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ABSTRACT
The project Characteristics of Argumentative Discourse deals with the tools provided for the analysis of argumentative texts and discourse by
'pragmatic' characteristics. It focuses on those linguistic elements in a reconstruction that are relevant to making an adequate analytic overview of the
discourse. Starting from the assumption that all speech acts playing a part in argumentative discourse can be reconstructed as part of an attempt at
resolving a difference of opinion, the project concentrates on verbal moves which can play a constructive role in the consecutive stages of a critical
discussion. In this endeavour, insight from speech act theory, discourse analysis, conversation analysis and other branches of pragma-linguistics are
explored which can be helpful in making a systematic inventory of the means used to indicate the communicative and interactional functions of
argumentative moves. In our broad conception of this notion, indicators of argumentative moves or, for short, argumentative indicators, are words,
expressions or other signs which can serve as indicators of moves and relations between moves that are relevant to resolving a difference of opinion
by means of a critical discussion. The aims of the project are to make a systematic inventory of potential verbal indicators, to classify them in terms
of argumentative moves, and to identify the conditions that have to be fulfilled so that a certain verbal expression can serve as an indicator of a
specific argumentative move. The scope of the project is not restricted to the well-known relational indicators of argumentation and standpoints in the
narrow sense, such as 'for' and 'therefore,' and argumentative indicators in the broad sense, such as 'my reasons for this are,' but extends to indicators
of other important elements of argumentative discourse, such as antagonism, concessions, rebuttals, counterarguments, and relations between
arguments. Since the model for critical discussion specifies the moves that can play a constructive role in the various stages of the resolution process,
it constitutes an appropriate theoretical framework for classifying the indicators of argumentative language use. For each stage, the investigation will
identify which expressions are available in ordinary language for indicating the moves pertinent to the resolution process in the stage concerned and
it will be specified which kind of information is conveyed by the use of a particular indicator. Also formulated are the conditions that need to be
fulfilled in order to justify the interpretation of the use of a certain verbal expression as an indicator of a specific discussion move. Important
categories of indicators consist of argumentative 'connectors' that provide some extra information about the structure of the argumentation, such as
'incidentally,' 'in addition' and 'since because,' or about the relative weight of arguments, such as 'even' and 'let alone,' or about their oppositional
character, such as 'nevertheless' and 'still.' Attention is also paid to the question of how a textual analysis based on the interpretation of the use of
certain indicators can be supported by contextual and other information. The problems arising from the absence of any specific indicator, which may
lead to an appeal to so-called 'maximal strategies' motivated by the theoretical background of the analysis, are also investigated. A special topic of
attention in this research project will be the use of the argumentative move known as the technique of dissociation. In this inquiry, dissociation is
given the broad interpretation of breaking up an existing conceptual unity for argumentative purposes by making a terminological differentiation. The
main questions asked are what the verbal indicators are by which dissociation can be recognized in the discourse, which forms dissociation may take
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