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Strength of materials
deals with the relations between external applied
loads and their internal effects on bodies.

STRENGTH OF Moreover, the bodies are no longer assumed to be

ideally rigid; the deformations however small, are the
MATERIALS major interest.
The properties of the materials of which a structure
Mechanics of or machine is made affect both its choice and the
Deformable Bodies dimensions that will satisfy the requirements of
strength and rigidity.
It includes the study of the strength capabilities and
characteristics of selected materials.

Strength of materials Strength of materials

The subject matter includes discussions of the
fundamental concepts of stresses and strains
experienced and/or developed by different materials
in their loaded state and subjected to different
conditions of constraint.
Understanding of how bodies or materials respond to
applied load is the main area of emphasis.
Study of the relationship between externally applied
loads and their internal effects on rigid bodies.
RIGID BODY – bodies which neither change in
shape and size after the application of forces.
FREE BODY DIAGRAM – Sketch of the isolated body
showing all the forces on it.
THREE MAJOR DIVISIONS OF MECHANICS
1. Mechanics of Rigid Bodies – Engineering Mechanics
2. Mechanics of Deformable Bodies – Strength of
Materials
3. Mechanics of Fluids - Hydraulics

Strength of materials Strength of materials

The strength of a material is its ability to withstand Yield Strength-> the stress
an applied stress without failure level at which a material
Two categories -> Yield Strength and Ultimate begins to deform plastically.
Strength
Yield strength refers to the point on the engineering Ultimate Strength -> It is the
stress-strain curve beyond which the material begins maxima of the stress-strain
deformation that cannot be reversed upon removal of curve. It is the point at
the loading which necking will start.
Ultimate strength refers to the point on the
engineering stress-strain curve corresponding to the Fracture Strength-> The
maximum stress. stress calculated
A material's strength is dependent on its immediately before the
microstructure. fracture.

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Analysis of internal forces Analysis of internal forces

By setting up the equilibrium conditions, the y

inner forces of a member subjected to an external Mxy
load situation can be determined. So far neither
the material nor the type of cross section applied
for the member are being taken into account. Pxy
But both material and type of cross section Pxx
Mxx
obviously have an impact on the behavior of the x
member subjected to load.
Pxz

To design the member therefore a closer look on

how the internal forces act along its cross section Mxz
z
needs to be taken.

Analysis of internal forces Analysis of internal forces

Pxx (Axial Force) – The Pxy,Pxz (Shear Force) –

component measures These are components
the pulling (or pushing) of the total resistance
action over the section. to sliding the portion to
A pull represents a one side of the
tensile force which selection pass the
tends to elongate the other. The resultant
member whereas a shear force is usually
push is a compressive designated by V and its
force which tends to components by Vy and
shorten it. It is often Vz to identify their
denoted by P. directions.

Analysis of internal forces Fundamental concept of stress

Mxx (Torque) – This When a force is transmitted through a body, the

component measures the body tends to change its shape or deform. The
resistance to twisting the body is said to be strained.
member and is commonly STRESS – is defined as the strength of material
given the symbol T. per unit area. It is the force on a member divided
Mxy, Mxz (Bending by the area which carries the force. In symbol;
Movements) – These 𝑃
components measure the 𝜎=
resistance to bending the 𝐴
member about the Y or Z Where: σ = stress
axes and are often P = force
denoted by My or Mz.
A = area

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Fundamental concept of stress Kinds of stresses

Axial Stress – the type of stress wherein the force
Units English Metric applied is perpendicular or normal to the area. It
σ, Stress psi (lbs/in2), Pa (N/m2) can be tensile or compressive stress.
ksi (kips/in2) Shearing Stress – the type of stress wherein the
P, Force pounds, kips N, kN force applied is parallel to the area
A, Area sq. in. (m2) (mm2), m2 Bearing Stress – is the constant pressure between
separate bodies. It differs from the compressive
1 MPa = 1x106 Pa = 1x106 N/m2 stress as it is an internal stress caused by the
compressive force.
1 kip = 1000 pounds (lbs)
1 ksi = 1000 psi Torsional Stress – stress produced due to torque
Note: 1 N/mm2 = 1 MN/m2 = 1 MPa Bending Stress – stress developed due to bending
of the member

AXIAL Stress
Axial stress may be tensile, 𝜎𝑡 or compressive, 𝜎𝑐
and result from forces acting perpendicular to the
plane of the cross-section
STRENGTH OF Tension
MATERIALS
Compression
Mechanics of
Deformable Bodies conclusion: the normal stress acting along a
section of a member only depends on the external
load applied (e.g. a normal force F) and the
geometry of its cross section A (true for statically
determinant systems).

AXIAL Stress problem 1 AXIAL Stress problem 1

Determine the axial stress on members BD, CE & FBD
CD of the truss shown. Assume cross-sectional
area of each member is 900mm².

Av Ev

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AXIAL Stress problem 1 AXIAL Stress problem 1

Av B BD Av

To get the force AV: To get force BD,

𝜮ME = 0 CD 𝜮MC = 0
AV(6) – 200(3) – 100(1.5)+50(3)=0 3m CE
AV(3) – BD(3) = 0
AV(6) = 200(3)+100(1.5) – 50(3) A C
200kN
100(3) – BD(3) = 0
AV = 100kN Av=100kN BD = 100kNcompression

AXIAL Stress problem 1 AXIAL Stress problem 1

To get the stress of member BD, use the formula:
𝑃BD
𝜎BD =
𝐴
100kN
100kN B BD=100kN D
𝜎BD =
900mm2 Av

To get force CE,

𝜎BD = 111.11MPa compression
𝜮MD = 0 A 3m C CE

BD(4.5) – 200(1.5) – CE (3) = 0 Av=100kN

200kN

100(4.5) – 300 = CE(3)

CE
BD==50kN
1 tension

AXIAL Stress problem 1 AXIAL Stress problem 1

B
To get the stress of member CE, use the formula: BD=100kN

𝑃CE
𝜎CE = CD
𝐴
CE=50kN
50kN 3m

𝜎CE = A C
900mm2 Av=100kN
200kN Av

𝜎CE = 55.55MPa tension To get force CD,

θ = tan−1
3
𝜮MA = 0
1.5
3m 200(3) – BD(3) – CDV(3) = 0
θ = 63.43°
θ 200(3) – 100(3) – CD(sin63.43)(3) = 0
1.5m CD = 111.81kN tension

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AXIAL Stress problem 1 AXIAL Stress problem 2

An aluminum tube is rigidly fastened between a
To get the stress of member CD, use the formula:
bronze rod and a steel rod as shown. Axial loads
𝑃CD are applied at the positions indicated. Determine
𝜎CD =
𝐴 the stress in each material.
111.81kN
𝜎CD =
900mm2
𝜎CD = 124.23MPa tension

AXIAL Stress problem 2 AXIAL Stress problem 2

𝜮FX = 0
𝜮FX = 0 20kN − 15kN = PA
PB = 20kN PA = 5kN
PB 20,000N PA 5,000N
σB = = σA = =
AB 700mm2 AA 1,000mm2
σB = 28.57MPa compression σA = 5MPa compression

AXIAL Stress problem 2 AXIAL Stress problem 3

A 12in. square steel bearing plate lies between an
8in. diameter wooden post and a concrete footing.
Determine the maximum value of the axial load P
if the stress in wood is limited to 1800psi and in
concrete is limited to 650psi.
𝜮FX = 0
20kN − 15kN − 15kN + PS = 0
PS = 10kN
PS 10,000N
σS = =
AS 800mm2
σS = 12.5MPa tension

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AXIAL Stress problem 3 AXIAL Stress problem 4

A homogenous 150 kg bar AB carries a 2-KN force
as shown. The bar is supported by a pin at B and
PC a 10mm diameter cable CD. Determine the stress
σC = in the cable.
AC
lbs PC
650 2 =
PW in 12in 12in
σW = PC = 93,600lbs
AW
lbs PW
1800 2 = Pmax = 90,477.87lbs
in 8in 2
𝜋
4
PW = 90,477.87lbs

AXIAL Stress problem 4 AXIAL Stress problem 4

𝜋
A= 10 2 = 25𝜋mm2
4
PCD 6.84kN 103 N/kN
SCD = =
A 25𝜋mm2
𝜮MB = 0 SCD = 87.09N/mm2 tension
4 150 ∗ 9.81 3 SCD = 87.09MPa tension
PCD 3 −2 6 − =0
5 1000
PCD = 6.84kN tension

AXIAL Stress problem 5 AXIAL Stress problem 5

Determine the largest weight W which can be FBD
supported by the two wires shown. The stresses in 𝜮Y = 0
wires AB and AC are not to exceed 100MPa and ACY = WY
150MPa. The cross-sectional areas of the two AC sin 75 = W sin 60
wires are 400mm2 for wire AB and 200mm2 for AC = 0.897W
wire AC. B C

𝜮H = 0
30o
A ABH = ACH
45o
AB cos 30 = AC cos 45
AB cos 30 = 0.897W cos 45
AB = 0.732W
W

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AXIAL Stress problem 5

P = AS
For AC:
AC = (200)(150) = 30000N STRENGTH OF
0.897W = 30,000
W = 33,444.82N MATERIALS
For AB: W = 33,444.82N Mechanics of
AB = 400(100) = 40,000 Deformable Bodies
0.732W = 40,000
W = 54644.81N

shearing Stress shearing Stress

Shearing Stress is produced whenever the applied Shear Stresses are produced by equal and
load cause one section of a body to tend to slide opposite parallel forces not in line.
past its adjacent section.
The forces tend to make one part of the material
𝑉 slide over the other part.
𝜏=
𝐴 Shear Stress is tangential to the area over which
Where
it acts.
𝜏 – shear stress
𝑉 – shear force Shear Stress is a measure of the internal
𝐴 – area in shear resistance of a material to an externally applied
shear load.

shearing Stress shearing Stress

The rivet resists shear across its cross-sectional Bolt resists shear across two cross-sectional
area. areas.
Single Shear Double Shear

ΣFy = 0
P = 2V
P
V=
2

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shearing Stress shearing Stress problem 1

A circular slug is about to be punched out of a A hole is to be punched out of a plate having an
plate. ultimate shearing stress of 300MPa. If the
compressive stress in the punch is limited to
Punching Shear 400MPa. Determine the maximum thickness of
the plate from which a hole of 100mm in diameter
ΣFy = 0 can be punched. If the plate is 10mm thick,
P=V compute the smallest diameter hole that can be
punched.
Ashear = Circumference * t
Ashear = πdt

shearing Stress problem 1 shearing Stress problem 1

P
σc =
Ac V
N P τp =
400 = Av
mm2 π(100mm)2 V
4 τp =
πdt
𝐏 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟒 𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐍
N 3.14 x 106 N
300 2 =
mm π 100 mm t
τp = 300MPa ΣFy = 0 τp = 300MPa t = 33.33 mm
σc = 400MPa P=V σc = 400MPa
d = 100mm 𝟑. 𝟏𝟒 𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐍 = 𝐕 d = 100mm

shearing Stress problem 1 shearing Stress problem 1

P ΣFy = 0
σc =
Ac P=V
P 100πd2 = V
σc = πd2 V
πd2 P = σc τp =
4 4 Av
N πd2 V
P = 400 τp =
mm2 4 πdt
N πd2 N 100πd2
P = 400 τp = 300MPa 300 2 = τp = 300MPa
mm2 4 mm πd 10 mm
σc = 400MPa σc = 400MPa
𝐏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝛑𝐝𝟐 t = 10mm d = 30 mm t = 10mm

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shearing Stress problem 2 shearing Stress problem 2

The end chord of a timber truss is framed into the P=50KN
bottom chord as shown in the figure. Neglecting b
friction, compute dimension b if the allowable
30o
shearing stress is 900KPA. c
V
P=50KN τ=
Av
b V = PH
30o V = 50cos30
c
V = 43.3kN
N 43.3x106 N
900 =
mm2 150 mm (b)
b = 320.75mm

shearing Stress problem 3 shearing Stress problem 3

The Bell Crank shown is in equilibrium.
Determine the required diameter of the connecting ΣMD = 0
rod AB if its axial stress is limited to 100MPa. 25.98 240 − P 200 = 0
P = 31.18 KN
P
σAB =
A AB
N 31.18 x 103
100 2 =
mm πd2
4 Say: d = 20mm
d = 19.92mm