Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Chapter NO 5
i) Solid: A solid substance must have a definite shape and volume, e.g. Tree,
table, cup etc.
ii) Liquid: A thing that can flow is the liquid. Liquid have fixed volume but no
fixed shape and adopt the shape of a container in which they are kept, e.g. Water,
milk, petrol etc.
iii) Gas: Gas has neither fixed shape nor fixed volume for example, Air,
oxygen, carbon dioxide etc.
By changing temperature, one state of Matter can be converted into another state.
At low temperature all gases becomes solid. At some intermediate temperature,
they are liquids and at high temperature they change to gaseous state.
Example: When the temperature of water is dropped to 0oC or below, it changes
into ice which is the solid state of water. Similarly when water is heated at 100 oC it
changes into vapors or gaseous state. It should be remembered that particles are
close to each other in solid and liquids but widely separated in gases.
i) Indefinite Shape: Gases do not have any definite shape but takes the shape
of the container.
ii) Indefinite Volume: Gases have an indefinite volume and occupy all available
space.
iii) Pressure: All the gases and their mixtures can exert pressure this pressure
exerted by the gases is due to the collision of the gas particles with one another
which exerts pressure on the walls of the container. Pressure increases with the
increases in temperature.
vi) Diffusion: We know that gas molecules are constantly moving so they have
the property of mixing with one another. Diffusion is inversely related to the mass of
the gas, Greater the mass of the gas lesser will be the diffusion and vice versa.
vii) Effusion: The escape of the gaseous molecules one by one from the
container through a small hole of the molecular size is called Effusion. This is also
one of the typical property of gases.
viii) Density: Gases have low density because gas molecules possess mostly
empty spaces, which increase its volume. So, the density of the gas is very low as
𝑚
compared to the same amount of a liquid or a solid.(𝐷 = )
𝑣
Liquid State: In liquid state the inter-molecular forces of attraction are strong
enough as compared to gases which hold the molecules together but are not so
strong to stop the molecular motion, so that liquids flow and attain the shape of the
container.
Typical Properties of Liquids: Some of the typical properties of liquids are
as follows;
i) Volume & Shape: Liquids have no definite shape but have a definite
volume that is why it takes the shape of container it contained.
ii) Motion/Mobility: The molecules of liquids tend to flow or liquid star has
fluidity (flowing property).
iii) Diffusion: Liquids also diffuse and mix with each other.
iv) Evaporation: The spontaneous change of a liquid into gaseous state is known
as evaporation.
A. Evaporation of liquid occurs at all the temperatures in open container.
B. The rate of evaporation depends on the following,
a. Strength of Intermolecular forces.
b. Temperature.
c. Area of liquid.
v) Vapor Pressure: The pressure exerted bythe vapor above the liquid at a
given temperature when the rate of evaporation becomes equal to the rate of
condensation is called vapor pressure.
Solid State: Solid is a state of matter in which particles are closely packed in fixed
pattern. These are strong forces of attraction present between the molecules, which
hold them together. So, they cannot leave their position.
ii) Rigidity: The solids possess the property of rigidity, i.e. they resist the
deforming forces due to hard structure and strong intermolecular forces.
𝑚
iii) Density: (𝐷 = ) As the intermolecular forces in solids are strong, the
𝑣
molecules are close to each other and their mass per unit volume is greater. So,
solids have greater density as compared to liquids and gases.
iv) Melting & Boiling Points: Solids have high boiling and melting points due to
the strong attractive forces between their particles.
v) Diffusion: Solid molecules do not diffuse into one another because there
are no empty spaces available in its structure.
Explanation: If P1 and V1 are the initial pressure and volume of a given mass
of a gas and its final pressure and volume are P2& V2 at constant temperature then
we can write Boyle’s law as;
P1V1 = P2V2
Solution + Formula:
As we know that;
Applying Boyle’s law:
𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2
𝑃1 𝑉1
= 𝑉2
𝑃2
“Or”
𝑃1 𝑉1
𝑉2 =
𝑃2
Putting the values
800 × 530
𝑉2 =
400
𝑉2 = 1060 𝑑𝑚3 (Result).
Chapter|5 NORTH HILLS SCHOOL & COLLEGE Page |5
Example No. 5.2: If 3dm3 of air is heated from 300k to 400 k at constant
pressure then what is the volume of the gas at higher temperature.
Given Data:
Initial volume of gas: V1 = 3dm3.
Initial temperature of gas: T1 = 300 k.
Final volume of a gas: V2= ?
Final temperature of gas: T2 = 400 k.
Q: 10. What is vapor pressure? What are the factors which affect vapor
pressure?
Ans: Vapor Pressure: The pressure exerted by the vapors above the liquid at a
given temperature when the rate of evaporation becomes equal to the rate of
condensation is called vapor pressure.
Q: 11. Define boiling point? How it depends on the nature of the liquid?
Ans: Boiling Point: The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a
liquid becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure is called boiling point.
The higher B.P of water and alcohol is due to the presence of hydrogen bonding.
The low B.P of ether indicates the absence of H-bond.
ii) External Pressure: The boiling point of liquids is directly proportional to the
external pressure. Greater the external pressure higher will be the boiling point.
For Example: Water boils at 100oC in plane areas where as it boils at 98oC at
Murree hills, where the external pressure is lower.
I) Crystalline Solids: Crystalline solids are the solids in which particles (ions,
atoms and molecules) are arranged in a regular pattern in three dimensions.
Properties of Crystalline Solids:
i) Pure crystalline solids have sharp melting points.
ii) All crystalline solids have proper geometrical shapes.
iii) Their particles are arranged in three dimensional spaces.
iv) These solids have axes angles and edges.
v) They are also called “True Solids”.
Examples: Sodium Chloride, Naphthalene.
II) Amorphous Solids: Amorphous solids are those solids in which the particles
are not proper arranged in three dimensions.
Properties of Amorphous Solids:
i) They have no sharp melting points.
ii) Their particles are not in three dimensional spaces.
iii) They have no proper geometrical shape.
iv) They are bad conductors of heat and electricity.
Examples: Glass, Plastics, Waxes etc.
Q: 13. Define allotropy and transition point. Give examples of allotropic forms of
Carbon.
Ans: A) Allotropy: It is derived from Greek word “Allotropia” which means
“Variety” or “other form”. It can be defined as; “The existence of an element in
more than one crystalline form is called Allotropy”. The different forms are called
“Allotropic forms”.
Allotropic Forms of Carbon: There are three allotropic forms of Carbon, which
are; i) Diamond, ii) Graphite, iii) Bucky Balls.
1) Diamond:
Occurrence: It is the purest form of carbon and occurs in India, Brazil,
U.S.A and South Africa.
Properties:
i. Diamond is a colorless and transparent crystalline substance.
ii. It is the hardest substance known, density being 3.53 g/cm3.
iii. It is bad conductor of heat and electricity.
iv. It has high boiling and melting points.
Uses of Diamond:
i. It is used as a gem (jewelry).
ii. It is also used for cutting glass.
iii. It is used for boring and drilling purpose.
Properties:
i. Graphite is a soft grey substance.
ii. Its density is 2.2 g/cm3.
iii. It is a good conductor of heat and electricity.
iv. It is soapy to touch and leave marks.
Uses of Graphite:
i. It is used in electrotyping.
ii. It is used as lubricant for heavy machinery.
iii. It is good conductor used as electrodes.
(Anode).
iv. It is used in the manufacturing of pencils.
3) Bucky Balls:
i. It is the third allotropic form of carbon.
Chapter|5 NORTH HILLS SCHOOL & COLLEGE Page |9
Q: 14. State and explain diffusion in gases. How diffusion differ from effusion?
Ans: Diffusion: The spontaneous mixing of the molecules of one fluid with
another at a given temperature and pressure is called diffusion.
Explanation: When the substances like gases and liquids are released, their
molecules travel in between the molecules of media. Diffusion is inversely related
to the mass of the gas. Greater the mass of the gas lesser will be the diffusion.
Example: Invert a jar containing red brown colored bromine vapors over a jar of
air. The red brown color spread inside the jar of air and diffuse with each other.
Rate of Diffusion: Number of molecules which spread in per unit time from
higher concentration to lower concentration is called rate of diffusion. The rate of
diffusion of gases varies from gas to gas depend on their masses.
Effusion: The escape of gaseous molecules one by one from the container
through a small hole of the molecular size without collision is called Effusion.
“Exercise”
Q: 9. i) A pleasant smell of rose is felt when a person passes by a rose garden.
Why?
Ans: Reason/Explanation: It is the property of gases to escape from higher
concentration to lower concentration. As in rose garden fragrance is in high
concentration it moves outside the garden due to diffusion and one can feel it
which passes near the garden.
vii) Hydrogen gas diffuses faster than any other gas. Why?
Ans: Reason/Explanation: According to Graham’s law of diffusion, gases
having heavy molecules diffuse slowly than the gases having lighter molecules.
Mathematically:
𝑟1 𝑚2
=√
𝑟2 𝑚1
The rate of diffusion of gases varies from gas to gas, depending ontheir
masses. As we know that hydrogen is the lightest gas having mass 1.008 a.m.u. So,
it diffuses faster than any other gas.
viii) In a hot summer day when there is sweat on the body of a person; one
feels cool under fast moving fan. Why?
Ans: Reason/Explanation: On a hot summer day our whole body is covered
with sweat and the sweat mainly consist of water and salt. The water molecules of
sweat on our skin usually absorb heat from our body and when these molecules of
water evaporate due to air produced by a fast moving fan, the average kinetic
energy of remaining molecules decreases and our body temperature decreases and
hence we feel cool under fast moving fan on hot summer day.
“Exercise Numerical”
1. A sample of a gas at room temperature occupies 0.80 dm 3 at 1.5 atm. What
will be its volume when the pressure of the gas is raised to 2.1 atm?
Ans: Given Data:
Initial volume of gas: V1 = 0.80 dm3
Initial pressure on gas: P1 = 1.5 atm
Final volume of gas: V2= ?
Final pressure on gas: P2 = 2.1 atm.
Solution:
Applying Boyle’s law;
𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2
𝑃1 𝑉1
𝑉2 =
𝑃2
Putting the values;
1.5 × 0.80
𝑉2 =
2.1
𝑉2 = 0.57 𝑎𝑡𝑚. (Result)
2. A 1.54 dm3 cylinder in chemistry laboratory contain oxygen gas at 21oC. The
air conditioning in the lab breaks down and the temperature rise to 31oC. What
will be the volume of the oxygen gas in the cylinder now?
Ans: Given Data:
Initial volume of oxygen: V1 = 1.54 dm3
Chapter|5 NORTH HILLS SCHOOL & COLLEGE P a g e | 12
𝑉1
𝑉2 = × 𝑇2
𝑇1
Putting the values;
1.54 × 31
𝑉2 =
21
𝑉2 =2.273 dm3.