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 Required for predicting reservoir and well fluid behavior.

Two approaches used.


 Compositional model.
 Black oil model.
 Considers fluid made up of two components
 Gas dissolved in oil: solution gas

 Stock Tank Oil


 Prediction of reservoir fluid density.
 Prediction of solution gas-oil ratio.
 Prediction of oil formation volume factor.
The gas solubility, Rs is defined as the number of cubic feet ( cubic
meter) of gas measured at standard conditions which will dissolve in
one barrel (cubic meter) of stock tank oil when subjected to
reservoir temperature and pressure.
Black oil model treats the amount of gas in solution in terms of the gas produced
Above bubble point pressure.
Oil is under saturated
Solution GOR is constant

 At and below bubble


point pressure two
phases produced in the
reservoir as gas comes
out of solution.
 Solution GOR reduces
 Volume occupied by oil between surface conditions and
reservoir is that of the total system, the ‘stock tank’ oil and its
associated ‘solution gas’.

 A unit volume of stock tank oil to surface with its associated gas
will occupy at reservoir conditions a volume greater than unity.

 Relationship between volume of oil and its dissolved gas and


the volume at stock tank conditions is called the Oil Formation
Volume Factor, Bo.
Definition
The oil formation volume factor, is the volume in barrels ( cubic
meter) occupied in the reservoir, at the prevailing pressure and
temperature, by one stock tank barrel ( one stock tank cubic
meter) of oil plus its dissolved gas.
Above bubble point as
pressure reduces oil
expands due to
compressibility.

Below bubble point oil


shrinks as a result of
gas coming out of
solution.
 Reciprocal of the oil formation volume factor is called the
shrinkage factor, bo.

 bo=1/Bo

 The formation volume factor ,Bo multiplied by volume of stock


tank oil gives the reservoir volume.

 Shrinkage factor multiplied by reservoir volume gives stock tank


oil volume
Solution Gas & Free Gas
Saturated

R= Rs scf/stb + R-Rs scf/stb

+
Stock Tank Oil

1 stb. oil

Gas
Bo res. Bbl. oil & dissolved gas/stb
Oil
Oil Reservoir

(R-Rs)Bg res. bbl.free gas / stb


 Sometimes convenient to know volume of the oil in the reservoir by
one stock tank unit of oil plus the free gas that was originally
dissolved in it.

 Total formation volume factor is used, Bt.

 Sometimes termed two-phase volume factor.


The total formation volume factor is the volume in barrels
(cubic meter ) that 1.0 stock tank barrel ( cubic meter ) and
its initial complement of dissolved gas occupies at reservoir
temperature and pressure conditions.

B t = B o + B g ( R sb − R s )
Rsb = the solution gas to oil ratio at the bubble point.
Bt = Bo + Bg ( R sb − R s )
P = Pb P < Pb

GAS Bg(Rsb-Rs)
Bob OIL
Bt
OIL Bo
Hg
Hg

Sometimes used in the material balance equation


Does not have volume significance in the reservoir.
Bt = Bo + Bg ( R sb − R s )

Pb, Bt = Bo
Flash Expansion
Experiment
After recombining the oil and
gas in the correct proportions, the
fluid is charged to the PV cell
which is maintained at constant
temperature, the measured
reservoir temperature, throughout
the experiments.

The cell pressure is controlled


by a positive displacement
mercury pump and recorded on
an accurate pressure gauge.

The plunger movement is


calibrated in terms of volume of
mercury injected or withdrawn
from the PV cell so that volume
changes in the cell can be
measured directly.
Flash Expansion Experiment
 In the flash experiment the pressure in the PV cell is initially raised to a value far in excess
of the bubble point.

The pressure is subsequently reduced in stages, and on each occasion the total volume vt
of the cell contents is recorded.

As soon as the bubble point pressure is reached, gas is liberated from the oil and the
overall compressibility of the system increases significantly.

Thereafter, small changes in pressure will result in large changes in the total fluid volume
contained in the PV cell.

In this manner, the flash expansion experiment can be used to "feel" the bubble point.

Since the cell used is usually opaque the separate volumes of oil and gas, below bubble
point pressure, cannot be measured in the experiment and therefore, only total fluid volumes
are recorded.

In the laboratory analysis the basic unit of volume, against which all others are compared,
is the volume of saturated oil at the bubble point, irrespective of its magnitude.
Results of isothermal flash expansion

The bubble point pressure for this sample is determined from the flash expansion
as 3330 psia, for which the saturated oil is assigned the unit volume. The relative
total fluid volumes listed are volumes measured in relation to this bubble point
volume.
Differential Liberation
Experiment

After recombining the oil and


gas in the correct proportions, the
fluid is charged to the PV cell
which is maintained at constant
temperature, the measured
reservoir temperature, throughout
the experiments.

The cell pressure is controlled


by a positive displacement
mercury pump and recorded on
an accurate pressure gauge.

The plunger movement is


calibrated in terms of volume of
mercury injected or withdrawn
from the PV cell so that volume
changes in the cell can be
measured directly.
Differential Liberation Experiment
The experiment starts at bubble point pressure since above this pressure the
flash and differential experiments are identical.

In contrast to the flash expansion, after each stage of the differential liberation,
the total amount of gas liberated during the latest pressure drop is removed from
the PV cell by injecting mercury at constant pressure.
Results of isothermal differential liberation
Difference Between FE and DLE
In the flash expansion no gas is removed from the PV cell but instead
remains in equilibrium with the oil. As a result, the overall hydrocarbon
composition in the cell remains unchanged.

In the differential liberation experiment, however, at each stage of depletion


the liberated gas is physically removed from contact with the oil and
therefore, there is a continual compositional change in the PV cell, the
remaining hydrocarbons becoming progressively richer in the heavier
components, and the average molecular weight thus increasing.
 Objective to determine impact of separator conditions on
Bo, GOR, and produced fluid physical properties.
 Carried out to give an indication of oil shrinkage and GOR
when fluids produced to surface.
 There are not unique values for Bo & GOR. They depend
on separator conditions.
 Starting point for the test is the bubble point pressure.
 Fluid produced at surface conditions. Stock tank oil
PVT Cell pressure kept at bubble point
 Saturation pressure, -bubble point.
 Compressibility coefficient.
 Coefficient of thermal expansion.
 Relative total volume of oil and gas, Vt
 Cumulative relative volume of gas. Vg
 Cumulative relative volume of oil. Vo
 Gas formation volume factor or gas expansion factor
 Gas compressibility factor.
 Specific gravity of gas
 Liquid density
 Viscosity of liquids as a function of pressure.
 Oil formation volume factor
 Solution gas- oil ratio. Shrinkage of separator oil to tank oil
 Hydrocarbon analysis of reservoir and produced fluids
Problem: Flash Expansion
The data from a flash vaporization on a black oil at 220oF are given below.
Determine the bubble point pressure and prepare a table pressure and relative
volume for the reservoir fluid study.

Pressure Total Pressure Total Pressure Total


psig volume psig volume psig volume
Cc cc cc

5000 61.030 2591 63.576 1040 112.715


4500 61.435 2516 64.291 830 136.908
4000 61.866 2401 65.532 640 174.201
3500 62.341 2250 67.400 472 235.700
3000 62.866 2090 69.901
2900 62.974 1897 73.655
2800 63.088 1698 78.676
2700 63.208 1477 86.224
2605 63.455 1292 95.050
Solution
Pressure vs. Total volume
5500

5000

4500

4000
Pressure, psig

3500
Volume at bubble point=63.316 cc
3000 Pressure at this point is 2620 psig
2500

2000

1500

1000

500

50 70 90 110 130 150 170 190 210 230 250

Total volume, cc
Table: Pressure vs. Relative Volume
Pressure Total Relative
Psig volume(V
volume(Vt) volume
cc (Vt/Vb)

2401 65.532 1.0350


2250 67.400 1.0645
2090 69.901 1.1040
1897 73.655 1.1633
1698 78.676 1.2426
1477 86.224 1.3618
1292 95.050 1.5012
1040 112.715 1.7802
830 136.908 2.1623
640 174.201 2.7513
472 235.700 3.7226
Problem: Differential Liberation Expansion
The data from a differential vaporization on a black oil at 220oF are given
below. Prepare a table of solution gas oil ratios, relative oil volumes and
relative total volumes by this differential process. Also include z factors and
formation volume factors of the increment of gas removed.
Solution
Solution Gas Relative Oil Gas Gas Relative Total ZT ft3 0.0282*0.85*680
Oil Ratio, Rsd Volume, Bod Deviation Formation Volume, Btd Bg = 0.0282 =
Factor, Z Volume P scf 2114.7
Factor, Bg ft3
853.9705533 1.592833316 Bg = 0.00771
scf
762.9730324 1.554028101 0.846003895 0.006860477 1.665210011
683.9879878 1.515010614 0.85100226 0.007716848 1.748622313 BtD = BoD + Bg (RsDb − RsD )
611.9934813 1.479025574 0.858933272 0.008833005 1.859681796 0.00771ft 3 / scf
543.9763498 1.445011624 0.872005315 0.010355839 2.016739175 BtD = 1.515 + (854 − 684)
5.615 ft 3 / bbl
478.9723813 1.412008491 0.886981227 0.012463363 2.244375095
415.977188 1.382012534 0.903006193 0.015534266 2.593749955
VR PRTsc
353.9863824 1.351005762 0.921931516 0.020445193 3.17153525 Z=
291.9955768 1.32002426 0.940941658 0.029353339 4.257841137 Vsc PscTR
223.0142332 1.283003134 0.964869068 0.050733011 6.983860506 4.292cc*( 2100+14.65) psia*(60+ 460) o F *35.315×10−
157.005877 1.244010917 0.98372977 0.108601048 14.72417021 Z= 0.01966scf *14.65 psia*( 220+ 460) o F
0 1.075002527
1 Z = 0.851
( Cumulative , gas , removed − gas , removed , upto , that , pressure ) scf
R sD =
Re sidual , oil , cc * 6 . 29 × 10 − 6 bbl / scf
( 0 .21256 − 0 .02265 − 0 .01966 ) scf
R sD = −6
= 684 scf / residual − bbl
39 .572 cc * 6 .29 × 10
reservoil , oil , volume , cc 59 .952
BoD = = = 1.515 res − bbl / resi − bbl
residual , oil , volume , cc 39 .572
Problem: Separator Test
Data from a separator test on a black oil are given below. Note that the volume
of separator liquid was measured at separator pressure and temperature
before it was released to the stock tank. Prepare a separator test table for the
reservoir fluid study
Solution
Problem: Oil formation volume factor calculation

Pressure above bubble point Pressure below bubble point

At 5000 psig
reservoil, oil, volume, cc
BoDb =
residual, oil, volume, cc
63.316
= = 1.6res − bbl / resi − bbl
39.572
Problem: Solution Gas-
Gas-Oil Ratio Calculation
At or above bubble Below bubble [point pressure
point pressure
Problem: Total formation volume factor
Calculation
Problem
Table-1 below gives the results for a volume/pressure investigation of
a reservoir fluid at reservoir temperature. The system composition
remained constant throughout the test.
Intersection of oil and
‘oil and gas’ slope
occurs at p = 1595 psi
and a volume of
168.08cc.

Pressure, psig
Bubble point = 1595 psig

Volume,
cc
In another test on the fluid a sample of oil at its bubble point pressure and
reservoir temperature in a PVT cell were passed through a two stage
separator at 100 psig and 75oF and 0 psig and 60oF. 34 cc of oil were
displaced from the PVT cell and 27.4 cc of oil were collected from the last
separator stage. 4976 cc of gas were collected at standard conditions during
the test.
From separator test
Bob = 34/27.4 = 1.241 bbl/stb

Bo at 3650 psi above bubble point


Pressure above bubble point
Vol @ 3650 psi = 164.42 cc and vol @bubble
point=168.08cc
Bo @ 3650 = Bob x rel. vol. @ 3650/vol @ Bp
= 1.2409 x 164.42/168.08
Bo @ 3650 = 1.2138 bbl/stb

GOR @3650 psig= 4976 cc of gas per


27.4 cc
In a further test the pressure in a PVT cell at reservoir temperature was
reduced in stages and the gas produced at each stage removed and the
remaining oil volume measured. The total gas produced at standard
conditions was recorded and is presented in Table-2.
GOR @1200 psig= 4438 cc of
gas per 140 cc residual oil

Below Bp need
differential result
(a) Determine the bubble point pressure of the reservoir fluid at reservoir temperature.
(b) The oil formation volume factor at 3650 psig
(c) The solution gas-oil ratio at 3650 psig and 2700 psig
(d) The solution gas-oil ratio at 1200 psig
(e) The total formation volume factors at 3650 psig and 1200 psig.

From graph-1
A laboratory cell initially contained oil at its bubble point of 2000 psia at
180oF and the mercury level was at 280.0 cc. 18.8 cc of mercury were
removed from the cell and the pressure dropped to 1600 psia. Mercury was
then re-injected at constant pressure and temperature and 0.129 scf of gas
were removed leaving 263.5 cc of liquid. Some more quantity was removed
from the cell until the pressure was reduced to 14.7 psia and the temperature
was reduced to 60oF. At that condition 0.388 scf of gas were removed and
205.9 cc of liquid (oil) remained in the cell.

Determine
a) The oil formation volume factor Bo and the solution gas-oil-ratio Rs at the
bubble point pressure.
b) Determine Bo, Bt, Bg, Rs and z at 1,600 psia and 180oF.
c) What is the value of Bt at 2000 psia and 180oF?
Problem
The dew point pressure of a condensate gas field is 6250 psia. The
initial reservoir conditions are 240oF and 8500 psia. When the
reservoir was initially tested, a condensate to gas ratio of 80 stock
tank barrels per million SCF of gas was obtained. The produced
gas and condensate compositions were as follows:

Determine the composition of the reservoir gas


 Saturation pressure is the dew point pressure.
 Gas condensate cells have a window to visualize dew
point.
 Not possible to determine by change of slope of
compressibility of gas and liquid..
 Main aspects of PVT study:
 Constant mass expansion
 Constant volume depletion
 Specialized tests ( IFT)
 Compositions of oil & gas
☯ Compositions of fluids are generally made by blowing
down samples and recombining the resultant liquid and
gas phase compositions.
 No fluids removed from the cell
 Purpose to determine z value above dew point.
 Determine dew point pressure

Dew point observed as drops on window


 Carried out to simulate condition below dew point
 Series of pressure expansions
 Volume of cell returned to original volume
 Liquid volume produced below dew point generates a liquid
drop out curve.
Question
If both experiments are performed isothermally, in stages, through the
same total pressure drop, then the resulting volumes of liquid oil remaining
at the lowest pressure will, in general, be……….equal or different?
Answer
If both experiments are performed isothermally, in stages, through the same total
pressure drop, then the resulting volumes of liquid oil remaining at the lowest
pressure will, in general, be slightly different.

For low volatility oils, in which the dissolved gas consists mainly of methane and
ethane, the resulting oil volumes from either experiment are practically the same.

For higher volatility oils, containing a relatively high proportion of the intermediate
hydrocarbons such as butane and pentane, the volumes can be significantly
different. Generally, in this latter case, more gas escapes from solution in the flash
expansion than in the differential liberation, resulting in a smaller final oil volume
after the flash process.

This may be explained by the fact that in the flash expansion the intermediate
hydrocarbon molecules find it somewhat easier to escape into the large gas volume
in contact with the oil than in the case of the differential liberation, in which the
volume of liberated gas in equilibrium with the oil, at any stage in the depletion, is
significantly smaller.
Question
Which type of experiment will provide the most realistic values of PVT
parameters at the current reservoir pressure and fixed temperature?
Answer
Combination of both flash and differential liberation is required for an
adequate description of the overall volume changes.

It is considered that the differential liberation experiment provides the better
description of how the oil and gas separate in the reservoir since, because of
their different flow velocities, they will not remain together in equilibrium once
gas is liberated from the oil.

The one exception to this is during the brief period after the bubble point has
been reached, when the liberated gas is fairly uniformly distributed throughout
the reservoir and remains immobile until the critical gas saturation is exceeded.
Question: Why multi-stage separation is
commonly used in the field?
Answer
Within any single separator the liberation of gas from the oil may be considered
as a flash expansion in which, for a time, the gas stays in equilibrium with the oil.

If two or more separators are used then the gas is physically removed from the
oil leaving the first separator and the oil is again flashed in the second separator.

This physical isolation of the fluids after each stage of separation corresponds
to differential liberation. In fact, the overall effect of multi-stage separation
corresponds to the differential liberation, only in this case it is not conducted at
constant temperature.

It is for this reason that multi-stage separation is commonly used in the field
because, as already mentioned, differential liberation will normally yield a larger
final volume of equilibrium oil than the corresponding flash expansion.
Question: Which mechanism is followed
for the following cases?

Production of crude oil-

i. At reservoir pressures above the bubble point pressure.

ii. At reservoir pressures below the bubble point pressure.

iii. From reservoir to the surface


Answer

Production of a crude oil at reservoir pressures below the bubble point pressure
occurs by a process which is neither flash or differential vaporization.

Once enough gas is present for the gas to move toward the wellbore the gas
tends to move faster than the oil. The gas formed in a particular pore tends to
leave the liquid from which it was formed thus approximating differential
vaporization, however, the gas is in contact with liquid throughout the path
through the reservoir. The gas will also migrate vertically as a result of its lower
density than the oil and could form a secondary gas cap.

Fluid produced from reservoir to the surface is considered to undergo a flash


process where the system remains constant.
 Volume changes of oil above the bubble point are very
significant in recovering under saturated oil.
 Oil formation volume factor reflects these changes
 More fundamentally in the coefficient of compressibility of the
oil or oil compressibility.

1  ∂V 
co = −  
V  ∂P T
Pb
1  ∂Bo 
In terms of Bo co = −  
Bo  ∂P T

V2
Assuming compressibility
does not change with co ( P2 − P1 ) = − ln
pressure, between V1
conditions 1 & 2.
 Viscosity of oil at reservoir conditions less than dead oil because
of dissolved gases.
 The estimation of the density of a reservoir liquid is important
to the petroleum engineer.
 Specific Gravity of a Liquid

ρo Specific gravity of a liquid is the density ratio between


γo = liquid and water at the same T&P.
Both liquid and water are measured at 60o and 1 atmos.
ρw pressure

141.5
API Gravity: Degrees. API = o
−131.5
SpecificGravity @60 F
Specific gravity relative to water @ 60oF
 Several methods of estimating density at reservoir conditions.
 Methods depend on the availability and nature of data.
 When compositional data available Ideal Solution Principle can
be used.
 When we have produced gas and oil data empirical methods can
be used.
 An ideal solution is a hypothetical liquid
 No change in characteristics of liquids is caused by mixing.
 The properties of the mixture are strictly additive.
 Ideal solution principles can be applied to petroleum mixtures to
determine density.
Calculate density at 14.7 psia and 60oF of the following HC liquid mixture.
74.69 lb.
ρo = = 39.73
1.88 cu.ft.

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