RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION (RFID)

A basic RFID system is an instrument consisting of three components an antenna or coil,

transceiver with decoder and a transponder (RF tag) electronically programmed with unique
information,that is a unique identification number.

Fig.3.5 RFID

RFID tags are categorized as either active or passive. Active RFID tags are powered by an
internal battery and are typically read and write, i.e., tag data can be rewritten and modified.
An active tag’s memory size varies according to application requirements; some systems
operate with up to 1MB of memory. The battery-supplied power of an active tag generally
gives it a longer read range. The trade off is greater size, greater cost, and a limited
operational life.

The range of RFID systems vary depending on what they are designed for, range differs
between and contact and up to20m. The difference is caused by different power usage and
used frequency, because RFID systems generate and radiate electromagnetic waves, they are
justifiably classified as radio systems.

Ultrasonic sensors HC- SR04:

Ultrasonic ranging module HC - SR04 provides 2cm - 400cm non-contact measurement
function, the ranging accuracy can reach to 3mm. The modules include ultrasonic
transmitters, receiver, and control circuit, within measuring angle 15 degrees Fig (4). [4-1]
The basic principle of work.Fig (4-2).

(1) Using IO trigger for at least 10us high-level signal,

(2) The Module automatically sends eight 40 kHz and detect whether there is a pulse signal
back.
(3) IF the signal back, through high level, time of high output IO duration is the time from
sending ultrasonic to returning.
Test distance = (high level time × velocity of sound (340M/S) / 2.
Wire connecting directly as following:
5V Supply
Trigger Pulse Input
Echo Pulse Output
0V Ground
 Fig.3.6 UV

Fig .3.7 UV analyzing

SERVO MOTOR

A servomotor is a rotary actuator or linear actuator that allows for precise control of angular
or linear position, velocity and acceleration.[1] It consists of a suitable motor coupled to a
sensor for position feedback. It also requires a relatively sophisticated controller, often a
dedicated module designed specifically for use with servomotors.

Servomotors are not a specific class of motor although the term servomotor is often used to
refer to a motor suitable for use in a closed-loop control system.

Servomotors are used in applications such as robotics, CNC machinery or automated

manufacturing.

Fig.3.8 servo