. (See Figures B1, B2, andB3.)
For horn antennas, the origin is at the intersection of the vertical antenna axis with a plane tangent to
the bottom of the boresight cylinder. The axial force FA acts parallel to the antenna boresight axis.
The side force (Fs) acts perpendicular to FA in the plane of FA and the wind vector. The twisting
moment M acts in the plane containing FA andFS. (See Figure B4.)
For flat plate passive reflectors, the origin is at the centroid of the plate area. The axial force FA acts
along the normal to the plate. The side force (FS) acts peIl'endicular to FA in the plane ofFA and the
• wind vector. The twisting moment M acts in the plane containing FA and FS' (See Figure B5.)
In all cases, the magnitudes of FA. Fs, and M depend on the dynamic pressure of the wind. the
projected frontal area of the antenna. and the aerod~c characteristics of the antenna body. The
aerodynamic characteristics vary wi~ wind angle. The values of FA, FS, and M shall be calculated
from the following equations:
FA = CA AKzGtIV2(lb) Fs =Cs AKzGuV2(lb) M=CM AD KzGHV2(ft-lb)
Where: C A, CS , and eM are the coefficients contained in Tables B 1 through B6 as a function of wind
angle e.
On = Gust response factor from 2~3.4

A = Outside aperture area (sq ft) of parabolic reflector, grid, or hom antenna
= Plate area (sq ft) of passive reflector
D = Outside diameter (ft) of paraboloid reflector, grid, or hom antenna
= Width or length (ft) of passive reflector (see Figure B5)
V = Basic wind speed (mph) from 2.3.3
Kz = Exposure coefficient from 2.3.3 with z equal to the height of the
origin of the axis system
• e = Wind angle (deg); see Figures Bl through B5 for positive sign conventions
(Note: The coefficients described in Tables B 1 through B6 are presented in the customary system of
units. When SI units are desired, the results of the above equations may be converted using the
conversion factors provided in Annex G.)
.. .. ~/""".c .. -___ -'
•
Table BI. Wind Force Coefficients for Typical Paraboloid Without Radome
WIND ANGLE
e (DEG) CA Cs CM
0 .00397 .00000 .000000

10 .00394 -.00012 -.000065
20 .00396 -.00013 -.000097
30 .00398 -.00008 -.000108
40 .00408 .00002 -.000137
50 .00426 .00023 -.000177
60 .00422 .00062 -.000223
70 .00350 .00117 -.000020
80 .00195 .00097 .000256
90 -.00003 .00088 .000336

100 -.00103 .00098 .000338
110 -.00118 .00106 .000343
120 -.00117 .00117 .000366
130 -.00120 .00120 .000374
140 -.00147 .00114 .000338
•
150 -.00198 .00100 .000278
160 -.00222 .00075 .000214
170 -.00242 .00037 .000130
180 -.00270 .00000 .000000
190 -.00242 -.00037 -.000130
200 -.00222 -.00075 -.000214
210 -.00198 -.00100 -.000278
220 -.00147 -.00114 -.000338
230 -.00120 -.00120 -.000374
240 -.00117 -.00117 -.000366
250 -.00118 -.00106 -.000343
260 -.00103 -.00098 -.000338
270 -.00003 -.00088 -.000336

280 .00195 -.00097 -.000256
290 .00350 -.00117 .000020
300 .00422 -.00062 .000223
310 .00426 -.00023 .000177
320 .00408 -.00002 .000137
330 .00398 .00008 .000108
•
340 .00396 .00013 .000097
350 .00394 .00012 .000065
Table B2. Wind Force Coefficients for Typical Paraboloid With Radome
• WIND ANGLE
e
(DEG)
0
CA
.00221
Cs
.00000
CM
.00000
-.000204-
10 .00220 .00038
20 .00210 .00076 -.000285
30 .00195 .00105 -.000277
40 .00170 .00125 -.000205
50 .00140 .00136 -.000114
60 .00107 .00128 -.000002
70 .00080 .00118 .000130
80 .00058 .00112 .000268
90 .00034 .00104 .000390

100 .00008 .00100 .000434
110 -.00017 .00095 .000422
120 -.00042 .00089 .000404
130 -.00075 .00082 .000357
140 -.00105 .00078 .000232
.: 150
160
170
180
-.00133
-.00154
-.00168
-.00177
.00070
.00058
.00038
.00000
.000132
.000063
.000022
.000000
190 ~.00168 -.00038 -.000022
200 -.00154 -.00058 -.000063
210 -.00133 -.00070 -.000132
220 -.00105 -.00078 -.000232
230 -.00075 -.00082 -.000357
240 -.00042 -.00089 -.000404
250 -.00017 -.00095 -.000422
260 .00008 -.00100 -.000434
270 .00034 -.00104 -.000390

280 .00058 -.00112 -.000268
290 .00080 -.00118 -.000130
300 .00107 -.00128 .000002
310 .00140 -.00136 .000114
320 .00170 -.00125 .000205
330 .00195 -.00105 .000277
340 .00210 ~.00076 .000285
• 350 .00220 -.00038 .000204

...... .c-w 1-.&1"'1.-___ -'"
•
Table B3.Wind Force Coefficients for Typical Paraboloid With Cylindrical Shroud
WIND ANGLE
S(DEG) CA Cs CM
0 .00323 .00000 .000000

10 .00323 .00025 -.000072
20 .00320 .00045 -.000116
30 .00310 .00060 -.000133
40 .00296 .00072 -.000125
SO .00278 .00078 -.000083
60 .00242 .00094 -.000022
70 .00172 .00122 .000058
80 .00070 .00149 .000178
90 -.00028 .00160 .000251

100 -.00088 .00154 .000288
110 -.00138 .00136 .000292
120 -.00182 .00112 .000266
130 -.00220 .00080 .000237
140 -.00239 .00059 .000199
•
150 -.00245 .00045 .000158
160 -.00249 .00038 .000112
170 -.00255 .00025 .000059
180 -.00260 .00000 .000000

190 -.00255 -.00025 -.000059
200 -.00249 -.00038 -.000112
210 -.00245 -.00045 -.000158
220 -.00239 -.00059 -.000199
230 -.00220 -.00080 -.000237
240 -.00182 -.00112 -.000266
250 -.00138 -.00136 -.000292
260 -.00088 -.00154 -.000288
270 -.00028 -.00160 -.000251

280 .00070 -.00149 -.000178
290 .00172 -.00122 -.000058
300 .00242 -.00094 .000022
310 .00278 -.00078 .000083
320 .00296 -.00072 .000125
330 .00310 -.00060 .000133
•
340 .00320 -.00045 .000116
350 .00323 -.00025 .000072
TlAlEIA-21:-F
.: Table B4. Wind Force Coefficients for Typical Grid Antenna Without Ice
WIND ANGLE
9 (DEG) CA Cs
-CM
0 .00137 .00000 .000000
10 .00134 .00026 .000043
20 .00130 .00046 .000074
30 .00118 .000.59 .000098
40 .00104 .00067 .00011.5
50 .00088 .00070 .000127
60 .00060 .00072 .00013.5
70 .00033 .00070 .000142
80 .00010 .00064 .000126
90 -.00013 .00062 .000111

100 -.00030 .00070 .000120
110 -.00048 .00073 .000129
120 -.00068 .00071 .000131
130 -.00086 .00067 .000127
140 -.00104 .00060 .000114
.'
150 -.00122 .000.52 .000095
160 -.00140 .00040 .000070
r .00022 .000038
170 -.00150
180 -.00152 .00000 .000000

190 -.00150 -.00022 -.000038
200 -.00140 -.00040 -.000070
210 -.00122 -.00052 -.000095
220 -.00104 -.00060 -.000114
230 -.00086 -.00067 -.000127
240 -.00068 -.00071 -.000131
250 -.00048 -:-.00073 -.000129
260 -.00030 -.00070 -.000120
270 -.00013 -.00062 -.000111

280 .00010 -.00064 -.000126
290 .00033 -.00070 -.000142
300 .00060 -.00072 -.000135
310 .00088 -.00070 -.000127
320 .00104 -.00067 -.000115
330 .00118 -.00059 -.000098
":'.00046
•
340 .00130 -.000074
350 .00134 -.00026 -.000043
Note: In the absence of more accurate data for a grid antenna with ice, use wind force
coefficients for typical paraboloid without radome from Table B 1.
,,..
Table BS. Wind Force Coefficients for Typical Conical Horn Reflector Antenna
• WIND ANGLE
9 (DEG)
0
10
CA
.00338
.00355
Cs
.00000
.00004
CM
;00000
-.00005
20 .00354 .00025 -.00007
30 .00345 .00077 -.00001
40 .00335 .00142 .00009
50 .00299 .00181 .00023
60 .00235 .00208 .00035
70 .00154 .00237 .00044
80 .00059 .00248 .00046
90 -.00020 .00245 .00040

100 -.00062 .00240 .00032
110 -.00088 .00235 .00030
120 -.00147 .00225 .00032
130 -.00225 .00201 .00027
140 -.00289 .00167 .00021
150 -.00323 .00113 .00014
• 160 -.00367 .00052 .00007

170 -.00375 .00010 .00003
180 -.00356 .00000 .00000

190 -.00375 -.00010 -.00003
200 -.00367 -.00052 -.00007
210 -.00323 -.00113 -.00014
220 -.00289 -.00167 -.00021
230 -.00225 -.00201 -.00027
240 -.00147 -.00225 -.00032
250 -.00088 -.00235 -.00030
260 -.00062 -.00240 -.00032
270 -.00020 -.00245 -.00040

280 .00059 -.00248 -.00046
290 .00154 -.00237 -.00044
300 .00235 -.00208 -.00035
310 .00299 -.00181 -.00023
320 .00335 -.00142 -.00009
330 .00345 -.00077 .00001
340 .00354 -.00025 .00007
• 350 .00355 -.00004 .00005

lJAl.l:.iA-'::':-!-"
•
Table B6.Wind Force Coefficients for Typical Passive Reflector
WIND ANGLE
e (DEG) CA Cs CM
0 .00351 .00000 .000000

10 .00348 .00003 -.000077
20 .00341 .00008 -.000134
30 .00329 .00010 -.000180
40 .00309 .00013 -.000198
50 .00300 .00018 -.000208
60 .00282 .00021 -.000262
70 .00178 .00023 -.000225
80 .00071 .00027 -.000129
90 -.00010 .00030 .000030

100 -.00108 .00035 .000180
110 -.00235 .00039 .000225
120 -.00348 .00036 .000210
130 -.00348 .00029 .000148
140 -.00360 .00023 .000126
•
150 -.00376 .00019 .000109
160 -.00390 .00012 .000080
170 -.00400 .00008 .000042
180 -.00403 .00000 .000000

190 -.00400 -.00008 -.000042
200 -.00390 -.00012 -.000080
210 -.00376 -.00019 -.000109
220 -.00360 -.00023 -.000126
230 -.00348 -.00029 -.000148
240 -.00348 -.00036 -.000210
250 -.00235 -.00039 -.000225
260 -.00108 -.00035 -.000180
270 -.00010 -.00030 -.000030

280 .00071 -.00027 .000129
290 .00178 -.00023 .000225
300 .00282 -.00021 .000262
310 .00300 -.00018 .000208
320 .00309 -.00013 .000198
330 .00329 -.00010 .000180
•
340 .00341 -:-.00008 .000134
350 .00348 -.00003 .000077
TlAlEIA-2::-F
WmdAngle
• Wmd
I
Top View
Positive Sign Convention
Figure B 1. Wind Forces on Paraboloids and Grids
•
Wmd
•
Top View

Figure B2. Wind Forces on Paraboloids With Radomes
TWEIA-2Z!-F
•
WmdAngle
FS _.11--,;;:::-----
Top View
Figure B3. Wind Forces on Paraboloids With Cylindrical Shrouds
•
Side Elev.
Top View
---Wind Angle
FS
Figure B4. Wind Forces on Conical Horn Reflector Antennas

•
TIAlElA-222-F
• D
FS
M
L Wmd
(TOP VIEW)
e =Horizontal Wmd Angle

D =Width of Reflector
(A) PLAlE VERTICAL
Wind
(SIDE VIEW)
e =Vertical Plate Angle
D =Length of Reflector
(Horizontal Wind Angle =0 or 180 Oeg Only)
(B) PLATE TIL1ED
• Figure B5. Wind Forces on Flat Plate Passive Reflectors

TJAIEIA-2:1·F
ANNEX C: TABLE OF ALLOWABLE TWIST AND SWAY VALUES FOR PARABOLIC

ANTENNAS, PASSIVE REFLECTORS, AND PERISCOPE SYSTEM REFLECTORS •
A B C D E F G H I
Parabolic Antennas Passive Reflectors Periscope System Reflectors
3dB Deflection Limit of Limito! Limit of Limit of Limit of Umitof Limit of
Beam Angle Antenna Structure Passive Passive Reflec:tor Structure Structure
Widtb29 At 10dD Movement Movement RefJectar Reflector Movement Twist at Sway at
HPFor Points with 1\vistor Sway Twist with ReflcdDr Reflec:tDr
Antenna Note 1 Respect Sway at Note 4 Note 4 Respect Attachment Attachment
Only Note 7 to Antenna NoteS to Point Point
NoteB Structure Attachment Structure
Point
DEGREES DEGREES DEGREES DEGREES DEGREES DEGREES DEGREES DEGREES DEGREES
5.8 5.0 0.4 4.6 3.5 2.S 0.2 4.B 2.3
5.6 4.8 0.4 4.4 3.3 2.4 0.2 4.6 2.2
5.4 4.6 0.4 4.2 3.2 2.3 0.2 4.4 2.1
5.1 4.4 0.4 4.0 3.0 2.2 0.2 4.2 2.0
4.9 4.2 0.4 3.8 2.9 2.1 0.2 4.0 1.9
4.7 4.0 0.3 3.7 2.8 2.0 0.2 3.8 1.8
4.4 3.8 0.3 3.5 2.6 1.9 0.2 3.6 1.7
4.2 3.6 0.3 3.3 2.5 1.8 0.2 3.4 1.6
4.0 3.4 0.3 3.1 2.3 1.7 0.2 3.2 1.5
3.7 3.2 0.3 2.9 2.2 1.6 0.2 3.0 1.4
3.5 3.0 0.3 2.7 2.1 1.5 0.2 2.8 1.4
•
3.4 2.9 0.2 2.7 2.0 1.45 0.1 2.8 1.3
3.3 2.B 0.2 2.6 1.9 1.4 0.1 2.7 1.3
3.1 2.7 0.2 2.5 1.B 1.35 0.1 2.6 1.25
3.0 2.6 0.2 2.4 1.B 1.3 0.1 2.5 1.2
2.9 2.5 0.2 2.3 1.7 1.25 0.1 2.4 1.15
2.8 2.4 0.2 2.2 1.6 1.2 0.1 2.3 1.1
2.7 2.3 0.2 2.1 1.6 1.15 0.1 2.2 1.05
2.6 2.2 0.2 2.0 1.5 1.1 0.1 2.1 0.1
2.5 2.1 0.2 1.9 1.4 1.05 0.1 2.0 0.95
2.3 2.0 0.2 1.B 1.4 1.0 0.1 1,9 0.9
2.2 1.9 0.2 1.7 1.3 0.95 0.1 I.B 0.85
2.1 1.B 0.2 1.6 1.2 0.9 0.1 1.7 0.8
2.0 1.7 0.2 1.5 1.1 0.85 0.1 1.6 0.75
1.9 1.6 0.2 1.4 1.1 0.8 0.1 1.5 0.7
1.7 1.5 0.2 1.3 1.0 0.75 0.1 1.4 0.65
1.6 1.4 0.2 1.2 0.9 0.7 0.1 1.3 0.6
1.5 1.3 0.1 1.2 0.9 0.65 0.1 1.2 0.55
1.4 1.2 0.1 1.1 O.B 0.6 0.1 1.1 0.5
1.3 1.1 0.1 1.0 0.7 0.55 0.1 1.0 0.45
1.2 1.0 0.1 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.1 0.9 0.4
1.1 0.9 0.1 O.B 0.6 0.45 0.1 0.8 0.35
0.9 O.B 0.1 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.7 OJ
O.B 0.7 0.1 0.6 0.4 0.35 0.1 0.6 0.25
0.7 0.6 0.1 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.5 0.2
0.6 0.5 0.1 0.4 OJ 0.25 0.1 0.4 0.15
0.5 0.4 0.1 OJ 0.2 0.2 0.07 0.3 0.13
0.3 OJ 0.05 0.25 0.2 0.15 O.OS 0.25 0.10
•
0.2 0.2 0.14 0.1
0.1 0.1 0.07 0.05
Only for configuration where antenna
is directlv under the reflector.
NOTE: See Notes On Following Page.

TIAlEIA-212-F
Notes:
• 1. If values for columns "A" and ''B'' are not available from the manufacturer (s) of the antenna
system or from the user of the antenna system then values shall be obtained from Figure CI, C2,
or C3.
2. Limits of beam movement for twist or sway (treated separately inmost analyses) will be the sum
of the appropriate figures in columns C & D, G & H, and G & 1 columns G, H & I apply to a
vertical periscope configuration.
3. It is not intended that the values in this table imply an accuracy ofbeam width determination or
structural rigidity calculation beyond known practicable values and computational procedures.
For most microwave structures it is not practical to require a calculated structural rigidity ofless
than 1/4 degree twist or sway with a 50 mi/h (22.4 m/s) Basic Wind Speed.
4. For passive reflectors the allowable twist and sway values are assumed to include the effects of
all members contributing to the rotation of the face under wind load. For passives not elevated
far above ground (approximately 5 to 20 feet (1.5 to 6 m) clearance above ground) the structure
and reflecting face supporting elements are considered an integral unit. Therefore. separating
the structure portion of the deflection is only meaningful when passives are mounted on
conventional microwave structures.
5. The allowable sway for passive reflectors is considered to be 1.4 times the allowable twist to
account for the. amount of rotation of the face about a horizontal axis through the face center and
parallel to the face compared to the amount of beam rotation along the direction of the path as
it deviates from the plane of the incident and reflected beam axis.
6. Linear horizontal movement of antennas and reflect'?rs in the amount experienced for properly
designed microwave antenna system support structures is not considered a problem (no
significant signal degradation attributed to this movement).
7. For systems using a frequency of 450 MHz. the half power beam widths may be nearly 2 e
degrees for some antennas. However, structures designed for microwave relay systems will
usually have an inherent rigidity less than the maximum 5 degree deflection angle shown on the
chart.
8. The 3 dB beam widths, 2 e HP in column "A" are shown for convenient reference to
manufacturers' published antenna information. The minimum deflection reference for this
standard is the allowable total deflection angle e at the 10 dB points.
•
TIAIEIA-l1: -F
RectangUlar
"W"ar"lf'
(feet)
7B.
e (degrees)
Rectangular
.
apertUre
10 dB points
31••
•
I sa.
SB. ...•
•
III••
••
·
4B.
•• 18
I
38.
18.B
.211
I.B
ZB.
I.B
15.
.... 7.B
I.B
.sa
S.B
lB.
••
I ••
S.B ".B
8.B
7.B
6.B
S.B
Z.8
4.B
•• B
Z••
•
4.B 6.B
I.B 1.5
::::: I •.
3.B
1.a
Flat face reflector
Z.B jJ]mninatian
beam normal axis
uoifmm ampli~
Plan or elevation of flat face and phase
1.:1 reflectors
Note: For the rotatian. cr of the reflector about
HID 44),
~W e =·WorH
its center. the deflection beam angle e. may vary :&om
(J to 2cr in accordance with the antenna system geometry. Rectangular or square aperture
1.B
B&W are the projected
dimensions along the beam path
NOMOGRAPH, DEFLECTION ANGLE, e

AT 10 dB POINTS FOR RECTANGULAR
APERTURE
(FLAT FACE REFLECTOR)
Figure Cl
•
llA1.t::JA-2:!2-F
• Antenna system
half power beam width
(degrees)
Frequency
Ghz
D.e
Circular
Parabola .1e
"0"
(feet)
U.e 28.e
.28
IS.8 .38 15.e

.48
.111
le.e le.B
.88 '.e
'.B
1.B
I
I.B I.B
7.B 7.B
I.e S.B
Z.B
:5.B
•
5.e 3.e
4.8 4.8
4.a
6.e-.
3.B 3.e
--:r- 8.a
UI.
2.a
1.:5
I 29.
2.B
1.:5
I.e I.e
Parabolic reflector
10 dB taper
DK) 0~ 28 29 HP = 7~ A
Circular aperture
NOMOGRAPR NOMINAL BEAM WIDm
• 3dB POINTS
(TYPICAL PARABOUCREFLEcrOR)
Figure C2
l1A1l:.1A-.:..--r
Circular
Parabola
''Dn
(feet)
e (degrees)
Parabolic
circular apenure
•
28." IOdD points Frequency
.S8 Ghz
31.a
15."
.211 211.a
.38 1S.11I
.48
1111."
S."
8."
...
.11
1.111
_9."II.a
-=- I.B
-=t:.. ~::
fT
7.a 5.B
2.1
I.a ... a
s.• t ".1 3 B
•
2."
..."
3.a 1 • 1.5
1.8
2.B
1.5
l.a
Parabolic reflector
10 dB taper
DK) e = 6~A
Circular aperture a~ beamD<llllllll axis
Plan or elevation
of parabola
•
NOMOGRAPH - DEFLECTION ANGLE. 9
AT 10 dB POINTS FOR CIRCULAR APERIURE
(pARABOUC SURFACE CONIDUR)
Figure C3
J JAlc.JA-221-F
(LEFr BLANK INTENTIONALLY)
•
TlAlEIA-222-F
ANNEX D: DETERMINATION OF ALLOWABLE BEAM TWIST AND SWAY FOR

CROSS·POLARIZATION LIMITED SYSTEMS •
A dual polarized antenna has a pattern like that shown in either Fi~ D1 and D2. For most offset
antennas the cross-polarized null is deep as shown in Figure D1; for most center-fed antennaS the
cross-polarized null is shallow and the envelope is as shown in Figure D2. In either case, as soon as
the antenna is deflected from its nonnal position, the aoss-polarization discrimination, XPD (the
difference between the co-polarized signal and the. cross-polarized signal), decreases.
Where on-path cross-polarization discrimination is critical to system perl'ormance, allowable beam

deflection Q should be determined as shown in Figure D1 or 02. For offset-fed antennas, including
hom reflector antennas, g will determine twist only and the antenna beam width will deteImine
sway. For center-fed antennas, g will detennine both twist and sway.
•
.. ".. - .... _-I
REQUIRED XPD
"..-
( \ f (
• I
I
I
\
\
\
I
I
I
\ I
I \ I I
I \ II
I \ I
I
I . \¥
• Figure D 1. Offset Fed Antenna

--- -- --..... '\
I
I
I
J
---- - .--'
/
---~
• • •
TIAlEIA-2""-F
Table D 1. Table of Allowable Twist and Sway for Cross-Polarization Limited SystemS
• Allowable Twist For Offset-Fed Anrennas .

Allowable Twist and Sway For Center-Fed
A
Allowable
Beam Twist
ADteDnas
B
Limitaf
Amenna
C
Limitaf
Structure
D
3dB
Allowable Sway For Offset-Fed Antennas
Beam Width
E
Defledion"
Angle
F
Limitaf
AnleDT1a
G
Limitaf
Structure
ar Sway Far Movement Movement 2eBP AlI0dB Movement Sway
Cross- With Respect atAnteDDa For Points With Respect atADtemna
Polarization To Slrucrure Attachment AntemDsOnly To Structure Attachment
Limited Sys- Point Point
tems
(9)
DEGREES DEGREES DEGREES DEGREES DEGREES DEGREES DEGREES
5.0 0.5 4.5 5.8 S.O 0.4 4.6
4.0 0.4 3.6 S.6 4.8 0.4 4.4
3.0 0.3 2.7 S.4 4.6 0.4 4.2
2.0 0.2 1.8 S.l 4.4 0.4 4.0
1.0 0.1 0.9 4.9 4.2 0.4 3.8
0.9 0.09 0.81 4.7 4.0 0.3 3.7
0.8 0.08 0.72 4.4 3.8 0.3 3.5
0.7 0.07 0.63 4.2 3.6 0.3 3.3
0.6 0.06 0.54 4.0 3.4 0.3 3.1
O.S O.OS 0.45 3.7 3.2 0.3 2.9
0.4 0.04 0.36 3.5 3.0 0.3 2.7
•
0.3 0.03 0.27 3.4 2.9 0.2 2.7
0.2 0.02 0.18 3.3 2.8 0.2 2.6
0.1 0.01 0.09 3.1 2.7 0.2 2.5
3.0 2.6 0.2 2.4
2.9 2.S 0.2 2.3
2.8 2.4 0.2 2.2
2.7 2.3 0.2 2.1
2.6 2.2 0.2 2.0
2.5 2.1 0.2 1.9
2.3 2.0 0.2 1.8
2.2 1.9 0.2 1.7
2.1 1.8 0.2 1.6
2.0 1.7 0.2 1.5
1.9 1.6 0.2 1.4
1.7 1.5 0.2 1.3
1.6 1.4 0.2 1.2
"1.5 1.3 0.1 1.2
1.4 1.2 0.1 1.1
1.3 1.1 0.1 1.0
1.2 1.0 0.1 0.9
1.1 0.9 0.1 0.8
0.9 0.8 0.1 0.7
0.8 0.7 0.1 0.6
0.7 0.6 0.1 0.5
0.6 0.5 0.1 0.4
• 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.3

0.3 0.3 O.OS 0.25
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
Note: See Notes on Following Page.
TIAlEIA-11:-F
•
Notes:
1. IT values for columns ''0'' and "E" of the sway table and column "A" of the twist table are not
available from the manufacturer (s) of the antenna system or from the user of the antenna system
then values shall be obtained from Figure C2, or C3.
2. Limits of beam movement for twist or sway (treated separately in most analyses) are the sum
of the appropriate figures in columns "B" and "C" of the twist table and the sum of the
appropriate figures in columns "F" and "G" of the sway table.
3. Linear horizontal movement of antennlV; and reflectors in the amount experienced for properly
designed microwave antenna system support structures is not considered a problem (no
significant signal degradation attributed to this movement).
4. The 3 dB beam widths~ 2 a HP in column "0" are shown for convenient reference to
manufacturers' standard published antenna infmmation. The minimum deflection reference for
e
this standard is the allowable total deflection angle at the 10 dB points.
5. The values shown in this table depict angular deflections in two orthogonal planes nonna! to the
boresight direction: vertical elevation (sway) and horizontal azimuth (twist). No allowance has
been made for initial offsets due to mount skew, installation tolerances. paths not nonna! to the
suppOrt structures. etc. Special considerations will be required in those cases.
6. It is not intended that the values on this table imply an accuracy of beam width detennination
or structural rigidity calculation beyond known practicable values and computational
procedures. For most microwave structures it is not practicable to require a calculated structural
rigidity of less than 1/4 degree twist or sway with a 50 mi/h (22.4 m/s) Basic Wind Speed.
•
J JAI.t:::IA-:u2-F
(LEFT BLANK INTENTIONALLy)
•
TIAlEIA-211-F
ANNEX E: TOWER MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION PROCEDURES
Owners of towers should perform initial and periodic tower inspection and maintenance to assure
safety and to extend service life. It is recommended that major inspections be performed, at a
minimum, every 3 years for guyed towers and every 5 years for self-supporting towers. See section
14. Ground and aerial procedures should be performed only by authorized personnel, experienced
•
in climbing and tower adjustments.
Some of the items listed below may apply only to initial construction of new towers.
I. Tower Conditions (guyed and self-supporting)

A. Members
1. Bent members (legs and lacing)

2. Loose members
3. Missing members
4. Climbing facilities, platforms, catwalks - all secure

5. Loose and/or missing bolts
B. Finish
1. Paint and/or galvanizing condition

2. Rust and/or corrosion conditions
3. FAA or rCAO color marking conditions
•
4. Water collection in members (to be remedied, e.g., unplug drain holes, etc.)
C. Lighting
1. Conduit, junction boxes, and fasteners weather tight and secure

2. Drains and vents open
3. Wiring condition
4. Controllers functiOning
R. Flasher
b. Photo control
c. Alarms
5. Light lenses
6. Bulb condition (Option: change all bulbs at one time)

D. Grounding
1. Connections checked and secure

•
llAlEIA-2:!:!-f
2. Corrosion observed and remedied
• 3. Lightning protection secure (as required)

E. Tower Base Foundation
1. Ground Conditions
a. Settlements or movements
b. Erosion.
c. Site condition (standing water, drainage, trees, etc.)
2. Base condition
a. Nuts and lock nuts tight
b. Grout condition
3. Concrete Condition
a. Cracking, spalling, or splitting
b. Chipped or broken concrete
c. Honeycombing
•
d. Low spots to collect moisture
e. Anchor-bolt corrosion
F. Tower Assembly ProfIle (See Figures El and E2)
l. Antennas and feedlines (each)
a. Frequency
b. Elevation
c. Type
d. Size
e. Manufacturer
f. Connectors and hangers
2. Optional appurtenances (walkways, platfonns. senslJrs, floodlights, etc.)
a. Elevation
b. Arrangement
c. Drawings or sketches
• 3. Foundation and anchors

a. Plan
b. Elevations (relative or true)
TINEIA-~·t"
•
c. Size
d. Depths
e. Soil type (if known or necessary)
G. Tower Alignment (See Figures E3, E6, and E7)
1. Tower Plumb and Twist (See 6.1.2.1 and 6.1.2.2)
H. Insulators (As Required)
1. Insulator Condition
a. Cracking and chipping
b. Cleanliness of insulators
c. Spark gaps set properly
d. Isolation transformer condition
e. Bolts and connections secure
f. Manufacturer type and part numbers for future replacements
ll. Guyed Towers
A. Anchors
1. Settlement, movement or earth cracks
2. Backfill heaped over concrete for water shedding
•
3. Anchor rod condition below earth (Maintain required structural capacity of anchor
during exploration, inspection and maintenance. Attachment to temporary anchorage may
be required.)
4. Corrosion control measures (galvanizing, coatings, concrete encasement, cathodic
protection systems, etc., refer to Annex J.)
5. Grounding (Paragraph I-D)
6. Anchor head clear of earth
B. Tower Guys (see Figures E4 and E5)
1. Strand
a. Type (Ix7 EHS, lxI9 bridge strand, etc.)
b. Size
•
c. Breaking strength
d. Elevation
e. Condition (corrosion, breaks, nicks, kinks, etc.)
2. Guy Hardware
TIAlEIA-212-F
a. Twnbuckles (or equivalent) secure and safety properly applied
• b. Cable thimbles properly in place (if required)

c. Service sleeves properly in place (if required)
d. Cable connectors (end fittings)
i. Cable clamps applied properly and bolts tight
11. Preformed wraps· properly appli~ fully wrapped, and sleeve in place
iii. Wire serving properly applied
IV. Strandvices secure
v. Poured sockets secure and showing no separation
(Note: Connectors should show no signs of damaged cable or slippage.)
e. Shackles, bolts, pins, and cotter pins secure and in good condition.
3. Guy Tensions
a. Tension should be compared to design requirement.
b. Tensions should be checked by acceptable methods (see Section IV and Figures ES,
E9, and EIO)
• Notes:
c. Record tensions and weather conditions on attached charts (see Figures E4 and ES)
1) Variations in guy tensions are to be expected due to temperature and wind. These are minor
variations. Should there be significant tension changes, the cause should be determined
immediately and proper remedial action taken.' Possible causes may be initial construction
loosening, extreme wind or ice, anchor movements, base settlement, or connection slippage.
2) Tension variations at a single level are to be expected because of anchor elevation
differences, construction deviations, and wind effects.
Caution: Do not check or adjust guy tensions during times of excessive winds.
m. Antennas and Feedlines
A. Antenna Mounts and Antennas
1. Members (mounting and stabilizing)
a. Bent, broken, or cracked
b. Loose
• c. Missing
d. Loose and/or missing bolts
2. Adjustments secure and locked
J JI'\J.t.!A-~-j-
•
3. Elements
a. Bent, broken, cracked or bullet damaged
b. Loose
c. Missing
d. Loose and/or missing fasteners
4. Corrosion condition
5. Radomes and/or cover conditions
B. Feed Lines (waveguide, coax, etc.)
l. Hangers and supports
a. Condition
b. Quality
c. Corrosion condition
2. Flanges and seals (check integrity)
3. Line Condition
a. Dents
b. Abrasions
c. Holes
d. Leaks
~
•
e. Jacket condition
4. Grounds
a. Top ground strap bonded both ends
b. Bottom ground strap bonded both ends
5. Feedline support (ice shields)
a. Properly attached
b. Loose and/or missing bolts
c. Members straight and undamaged
•
TIAlEIA-222-F
TOWER ELEVATION
• Show the following:

-
-
Tower Height above ground
Location of antennas
-
-
Location of feed lines
Location of platfonns, ladders, etc.
• Figure El
TIAIEIA-l1:-F
•
PLOT PLAN
Show the following:
- Tower layout relative to North - Access roads and buildings
- Anchors and assign letter designation - Power lines and poles
- Relative or true anchor and base elevations
Figure E2
•
TOWER LEG VERTICAL ALIGNMENT
• 1. Check with transit. Two transit setups are required. Line transit parallel to one face and
center on leg. Second setup should be at 90° on same leg. Show on sketch below the
locations used for transit setup. Indicate North.
Self- Transit #1 Transit #2

Supporting Guy Level Tower Lays Tower Lays
Elevations Top to Bottom Left 0 Right Left 0 Right
Cantilever Structure
1000' 10
900' 9
800' 8
700' 7
• 600'
500'
400' 4
6
5
300' 3
200' 2
100' 1
Approximate wind speed during measurements mph
Note: TItis procedure is not sufficient to detennine both twist and out of plumb.
See Figures E6 and E7.
• Figure E3
•
3-WAY GUYED TOWER
Guy Guy Initial

NO' ~i;p. Tp.nsinn
Guy Leg A to
9
-R
6
-.c;
Guy Leg B ~~i-----J.---..J
Guy Leg C ~~+----~__--J •

1
Data: Date Tune

Temp Wind--
Ice
Figure E4
•
•
4-WAY GUYED TOWER
Guy Guy Initial

NO' ~i;~ T~--~--
Guy Leg A to
I
~
6
5
4-
~
2
1
Guy Leg B ~~-I-_ _ _+-__--;
•
1
Note: See Note 2, Section IT for

details regarding guy tension
checks.
Data: Date Tune, _ __

Temp Win,u.,d_ _
Ice
• Figure E5
'IWIST AND Our-Of-PLUMB DETERMINATION FOR SQUARE TOWERS
Sice Name: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
W"md: _ __
•
fOUR TRANSrr SEIiJpS ARE. REQUIRED. ONE ON EACB LEG A7lMtlTB s[GHI'ING THE
CORRESPONDING TOWER LEG AT 'TBE BASE OF nm TOWER. TO SET'l'HE num VER'nCAL tHE
DEFI.EcrION AT ANY POIN! ON nm TOW£R SHOULD BE MEASURED mOM 'IBIS TRtJE vs.nCAL.
USING 1'HE SIGN CONVENnON BELOw.
d=(Dl +D2+D3+D4)/4
II = (dli)/A
a =lITCsin (e)
z= (D2 -D4) 12
1=(DI-D3) 12
r = jr: +f
\ . . - _ - - - TDW!lt CtOSs-ss:nON BEING O!ISEIlVED
•
OBSERVED MASt" DATA CALCUU'IEO CALCUIATED
TWIST OUT-oF-PLOMB
MAST
EU::\'. A Dl D2 D3 D4 d e a x y r
Fr. IN. IN. IN. IN. IN. IN. DEG. IN. IN. IN.
Figure E6. Twist and Out-af-Plumb Determination for Square Towers

•
,.. ...
• 1WIST AND Our-oF-PLUMB DETERMINATION FOR TRIANGUlAR TOWERS
Sice Name: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _........_ Date: _ _ _ _ __
W"md: _ _ _ Tempm"..m: _ _ __
m:REE TRANSIT SETUPs ARE REQUIRED. ONE ON EAaI LEG A%IMOTB SIGHTING nm
CORRESPONDING TOWER LEG AT mE BASE OF 1BE TOWB TO SEt' 'lBE TRtlE VER'I'ICAL 'lEE
DEFlEcnON AT ANY POINI' ON mE TOWER SHOULD BE MEAStlRED fROM mrs 1'1WE VElmCAL.
USING mE SIGN CONVENIlON BELOW.
d=(Dl +D2+D3)/ 3
, = (d./3)/A
a =lITClin (,)
z= (D2-D3)/.fj
1=(2xDI-D2-D3)/3
r= /r+r
\ -_ _- - - TOWEll affls-sECnDN ATlSASE
•
y---~
OBSERVED MASr DATA CALCtJIATED CALCtJlA'IEJ

TWIST our-OF-PLUMB
MAST
EU:V. A Dl D2 D3 d e a x y r
FT. IN. IN. IN. IN. IN. DEG. IN. IN. IN.
• Figure E7. Twist and Out-of-Plumb Detennination for Triangular Towers

111\Jl:.U-\--_-r
IV_ Methods For Measuring Guy Initial Tensions

There are two basic methods of measuring guy initial tensions in the field: the cfirect method
and the indirect method_
•
A. The Direct Method (see Figure EB)
A dynamometer (load cell) with a length adjustment device. such as a come-along. is
attached to the guy system by clamping onto the guy just above the turnbuckle and onto
the anchor shaft below the turnbuckle. thus making the turnbuckle redundant.
The come-along is then tightened until the original turnbuckle begins to slacken. At this
point the dynamometer carries all of the guy load to the anchor, and the guy tension may
be read directly off the dynamometer dial.
One may use this method to set the correct tension by adjusting the come-along until the
proper tension is read on the dynamometer. Two control points are marked, one above
the clamping point on the guy and one on the anchor shaft, and the control length is
measured. The dynamometer and come-along are then removed, and the original
turnbuckle is adjusted to maintain the control length previously measured.
B. The Indirect Method. (see Figures ES and E9)
There are two common techniques for the indirect measurement of guy initial tensions: •
the pulse or swing method (vibration) (Figure ES) and the tangent intercept or sag
method (geometry) (Figure E9).
1. The Pulse Method (see Figures ES and EiD)
One sharp jerk is applied to the guy cable near its connection to the anchor causing a
pulse or wave to travel up and down the cable. On the fIrst return of the pulse to the
lower end of the guy cable the stop watch is started. A number of returns of the pulse
to the anchor are then timed, and the guy tension is calculated from the following
equations:
WU/2
TM = 8.05Pl (1)
•
llN.l::.lA':U1-F
in which (see Figure ElD)
• TA = Guy tension at anchor (lb)

TM =Guy tension at mid-guy (lb)
W = Total weight of guy, including insulators, etc. (l~)
L = Guy chord length (ft)
L == ./JP + V2 (3)
v =Vertical distance from guy attachment on tower to guy attachment at anchor (ft)
H =Horizontal distance from guy attachment on tower to guy attachment at anchor
(ft)
N = Number of pulses or swings counted in P seconds
P = Period of time measured for N pulses or swings (s)
Instead of creating a pulse that travels up and down the guy, one may achieve the
same result by causing the guy cable to swing freely from side to side while timing N
complete swings. The fonnu1as given above will also apply for this approach.
2. The Tangent Intercept Method (see Figure £9)
A line of sight is established which is tangential to the guy cable near the anchor end
•
and which intersects the tower leg a distance (tangent intercept) below the guy
attachment point on the mast. This tangent intercept distance is either measured or
estimated and the tension is calculated from the following equation:
,
.
(4)
in which
C =Distance from guy attachment on tower to the center of gravity of the weight W
(ft)
I = The tangent intercept (ft)
If the weight is unifonnly distributed along the guy cable, C will be approximately
equal to H/2. If the weight is not unifonnly distributed, the guy may be subdivided
into n segments and the following equation may be used:
SjH2+ (V - 1)2
(5)
HI
•
in which
N
S = IWICI (6)
I-I
=Weight of segment i (lb)
•
Wi
Ci =Distance from the guy attachment on the tower to the center of gravity of
segment i (ft)
IT the intercept is difficult to establish, one may use the guy slope at the anchor end
with the follOwing equation: .
we jI + tan1 a
TA = ~....:.---~- (7)
(V - Htan a)
in which
a = Guy angle at the anchor (see Figure E9)
Note that
I = V - Hlan a (8)
and that
= /1 + tan= a (9)
and that WC in equation (7) may be replakd with S, as was done in equation (5) .
•
•
• • • ~
~
t
5
DYNAMOMETER METHOD I',
AS COME-ALONG IS TIGHTENED
DYNAMOMETER CARRIES FULL
DYNAMOMETER
LOAD WilEN TURNBUCKLE IS
COME-ALONG TURNBUCKLE FULLY SLACKENED
(NUTS BREAK FREE). .
I
I
PULSE METHOD SWING METHOD

PULSE TRAVELS UP AND DOWN
THE GUY N TIMES
IN P SECONDS. ~" "
" ~
""
"'Y
"
a
~
GUY SWINGS FROM a TO b
AND BACK N TIMES
IN P SECONDS
~ b ~
Figure E8. Methods of Measuring Initial Tension

ltNc.1A-~·r
•
Ie
I
Figure E9. Tangent Intercept Method

•
nn
•
L
v
• Figure EIO. Relationship Between Guy Tension at Anchor and at Mid-Guy

TIAlElA-221- F
•
ANNEX F: CRITERIA FOR THE ANALYSIS OF EXISTING STRUCTURES
Periodic revisions to this standard are made by the Committee based upon comments received from
the industry.
The committee does not intend that existing structures be analyzed for each revision of the standard;
however, structural analysis of existing structures should be performed by qualified professional
engineers using the latest edition of this standard when:
a) There is a change in antennas, transmission lines, and/or appurtenances (quantity, size, location,
or type)
b) There is a change in operational requirements (twist and sway)

c) There is a need to increase wind or ice loading
To perform the analysis, the following data is required:

a) Member sizes, dimensions, and connections
b) Material properties
c) Existing and proposed loading; antennas (size, elevation, and azimuth), transmission lines, and
appurtenances
Data may be obtained from the following sources:

a) Previous stress and rigidity analysis (structure and foundation)
b) Structural and detail drawings (design and as-built) ~
•
c) Specifications
d) Construction records
e) Field investigation
•
•
•
TIAlElA-:2:-F
•
ANNEX G: SI CONVERSION FACTORS
Conversions commonly required using EIA/IlA-222 for the International System of Units [S1]
To Convert From To Multiply By
inches (in) millimeters (mm) 25.40
feet (ft) meters (m) 0.3048
square feet (ft2) square meters (m2) 0.0929
cubic feet (ft3) cubic meters (m3) 0.0283
pounds [force] (lb) newtons (N) 4.4482
pounds per cubic feet kilonewtons per cubic meter
[weight] (pet) ~/m3) . 0.1571
pounds per square foot
(lb/ft2) pascals (pa) 47.88
kips per square inch (ksi) megapascals ~a) 6.8948
miles per hour (miIh) meters per second (rn/s) 0.4470
•
•
(LEFI' BLANK INTENTIONALLy)
•
TIAJEIA-221-F
ANNEX H: COMMENTARY ON ICE DESIGN CRITERIA FOR COMMUNICATION •

STRUCTURES
1 rnTRODUCTION
The meteorological phenomenon of ice accumulation is very difficult to predict with
certainty. For tower and pole structures, ice accumulation can be one of the predominant
applied loads.
The first task in developing ice design criteria is to determine if the proposed or existing site
is susceptible to icing. H the site has a history of ice accumulation, the frequency, thickness,
type and duration of icing must be detennined. Potential sources of this information include
the National Weather Service (NWS), local weather agencies, owners of existing towers at
the same site or nearby sites, loca1landowners, and consulting meteorologists.
Judgment must be exercised to detennine if reported icing events are frequent· or rare
occurrences. Likewise, in some geographical areas, seasonal high winds and icing occur
simultaneously~ For these situations, simultaneous application of maximum wind and ice
loadings may be required.
The effect of icing on a tower generally relates directly to the type and size of tower and to
the type and thickness of icing. For example, a Ill-inch radial ice accumulation will have •
more impact on a short tower with small members than a tall tower with larger members.
Very tall towers may experience large thicknesses of in-cloud icing over portions of the
mast. Solid or clear glaze ice has a higher density than that of rime ice or hoarfrost.
Consequently, the effects of increased dead weight from ice accumulation will vary
depending on the type of ice. Large accumulations of radial ice can dramatically increase
the projected wind area of tower members and antennas.
•
2 TYPES OF ICING (1) (2) (3)
• There are several types of icing which can ~ulate on communication structures. It is
important to understand where and how they form.
2.1 Homfrost
Homfrost is a fluffy or feathery deposit of interlocking ice crystals fonned on

objects, usually those of small diameter freely exposed to the air, such as tree
branches, wires, etc. The deposition ofhoarftost is simjJar to the process by which
dew is fmmed, except that the temperature of the frosted object must be below
freezing. It fonns when air, with a dew point below freezing, is brought to saturation
by cooling. Hoarfrost has densities less than 19 Ib/fi3 [3 kN/m3].
2.2 Rime Ice
Rime ice is a white or milky granular deposit of ice formed by the rapid freezing of
supercooled water drops as they impinge upon an exposed object It is denser and
harder than hoarfrost, but lighter, softer, and less transparent than glaze. Rime is
composed essentially of discrete ice granules and has densities ranging from 56 to
191b/ft3 [9 to 3 kN/m3].
Rime is often described as soft or hard. Soft rime is a white, opaque coating of fine
rime deposited especially on points and edges of objects. It is usually formed in
supercooled fog. On the windward side, soft rime may grow to very thick layers,
• long feathery cones, or needles pointing into the wind and having a structure similar
to hoarfrost. .
Hard rime is an opaque, granular mass of. rime formed by a dense supercooled fog.
Hard rime is compact and amorphous and may build out into the wind as glazed
cones or feathers. The icing of ships and shoreline structures by supercooled spray
usually has the characteristics of hard rime.
2.3 Glaze Ice
Glaze ice is a coating of ice, generally clear and smooth, but usually containing some
air pockets. It is fonned on exposed objects by the freezing of a fIlm of supercooled
water, usually deposited by rain or drizzle. Glaze is denser, harder, and more
transparent than either rime or hoarfrost. Its density may be as high as 561b/ft3
[9 kN/m3]•
• (1) Atmospheric Icing on Structures. Boyd & Williams.

(2) Draft Guidelines for Transmission Line Structural LoadiDgs. ASCE.
(3) Tatte1man • P.. and Gringonen.ll. "Estimated Glaze Ice and Wmd!.Dads at the Earth's smface for the
Contiguous United States". Air Force Cambridge Research Labaratorics. Bedfmd. Mwachusetts. 1973.
3 CONDmONS OF ICE FORMATION
The type of ice formed is determined by combinations of air temperature, wind speed, drop •
size, and liquid water content or rainfall intensity. The icing problem, therefore, can be
classified either by the meteorological conditions that produce the fonnation of ice or by the
type of ice that is fanned.
3.1 Precipitation Icing
This is the most common icing mechanism and can occur in any area subject to
freezing rain or drizzle. The ice is fanned when wann, moist air is forced over a
sub-freezing, denser layer of air at the ground smface. As the warm air rises and
condenses, rain falls through the colder air and freezes on objects near the ground.
This frozen deposit is a clear glaze type of ice. Since this kind of weather is caused
by frontal activity, it usually doesn't last more than a day or two.
Because it is necessary for excess water to be present for glaze to form on exposed
surfaces, often the excess water may freeze into icicles or other distended shapes.
In actual practice, glaze ice can be seen to form on cables and guys in a variety of
shapes ranging from the classical smooth cylindrical sheath, through crescents on
the windward side and icicles hanging on the underside to large irregular
protuberances spaced along the cable. In most cases, glaze ice develops on
structures as a fairly smooth layer on the windward surfaces with icicles fanning
•
below horizontal members. The shape of the glaze is apparently dependent on a
combination of factors. such as wind speed. variations in wind speed, the angle of
the wind, the turbulence of the flow, variations in air temperature and duration of the
storm. Since most of these factors vary from storm to storm, and even during the
storm, a cylindrical shape of equivalent weight is assumed for design purposes.
3.2 In-Cloud ICing
This type of icing condition is caused by the impingement of super-cooled water

droplets of a cloud on the structure or cable. This is rime ice. It can occur in
mountainous areas where clouds exist above the freezing level or in a super-cooled
fog at lower elevations produced by a stable air mas~ with a strong temperature
inversion. These conditions can last for days or weeks.
The total amount of in-cloud ice deposited is dependent on wind speed. Since wind
speed increases with height above ground. larger amounts of ice will occur towards
the top of taller towers and on the cables that support or are mounted on taller towers .
•
1n"'l'
•
•
.. ~ .... ~-- ..
ANNEX I: GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS FOR TOWERS
A soil investigation by a geotechnical engineering fum is recommended for each tower site. to
detennine its unique soil and physical characteristics, and to provide data to develop safe deSIgn
parameters, economical foundation alternatives, and installation procedures. To ensure that the
report furnishes useful information to the foundation designer, the "geotechnical fmn should be
•
provided with the following infonnation:
a. A plot plan and site location map with tower, equipment building and other site improvements
located.
b. Tower base vertical reaction and shear and anchor vertical and horizontal reactions for guyed
towers; or maximum compression and tension (uplift) reactions with shear for self-supporting
towers.
c. Any special conditions or requirements of the specifications.
d. The minimum depth of borings for guyed tower bases should be 15-20 ft; for guyed tower
anchors 10-15 ft; for self-supporting towers, boring depth will vary depending upon the type of
foundation being considered. The magnitude of the structure reactions, site and soil conditions
may require altering the boring depth requirements.
The geotechnical report should provide the following information at minimum:

a. Boring logs.
1. Date, sampling methods, and number and type of samples.
,
2. Description of the soil strata according to the Unified Soil Classification System.
•
3. Depths at which strata changes occur referenced to a site datum.
4. Standard Penetration Test blow counts.
S. Soil densities.
6. Elevation of free water encountered and its level after 24 hours, and recommended ground
water elevation to be considered for design.
7. Maximum and average depth of frost penetration.
b. Other soil characteristics or properties which may be required because of local conditions.
(Refer to Annex J for corrosion control options for guy anchors in direct contact with soil.)
c. A description of alternative foundation methods with recommendations for ultimate values for
passive pressure, bearing pressure and skin friction, the angle of internal friction and other
applicable soil properties and appropriate safety factors.
•
1na
•
•
ANNEX J: CORROSION CONTROL OPTIONS FOR GUY ANCHORS IN DIRECT
1 INTRODUCTION
CONTACT wrm SOIL
Many guy anchors in cfirect contact with soil. designed in accordance with EIA/TIA Standards. have
perfonned well without detrimental corrosion. However, depending on the required design life of
•
the structure and on site-specific conditions. corrosion control measures, in addition to hot-dip
galvanizing, may be required to prevent the premature deterioration of these types of anchors.
Hot-dip galvanized materials have been proven to be very effective in resisting corrosion when in
direct contact with soil. In a la-year study involving 45 types of soils perfonned by the Nation~
Bureau of Standards. only one sample had some penetration of the base steel. A 13-year test m
cinders ( one of the most corrosive subgrade environments), indicated that corrosion was effectively
reduced, even though the zinc coating was destroyed within the first two years. One theory for this
behavior is that the alloy layer between the zinc and steel surface, formed during the hot-dip
galvanizing process, results in a major source of protection. Also, in some soils, a proteCtive layer of
a zinc compound forms during the corrosion process, slowing the rate of corrosion.
Despite the protective nature of hot-dip galvanized materials. there have been reports of
unacceptable anchor corrosion occurring within 10 years after installation. Anchor inspections are
imperative to determine if accelerated corrosion is occuning at a given site. Corrosion activity may
vary widely across a site. Anchor corrosion could occur at one or more of the anchors at a site and
could occur at any depth along a given anchor. Some of the site conditions which may result in
•
accelerated corrosion are briefly described in this annex. Under these conditions. additional
corrosion control measures should be considered.
This annex is not intended to be a treatise on the subject of anchor corrosion but is provided to help
owners become aware of the potential anchor corrosioIl; problems and the imponance of anchor
inspections; and to encourage owners to pursue further information from appropriate specialists for
both new and existing construction. A corrosion specialist may recommend methods to curtail or
monitor corrosion discovered at existing sites or present options to consider for proposed sites.
2 TYPES OF CORROSION
2.1 Galvanic Corrosion
Galvanic anchor corrosion occurs in soil when a self-generated current exists due to the
connection of dissimilar metals or due to non-unifoIll1 conditions existing along the surface
of an anchor.
When a dissimilar metal is electrically connected to an anchor. a difference in potential
exists between the two materials. If the dissimilar metal is also in contact with a low
resistivity soil. a complete circuit will exist. Current will flow from one metal to the other
due to the electrical connection and return through the soil completing the circuit. This
naturally occurring phenomenon is why current is obtained from a battery when its terminals
are electrically connected.
Dissimilar metals behave in this manner because of the difference in potential each metal
inherently has. Metals may be listed in order of their potential. Such a list is called a galvanic •
series. A galvanic series of commonly used metals and alloys is given in Table Jl.
When a complete circuit exists. corrosion occurs on the metal listed higher in the galvanic
series. This is the location where current exits and travels through the soil towards the metal
111
listed lower on the galvanic serieS. For exampl~ if a large copper ground system in a
conductive soil is directly or indirectly (tbrough guys) e1ectrically connected ~ a s~l
• anchor, corrosion will occur on the anchor since stccl is listed higher on the galvamc senes
than copper.
The rate of corrosion will depend largely on the conductivity of the soil and the relative
locations of the metals in the galvanic series. The higher the soil conductivity, and the further
apart the metals are in the galvanic series, the faster the coirosion. Many other fac~
beyond the scope of this commentary could influence the rate of corrosion and: result m
accelerated anchor corrosion. .
Galvanic corrosion may also occur at·variousratcs withouttbepresence of a dissimUarmetaI
when conditions along the surface of the anchor are not uniform. This situation may exist
when the base of the anchor is embedded in concrete. The moist concrete, being much
different than the soil surrounding the exposed portion of the anchor, will have a different
potential. H the surrounding soil conductivity is high, accelerated corrosion of the anchor
may occur. Backfill conditions with non-uniform composition, compaction, moisture
content, porosity, etc., may result in similar localized differences in potential along the
anchor.
2.2 Electrolytic Corrosion
Electrolytic corrosion is very similar to galvanic corrosion. The difference being the current
responsible for electrolytic corrosion is from an outside source as opposed to a
•
self-generated current which is responsible for galvanic corrosion. Outside sources of
current which may result in electrolytic corrosion include electric rail transit systemS,
mining operations, welding activities, macbincry, or the corrosion control systems for
pipelines or nearby structures. ~
For electrolytic corrosion to occur, the smmunding soil must be conductive and a current
from an outside source must enter and exit an anchor on its path to a location of lower
potential. At the point of entry, the anchor is generally unaffected. At the point of exit, as
with galvanic corrosion, accelerated corrosion may occur.
3 CORROSION POTENTIAL OF SOn.
The corrosion potential at a given site is a function of many variables. Fortunately, one of the most
important variables, the conductivity of soil, may be determined by a geotechnical investigation.
3.1 Soil Conductivity
The conductivity of a soil is usually detennincd by mcaswing resistivity. Resistivity is most
often I!leasured in units of ohm-<:entimeter (obm-cm). The lowel- the resistivity, the higher
the conductivity. For example, salt water, a very cmrosive environment, has a resistivity of
approximately 25 ohm-cm. Clean dry sand, which is usually a non-corrosive environment,
may have a resistivity of more that 1,000,000 olun-cm. A soil with a resistivity below 2,000
ohm-cm is generally considered to be highly corrosive.
•
3.2 Other Factors
Soil resistivity may vary seasonably and is generally a function of mineral composition,
moisture content and the concentration of dissolved salts. Clays and high moisture content
soils generally have lower resistivity than sands or low moisture content soils. However, a
11 "
dry sandy soil may become very aggressive upon an increase in moisture content if dissolved
salts are present. Likewise, a wet soil may not be aggressive without the pres~ce of
dissolved salts. Temperature also affects resistivity values. The resistivity of a soil may
measure very high if measured under near freezing conditions, yet be very aggressive under
wanner conditions.
Many other factors influence the corrosion potential of soil to varying degrees. Some of
•
these factors are: drainage, soil porosity (aeration), acidity or alkaJinity (Ph), certain
chemical properties, the metabolic activities of certain micro-organisms, adjacent 8l1d/or
cathodically protected structures. These factors may also vary seasonably or vary due to
other activities at a site, such as the doping of soil to increase the effectiveness of a grounding
system. Due to the many possible' factors involved, it may not always be possible to
detennine the controlling factor when accelerated cOlTosion occurs.
3.3 Geotechnical Investigations
When a geotechnical investigation is performed, as a minimum, the local soil resistivity 8l1d
the type and concentration of dissolved salts should be established. With this information,
together with a description of all existing and/or proposed construction, a corrosion
specialist should be able to recommend various corrosion control measures to be considered.
Additional site testing may be required by the corrosion specialist in order to properly design
and implement a corrosion control system.
4 OPTIONS FOR CORROSION CONTROL
None of the following options for corrosion control eliminate the need for proper monitoring and •
maintenance over the life of the structure.
4.1 Site Modifications ~
Improving drainage or placing an impermeable layer of soil at an anchor location may be

beneficial in reducing the rate of corrosion. Under some situations it may be possible to
backfill around an anchor with a high resistivity soil. Adding chemicals to neutralize
existing corrosive soils or to mitigate the actions of micro-organisms may also be an
alternative. Care must be taken to ensure that the required structural capacity of an anchor
support is maintained during excavations and to avoid contaminating the local soil with
toxic substances. Relocating an anchor may also be a reasonable alternative if the cause or
possibility of accelerated corrosion at a site is known to be a localized, isolated condition.
If copper ground rods serve as grounding for an anchor, replacing them with galvanized steel
rods would reduce galvanic corrosion by eliminating the presence of a dissimilar metal.
Special attention should be paid to the ground lead and its connection to a galvanized rod,
particularly when the connection is placed below grade.
Isolation of anchors from the structure using guy insulators may help to reduce the
transmission of stray currents from outside sources and therefore minimize electrolytic
corrosion. Galvanic corrosion due to the presence of copper ground rods would be
eliminated if the ground wires were connected on the tower side of the isolation point. •
Isolation may also increase the efficiency of sacrificial anodes described in 4.4. Bonding the
anchors to adjacent cathodically protected pipelines or structures may protect the anchors as
opposed to subjecting them to possible electrolytic corrosion. This should only be done in
accordance with recommendations from a corrosion specialist.
11 ~
4.2 Protective Coatings
•
Many types of organic and inorganic protective ~atings are available. The effectiveness of a
coating is highly dependent upon the preparation of the anchor surface, the method. of
application and the wInerability of the coating to damage during construction. Protecttve
coatings may be particularly effective when used in conjunction with a cathodic protection
system described in 4.4.
4.3 Concrete Encasement
Direct contact with soll may be avoided by enC!8sing an anchor withreiDforced conCrete over
the entire embedded length of an anchor. Tho encasement should extend a minimum of ~
inches above grade. When a concrete anchor block is used with an anchor, the reinforcing in
the concrete encasement must be properly developed into the anchor block to prevent
excessive cracking. Sulfate resisting concrete mix designs should be used for all concrete
below grade when soluble sulfates exist in the soil or groundwater.
4.4 Cathodic Protection
For both galvanic and electrolytic corrosion, corrosion occurs when current flows from the
anchor into the surrounding soil. The objective of cathodic protection is to reverse the
direction of current, resulting in current flowing to the anchor instead of away from it, thus
preventing cOITosion of the anchor. This may be accomplished by installing galvanic anodes
or by introducing an impressed current
•
By electrically connecting a metal (galvanic anode) listed higher on the galv8nic series and
burying it in close proximity, CUlTent can be forced to flow to the protected item from the
anode. This will result in corrosion of the iDstalled metal anode instead of the item to be
protected. For this reason, the installed metal is c8ned a sacrificial anode and also why these
anodes must be periodically uispected to make sure they have not COlToded away beyond
use. Additional sacrificial anode material may eventually have to be added. A common
sacrificial anode used is magnesium packaged in a prepared backfill mixture to enhance its
conductivity with soil.
The number, size, type and location of galvanic anodes should be determined by a colTosion
speciaJist and must be adequate to ensure current flows in the com:ct direction, overcoming
the effects of all other influences at the site. The effectiveness of an installed system should
be periodically monitored over the life of the structure by a corrosion specialist. ThiS may be
done by measuring the potential of the protected anchor with respect to a reference electrode
placed in the ground. A large enough negative potential indicates that CUITeDt is flowing to
the anchors as desired for corrosion control
Under certain circumstances, installing enough galvanic anodes to ensure cmrent will flow
in the desired direction may not be feasible or economical. Using an impressed current with
an anode may be required under these c~taDces. The impressed current requires the use
of a reliable power source to produce the desired current. The positive terminal of the power
source is connected to the anode resulting in current traveling from the anode, through the
• soil to the anchor, overcoming the effects of all other influences. Since current would be
entering the anchor from the soil, corrosion of the anchor would be controlled. The voltage
of the power sOll:fce, the size, location and type of anode required, and the possible effects on
adjacent structures should be detennined by a COlTosion speciaJjst. Overprotection may
11 A
1.1.rv~---- •
result in accelerated cOITosion of surrounding structures and may also damage the anchor or
anchor coating as a result of high current fmming undesirable chemical compounds and/or •
hydrogen gas at the anchor.
S REFERENCES
Uhlig, H. H., "The Corrosion Handbook", John WJ1ey & Sons, NY, 1948.
Uhlig, H. H., Revie, R. W., "Corrosion and Corrosion Control", Third Edition, John WJ1ey & Sons,
NY, 1985.
w"Jlson, C. L., Oates, J. A., "Corrosion and the Maintenance Engineer", Hart Publishing Company,
NY, 1968.
Husock, B., "Fundamentals of Cathodic Protection", HARCO Technologies Corporation, Medina,
Ohio.
TABLEJI
GALVANIC SERIES OF COMMONLY USED METALS AND ALLOYS
MAGNESIUM
ZINC
ALUMINUM
STEEL, IRON ,
LEAD. TIN .
BRASS, COPPER, ,BRONZE
•
Sn.,vER
GRAPHITE
•
TEIECDMAIlINICATIONS
.fA
• INlIIlSTIIY ASSIJ&IAnDN

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TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION

June 10, 1996

TO: Recipients of new TIA Standards and Engineering Publications

Enclosed please find one copy of the following TIAIEIA Standard:

TIAIEIA-222-F Structural Standards for Steel Antenna Towers and Antenna

OTELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION 1996

PRICE: Please refer to current

All rights reserved

Organizations may obtain permission to reproduce a limited number of copies

STRUCTURAL STANDARDS FOR STEEL ANTENNA TOWERS

Section Page Number

Section Page Number

• ANTENNA SUPPORTING STRUCTURES

2.1.4.2 Linear Appurtenance - An appurtenance whose load can be assumed to be

• Wind direction factor for flat structural components

F = qz GH [CF AE + r. (CA A~] (lb) [N]

where ~ =Gross area of one tower face (ft2) [m2]

qz = .00256 Kz V2 (lb/ft2) for V in m.i/h or

2.3.4 Gust Response Factors

• 2.3.4.1 For latticed structures, the gust response factor

<1H =.65 + .60/(h/33) 1 17 for h in ft or

an = .65 + .60/(h/10)1/7 for h in meters

>64 .59 1.08·1.4Or .72 1.03 1.20

> 8.7 .59 1.08·1.4Or .72 1.03 1.20

Wind Direction Nonna! ±45°* Nonna! 60°* ±:90°""

2.3.8 Regardless of location. linear appurtenances not considered as structural components in

Wind Forces on Guys

FD =qz an CD d Lc =Total drag force (lb) [N]

a = distance between connectors

R/ =minimum radius of gyration of individual component

3.1.14 Structural Steel Single Angle Compression Members

• structures shall be detennined from Table 5 .

CURVES 1-3 CURVES 4-6

(CONCENTRIC BOTH ENDS) (NO END RESTRAINT)

~ = 30 + .75 i ~ = 28.6 + .762 i

• SINGLE ANGLE COMPRESSION MEMBERS

CRmCAL MEASURED SLENDERNESS RATIO:

t-:s 120 RL > 120

CRITICAL MEASURED SLENDERNESS RATIOS:

~ MAX:s 120 ~ MAX > 120

SINGLE ANGLE CO:MPRESSION MEMBERS

Properly detailed welded connections may be considered as providing partial restraint.

• w= Actual flat side dimension, but not less

7.4 Foundation Drawings

16 COUNTY LISTINGS OF MlNIl\1UM BASIC WIND SPEEDS (See Annex A)

• State of ALABAMA Stare of ALABAMA

*For notes, see end of Section 16

*For notes. see end of Section 16

State of CAUFORNIA Stare of CALIFORNIA

*For notes, see end of Section 16

Stare of FLORIDA State of GEORGIA

BASIC WIND BASIC WIND

State of INDIANA State of INDIANA

• BASIC WIND BASICWlND

BASIC WIND BASIC WIND

State afKANSAS State of KANSAS

MIAMI 75. ADAIR 70

BASIC WIND BASICWlND

State of LOUISIANA State of LOUISIANA

ACADIA 2 95 SAINT MAItI'IN 2 100

• SAINT JOHN THE BAPTIST 2 100 CECIL 2 75

State of MARYLAND State of MIanGAN