Electric

Machines and
Electric Drives
Problems with Solutions

Nisit K. De
Swapan K. Dutta
Electric Machines and Electric Drives
Problems with Solutions

Nisit K. De
Formerly Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology
Kharagpur

Swapan K. Dutta
Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
National Institute of Technology
Durgapur

New Delhi-110001
2012
ELECTRIC MACHINES AND ELECTRIC DRIVES: Problems with Solutions
Nisit K. De and Swapan K. Dutta

© 2012 by PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book
may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in
writing from the publisher.

ISBN-978-81-203-4424-2

The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher.

Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, M-97, Connaught Circus,
New Delhi-110001 and Printed by Raj Press, New Delhi-110012.
 Contents

Preface vii
Acknowledgements ix

1. TRANSFORMER 1–46
1.1 Introduction 1
1.1.1 No-load (Open Circuit) Test 4
1.1.2 Short Circuit Test 5
1.1.3 Equivalent Circuit with Load 5
1.1.4 Voltage Regulation 6
1.1.5 Losses and Efficiency 7
1.1.6 Auto-transformer 8
1.2 Transformer Connections 9
1.2.1 Delta/Delta Connection for Three-phase Transformer 9
1.2.2 Open Delta or V-Connection 9
1.2.3 Scott Connection (Three-phase to Two-phase) 10
1.2.4 Load Sharing between Two Transformers in Parallel Having
Equal Voltage Ratio 11
Solved Examples 12
Supplementary Problems 41

2. DC MACHINE 47–83
2.1 Introduction 47
2.1.1 Design of Starter Resistance for DC Shunt Motor 51
2.1.2 Braking Operation in DC Shunt Motor 52
2.1.3 Power Flow in DC (Shunt) Machine 53
Solved Examples 54
Supplementary Problems 79

iii
iv Contents

3. INDUCTION MOTOR 84–132

3.1 Introduction 84
3.1.1 Basic Equations 86
3.1.2 Torque-speed (Slip) Characteristics 90
3.1.3 Equations for Power and Torque Developed 92
3.1.4 Power Flow in the Motor 92
3.1.5 Starters for IM with Cage Rotor 92
3.1.6 Rotor Resistance Starter for IM with Wound Rotor (Slip Ring) 93
3.1.7 Braking 94
Solved Examples 97
Supplementary Problems 128

4. SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 133–180

4.1 Introduction 133
4.1.1 Basic Equations 135
4.1.2 Stator Winding Factors 135
4.1.3 Power Equations of Synchronous Machine, Working as a Generator 137
4.1.4 Power Equations of Synchronous Machine, Working as a Motor 139
4.1.5 Power Equations of Salient Pole Synchronous Machine,
Working as a Generator 140
Solved Examples 141
Supplementary Problems 176

5. SPECIAL MACHINES 181–204

5.1 Introduction 181
5.1.1 Single-phase Induction Motor 181
5.1.2 Equivalent Circuit 181
5.1.3 Performance Equations 182
5.1.4 Determination of the Equivalent Circuit Parameters 183
5.1.5 Value of Capacitor Needed in a Single-phase Capacitor-start IM 183
5.1.6 Universal (Series) Motor 185
5.1.7 Linear Induction Motor 186
5.1.8 Stepper Motor 186
Solved Examples 187
Supplementary Problems 202

6. POWER ELECTRONIC CONVERTERS 205–252

6.1 Introduction 205
6.1.1 Controlled Rectifier 205
6.1.2 DC-DC Converter (Chopper) 216
6.1.3 Inverter (AC–DC) 218
6.1.4 AC Voltage Controller (Single-phase) 221
Solved Examples 222
Supplementary Problems 250
 Contents v
7. ELECTRIC DRIVES 253– 279
7.1 Introduction 253
Solved Examples 253
Supplementary Problems 277

SOLUTIONS TO THE SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS 281–390

INDEX 391–393
 Preface

The main emphasis of this book is on solved problems in two important areas of electrical
engineering discipline, such as electric machines and electric drives (with power electronics
linking them) under a single cover. This can be termed a companion to the textbook Electric
Drives, which was coauthored earlier by the first author, and published in 1999 by PHI Learning.
The authors hope that this book, like the earlier one, will be useful for the students, pursuing
undergraduate courses in Electrical Engineering, and also for the teachers, involved in teaching
these courses. This book can also be used by those preparing for AMIE and competitive
examinations and by a few professionals working in these areas.
There are seven chapters in this book, of which the first five chapters deal with the problems
in the core area of electric machines. Also, in each of the first six chapters, various formulas
and other details (like circuit diagrams and relevant waveforms), which are then used to solve
the problems, are given in the Introduction. Chapter 1 deals with the problems involving the
static machine—transformer (an ac machine), which mostly transforms electrical energy from
one voltage level to another. The problems for the first rotating machine—dc motor, which runs
from dc supply, are described in Chapter 2. The next two chapters (3 and 4) discuss the
problems in ac motors—induction (three phase) and synchronous types, respectively. The problems
pertaining to dc and synchronous generators are also included in Chapters 2 and 4, respectively.
In Chapter 5, the problems relating to the various types of special machines, including single-
phase induction motor, are presented.
The problems for the two areas—power electronics and electric drives—are included in the
last two chapters (6 and 7), respectively.
Though apparently these chapters appear brief in nature, yet most of the important topics
in these areas are adequately covered. These are not included in most of the books involving
solved problems, where only the core area, i.e. electric machines, is taken up. It may be stated
that these two new fields, in addition to electric machines—a classical one, are now being made
available in a single cover.

Nisit K. De
Swapan K. Dutta
vii
 Acknowledgements

First of all, the authors would like to thank the students of Electrical Engineering (EE)
Department of the respective institutes (IIT Kharagpur and NIT Durgapur), without whose
help the book would not have been written. This is based on their classroom experience in
teaching various subjects, mostly for undergraduate courses, which form its subject matter.
Both the authors, specially the first one, are indebted to their colleagues (senior and junior)
in EE Department, who have inspired them in this endeavour. The first author, who is
presently attached to the EE Department, Narula Institute of Technology, Kolkata, also thanks
the faculty and other staff, including the Principal, for their help.
The first author is grateful to his mother (late Jyotirmoyee) and wife (Sandhya) for their
support. His wife helped him quite a lot. The second author thanks his mother (Rajlakshmi),
wife (Chaitali) and daughter (Irene) for their encouragement.

Nisit K. De
Swapan K. Dutta

ix
CHAPTER 1
Transformer

1.1 Introduction
A transformer is a static device (machine), which converts electrical energy from one ac voltage
level to another. The schematic diagram of a single-phase, two-winding transformer is shown
in Figure 1.1. Of the two windings, the first one, to which the ac supply (input) is given,
is termed primary. The second one is called secondary, the voltage (output) of which is connected
to the load (generally, the load impedance consists of resistance and inductance connected in
series), with the load current at lagging power factor. In certain cases, the power factor may be
leading, with the load impedance being capacitive.

Figure 1.1 Schematic diagram of a single-phase two-winding transformer.

The three-phase transformer consists of three cores (iron), on each of which two windings
of a phase are fitted (Figure 1.2). The two yokes are used to complete the paths of the mutual
flux in the cores via iron (magnetic material). This is termed core type. It may be noted that
the magnetic material (iron) used in both the cores and yokes consists of stampings having
thickness of 0.35 mm to reduce eddy current losses. The winding nearest to the core at earth
(zero) voltage is the low voltage (LV) one, to keep the voltage gradient low. The number of

1
2 Electric Machines and Electric Drives: Problems with Solutions

turns is low, with the current and hence, conductor (copper) cross-sectional area being large.
The second winding is the high voltage (HV) one, next to the LV winding. The number of turns
here is high, with the current and hence, conductor (copper) cross-sectional area being small.
There is a gap between the two HV windings of two adjacent phases in the window. The
windings are placed close to one another, to keep the leakage inductance or reactance low. In
most cases, the transformer is placed in a tank at earth potential with proper clearance, which
may or may not be filled with oil, depending on its rating. The cooling tubes are generally fitted
on two (longer) or all four sides of the tank, in one or two layers, as the rating of the transformer
increases. The tank being filled with oil and also the cooling tubes are needed to keep the
temperature as per Indian Standard (IS) specifications. The fans are also fitted for blowing air
on the cooling tubes for the purpose as given above, mostly used for transformers with higher
rating.

Figure 1.2 (a) Equivalent circuit (approximate), (b) phasor diagram and (c) circuit diagram, for no-load
(open circuit) test, of a single-phase transformer.

In a single-phase transformer (Figure 1.1), the two (LV/HV) windings are sectionalized,
with the sections of the two windings placed one after another to decrease the leakage inductance
or reactance. The two windings are placed on the central limb of the core, with no winding
placed on two outer limbs. This is called shell type.
A few important formulas and other details, including construction in brief, for the
transformers, both single- and three-phase, are given in this section.
 Electric Machines And Electric Drives :
Problems With Solutions

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