Certificate

This is to certify that Abhishek Tiwari a student of class XII -

(A) Prabha Sunrise Educational Institute has successfully
completed the project titled Transformer during academic
year 2018-2019 towards partial fulfillment of Physics
practical examination conducted by CBSE.

----------------- -----------------
Teacher signature External examiner
Signature
 Acknowledgement

I would like to express my special thanks to my subject teacher

MR.Rohit sir as well as our principal Mr. Manoj dixit to give this
wonderfull project on the topic Transformer Which also help me in
doing a lot of research and I came to know about so many new
things.
I am really thankful to them,

Secondly I would also like to thank my parents and friends who

helped me a lot in finishing this project within the limited time.
I am making this project not only for marks but to also increase my
knowledge.

Thanks again to all who helped me

A transformer is an electrical device that transfer electrical energy between
two are more circuit through Electromagnetic inductor. A varying current in
one coil of transformer produce a varying magnetic flux, which in turn
induces a varying electromotive force across a second coil wound around
the same core. Power can be transferred between the two cell through the
magnetic field, without a metallic connection between the two circuit.
Faraday’s law of induction discovered in 1831 describe this effect.
Transformer are used to increase or decrease the alternating voltage in
electric power application.

Since the invention of the first constant potential transformer in 1885,

transformer have become essential for the transmission,distribution and
utilization of alternating current electrical energy.A wide range of
transformer design is encountered in electronic and electric power
application. Transformer range in size from RF transformer less than a cubic
centimeter in volume, to unit weighing hundred of tons used to
interconnect the power grid.
The basic principle behind the working of transformer is the phenomenon of
mutual induction between two winding linked by common electric flux . The
figure at right show s the simplest form of transformer .Basically a
transformer consist of two induction coil primary binding and secondary
winding.The coils are electrically separated but magnetically linked to each
other.
When primary winding is connected to a source of alternating
voltage,alternating magnetic flux is produced around the winding.The core
provide magnetic path for the flux to get linked with the secondary
winding.Most of the flux linked with the seconday winding called as useful
flux or main flux. And the flux does not linked with the secondary winding
called leakage flux .As the flux produced is alternating (the direction of it is
continuously changing) ,EMF get induced in the secondary winding .
According to Faradays’s law of electromagnetic induction. This EMF is called
mutually induced emf. And th frequency of this mutually induced emf is
same as that of supplied emf. If the secondary binding is closed circuit then
mutually induced current flow through it and hence the electrical energy is
transferred from one circuit to another.
Basically a transformer consist of two inductive winding and a
laminated steel core.The coils are insulated from each other as
well as steel core. A transformer can also consist of a container
for winding and core assembly (called as tank). suitable
bushings to take our the terminals, oil conservator to provide oil
in the transformer tank for cooling purposes etc. The figure at
left illustrates the basic construction of a transformer.
In all types of transformers, core is constructed by assembling
(stacking) laminated sheets of steel, with minimum air-gap
between them (to achieve continuous magnetic path). The steel
used is having high silicon content and sometimes heat treated,
to provide high permeability and low hysteresis loss. Laminated
sheets of steel are used to reduce eddy current loss. The sheets
are cut in the shape as E,I and L. To avoid high reluctance at
joints, laminations are stacked by alternating the sides of joint.
That is, if joints of first sheet assembly are at front face, the
joints of following assemble are kept at back face.
 TYPES OF TRANSFORMER
1.Step up transformer-
On a step-up transformer there are more turns on the secondary coil
than the primary coil. The induced voltage across the secondary coil is
greater than the applied voltage across the primary coil or in other
words the voltage has been “stepped-up”.

Application-There is a step up transformer in microwave oven.They are

also used in power plant to transform the several thousand volt
produced by the alternators to thee several hundred of thousand volts
of the high voltage network.

2.Step down transformer-

A step down transformer has less turns on the secondary coil that the
primary coil. The induced voltage across the secondary coil is less the
applied voltage across the primary coil or in other words the voltage is
“stepped-down”.

Application-Step down are everyehere.There is either an external or

internal one in your computer,television.

For safety isolation of your lower voltage AC Supply from the main
power supply.
An ideal transformer is an imaginary transformer which has

no copper losses (no winding resistance)

no iron loss in core
no leakage flux

In other words, an ideal transformer gives output power exactly equal to the
input power. The efficiency of an idea transformer is 100%. Actually, it is
impossible to have such a transformer in practice, but ideal transformer model
makes problems easier.

Zero winding resistance: It is assumed that, resistance of primary as well as

secondary winding of an ideal transformer is zero. That is, both the coils are
purely inductive in nature.

Infinite permeability of the core: Higher the permeability, lesser the mmf
required for flux establishment. That means, if permeability is high, less
magnetizing current is required to magnetize the transformer core.

No leakage flux: Leakage flux is a part of magnetic flux which does not get linked
with secondary winding. In an ideal transformer, it is assumed that entire amount
of flux get linked with secondary winding (that is, no leakage flux).

100% efficiency: An ideal transformer does not have any losses like hysteresis
loss, eddy current loss etc. So, the output power of an ideal transformer is exactly
equal to the input power. Hence, 100% efficiency.
 Limitations
Transformer Temperature Limitations

For dry (air-cooled) transformers (that normally have their windings insulated with silicone resin), a
temperature limit of 155°C is usually imposed. Allowing air to circulate through the windings and over
the core cools these transformers. Assuming a maximum ambient temperature of 40°C, then the
temperature rise is limited to 155° – 40° = 115°C.

For oil-insulated transformers, there is usually a measurement of oil temperature and winding
temperature provided. The simulated winding temperature is called hot-spot. It is derived by passing
a representative amount of load current through a resistor located in the oil and measuring the resulting
temperature

Current Limits

Current has two direct effects on the transformer:

1. It produces heat in the windings of the transformer as we have just discussed above.

2. It produces a voltage drop across the output winding proportional to the load current. As the
transformer is loaded, the secondary voltage will fall due to the affects of winding resistance
and reactance.

Voltage and Frequency Limits

We have previously discussed how the operating voltage and frequency must be kept within rated
values due to the physical design (winding insulation and core construction). The subtle effect of these
parameters on the overheating of the core is sometimes overlooked.

When any transformer is operating at its rated voltage and frequency, it will be operating with its rated
value of flux in the core.

If the voltage rises while the frequency remains constant, or the frequency falls while the voltage
remains constant, the core flux will increase. The core will heat up due to the effects of hysterisis and
eddy currents in the core.

Typical magnetization curve for a transformer core; Figure 6 (right) Relationship between core flux and
core heating

A voltage increase of 10% above the rated value will give a flux level of 10% above its rated value. From
Figure 5, it can be seen that, if the flux level is 10% above normal, the iron has commenced to saturate.
www.allaboutcircuit.com
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www.electronictutorial.ws
www.engineeringelectricalequipment.org
www.in.answer.yahoo.com
www.en.wikipedia.com