TABLE OF CONTENTS

Headings Pages

1. Introduction and Aims………………………………………………1

1.1 Introduction…………………………………………………..1
1.2 Aims…………………………………………………………..1
1.3 Delimitation of Study…………………………………………3
1.4 Hypothesis…………………………………………………….4
1.5 Objectives of Study……………………………………………5

2. Graphology as a Projective Technique………………………………6

2.1 History of the Projective Technique………………………..…6

2.2 Definition of the Projective Technique……………………….7
2.3 Projective Techniques…………………………………………8
2.4 Types of Projective techniques………………………………11
2.4.1 Associative Techniques……………………………….11
2.4.2 Construction Techniques……………………………..12
2.4.3 Completion Techniques………………………………12
2.4.4 Choice or Ordering Techniques………………………13
2.4.5 Expressive Techniques………………………………..13
2.5 Graphology – A Projective Technique………………………14
 2.6 Advantages of the Projective Technique……………………15
2.6.1 Complementing the Counselling Process…………….15
2.6.2 Greater Cognition of Client’s needs, desires & beliefs16
2.6.3 Planning the ensuing treatment………………………16
2.7 The Personality – A Graphological Definition……………...17
2.8 The Test Criteria……………………………………………..19
2.8.1 Sensitivity to unconscious or latent aspects of
personality……………………………………………..19
2.8.2 Manifold responses……………………………………20
2.8.3 Multi-dimensionality…..……………………………..21
2.8.4 The Subject’s lack of awareness of the test purpose…22
2.8.5 Abundance and richness of the response data elicited by
the subject……………………………………………..22
2.8.6 The Holistic Analysis………………………………….23
2.8.7 No Right or Wrong Answers………………………….24
2.9 Utilization of Graphology……………………………………27
2.10 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Projective Technique
Graphology…………………………………………………..29
2.10.1 Advantages…………………………………….29
2.10.2 Disadvantages………………………………….31

3. Evolution of Handwriting………………………………………….34

3.1 Theory – The Evolution of Handwriting……………………34

3.2 History of Handwriting………………………………………35
3.2.1 Handwriting: A System of Signs…..………………….35
 3.2.2 Handwriting – The Development……………………..38
3.2.2.1 Forerunners of Writing – Primitive Cave
Drawings…………………………………….38
3.2.2.2 Word-syllabic Systems………………………40
3.2.3 The Acquisition of Handwriting……………………..48
3.2.3.1 The Copybook………………………………51
3.3 Origin of Handwriting Analysis.…………………………….52
3.3.1 The Evolution of Graphology…………………………53
3.3.2 Further Developments in the Field of Graphology…..56
3.4 Implications and Applications of Graphology for
Psychological Assessment……………………………………57
3.4.1 Graphotherapy……….………………………………..58
3.4.1.1 The Graphotherapy Process………………..60

4. The Methodology of Graphology…………………………………..67

4.1 Uniqueness of Handwriting………………………………..67

4.2 Psychology – The Basis of Graphology……………………68
4.3 The Analysis………………………………………………..69
4.3.1 The Paper……………………………………………69
4.3.2 The Pen……………………………………………….70
4.3.3 The Copybook…………………………………………70
4.4 The Tools of Analysis……………………………………….71
4.4.1 The Protractor…………………………………………71
4.4.2 The Pencil and Ruler…………………………………71
4.4.3 The Pen and Notebook………………………………..72
4.4.4 The Grids………………………………………………72
 4.4.5 The Magnifying Glass………………………………..73
4.5 Areas of Analysis…………………………………………….73
4.5.1 Gestalt Psychology…………………………………….74
4.5.2 General Layout of the Sample……………………..…79
4.5.3 Zones…………………………………………………..81
4.5.3.1 Upper Zone………………………………….82
4.5.3.2 Middle Zone…………………………………82
4.5.3.3 Lower Zone…………………………………83
4.5.4 Fluency………………………………………………..85
4.5.5 Baselines………………………………………………85
4.5.5.1 Horizontal Baselines ………………………86
4.5.5.2 Ascending or mounting Baselines…………86
4.5.5.3 Descending Baselines………………………86
4.5.5.4 Step-type Baselines………………………..87
4.5.5.5 Convex Baselines …………………………87
4.5.5.6 Concave Baselines…………………………87
4.5.5.7 Wavering Baselines ..………………………88
4.5.5.8 Straight Baseline, overcrowding end………88
4.5.5.9 Dropping last word…………………………88
4.5.6 Margins……………………………………………….88
4.5.6.1 Left Margins……………………………….89
4.5.6.2 Right Margins………………………………90
4.5.6.3 Top or upper Margins………………………91
4.5.6.4 Lower Margins……………………………..91
4.5.7 Slant…………………………………………………..93
4.5.7.1 Right Slant…………………………………93
4.5.7.2 Left Slant……………………………………93
 4.5.7.3 Upright Slant………………………………..94
4.5.7.4 Mixed Slant…………………………………95
4.5.7.5 Extreme Slant……………………………….95
4.5.8 Pressure………………………………………………..96
4.5.8.1 Very Heavy Pressure………………………..98
4.5.8.2 Heavy Pressure……………………………..98
4.5.8.3 Moderate Pressure………………………….98
4.5.8.4 Light Pressure………………………………98
4.5.8.5 Very Light Pressure…………………………98
4.5.8.6 Even or Good Pressure……………………..99
4.5.8.7 Uneven or Arrhythmical Pressure…………99
4.5.8.8 Displaced Pressure or Abnormal
Distribution of Pressure (A.D.P.)………..99
4.5.8.9 Lateral or Horizontal Pressure……………..99
4.5.8.10 Inverted Pressure………………………….100
4.5.8.11 Increasing Pressure - end of the words…...101
4.5.8.12 Variable Pressure………………………….101
4.5.8.13 Transposition of Pressure…………………102
4.5.9 Width and Narrowness………………………………102
4.5.9.1 Wide Primary Width……………………….103
4.5.9.2 Narrow Primary Width……………………103
4.5.9.3 Wide Secondary Width……………………103
4.5.9.4 Narrow Secondary Width………………….103
4.5.9.5 Differences in Letter Width……………….103
4.5.10 Form Standard…………………………………….103
4.5.10.1 Rhythm of Speed and Form……………….104
4.5.10.2 Symmetry………………………………….104
 4.5.10.3 Creativity………………………………….104
4.5.10.4 Speed and Legibility………………………104
4.5.11 Speed………………………………………………106
4.5.11.1 Curves……………………………..………107
4.5.11.2 Tall Letters………………………………..107
4.5.11.3 ‘i’-dots…………………………………….107
4.5.11.4 Right Slant…………………………………107
4.5.11.5 Alternating Heavy and Light Strokes……..107
4.5.11.6 Good Connections and Continuous
Writing…………………………………….108
4.5.11.7 Rightward-directed Angles………………..108
4.5.11.8 Wide Writing……………………………….108
4.5.11.9 Patching-ups, Adjustments and Added
Strokes……………………………………..108
4.5.11.10 Garland………….……………………….108
4.5.11.11 Thread…………………………………….108
4.5.11.12 Increasing Left Margin…………………..109
4.5.12 Rhythm……………………………………………..109
4.5.13 Strokes – Initial and Terminal Strokes……………112
4.5.13.1 Initial or Starting Strokes…………………112
4.5.13.2 Ending or Terminal Strokes………………116
4.5.14 Vertical Expansion (Size of the Handwriting)…..119
4.5.14.1 Large Handwriting………………………..120
4.5.14.2 Medium-sized Handwriting……………….122
4.5.14.3 Small Handwriting………………………..122
4.5.15 Spacing (between Words and Lines)……………..128
 4.5.15.1 Spacing Between Lines (on a blank sheet of
paper)………………………………………128
4.5.15.2 Spacing Between the Words………………130
4.5.16 Loops – Fullness, Leanness and Covering Strokes.133
4.5.17 Connective Forms…………………………………136
4.5.17.1 Garland……………………………………137
4.5.17.2 Arcade……………………………………..140
4.5.17.3 Angle………………………………………142
4.5.17.4 Thread…………………………………….144
4.5.17.5 Others………………………………………147
4.5.17.6 Combinations of Connective Forms………149
4.5.18 Capitals, First and Last Letters……………….151
4.5.18.1 Capitals – the sizes……………………..151
4.5.18.2 Initial and Terminal Letters…………..155
4.5.19 Regularity and Irregularity…………………..158
4.5.20 Connections between Letters…………………164
4.5.21 Simplification and Amplification (General
Writing Movement)……………..…………….171
4.5.21.1 Simplification…………………………..171
4.5.21.2 Amplification…..………………………174
4.5.22 Diacritics………………………………………176
4.5.22.1 The ‘i’-dot………………………………176
4.5.22.2 The t-cross……………………………..179
4.5.22.2.1 The Bar Height…………………180
4.5.22.2.2 The Stem Height………………..181
4.5.22.2.3 Bar Height pressure…………….182
4.5.23 Letter Specifics and Stimulus Letters………..184
 44.5.23.1 Letter Specifics…………………………184
44.5.23.2 Stimulus Letter…………………………187
4.5.24 Ovals…………………………………………..188
4.5.25 Counterstrokes and Counter-dominants……190
4.5.25.1 Counterstrokes…………………………190
4.5.25.2 Counter-dominants..…………………..192
4.5.26 Directional Tendencies (right, left, diagonal,
etc.)……………………………………………194
4.5.26.1 Leftward Directional Tendency………….195
4.5.26.2 Rightward Directional Tendency…………196
4.5.26.3 Diagonal Directional Tendency………….198
4.5.26.4 Circular Directional Tendency……………199
4.5.27 Constriction, Contraction and Release……………200
4.5.27.1 Release……………………………………..200
4.5.27.2 Contraction………………………………..201
4.5.27.3 Constriction………………………………..202
4.5.28 Signature…………………………………………..206

4.6 Personal Profile Analysis (PPA)…………………………..210

4.6.1 PPA & Personnel Interview…………………………210
4.6.2 Background of the PPA……………………………..212
4.6.3 Technical Classification of the PPA………………..212
4.6.3.1. PPA Form………………………………214
4.6.3.2. Administration & Scoring of the PPA…215
5. Comparison of Tests Results….…………………………………..219

5.1 Introduction………………………………………………..219
5.2 Table of Comparison………………………………………220

6. Recommendations and Conclusions……………………………..240

6.1 Overview……………………………………………………240
6.2 Major Findings – Recommendations for Implementation..241
6.3 Shortcomings of Current Study………..…………………..242
6.4 Recommendations for Future Studies……………………..243
6.5 Conclusion………………………………………………….244

7. Appendices

Appendix A - Picture Enlargement

Appendix B - Origins of the Alphabet
Appendix C - Types of Handwriting
Appendix D - Examples of copybooks
Appendix E - PPA Report and Discussion
Appendix F - Graphology Report
Appendix G - Grids used as a Tool in Graphology
Appendix H - Copy of Handwriting Sample
Appendix I - Enlargements of writing sample
Features
Appendix J - Code of Ethics

8. Bibliography