Chapter 6

Induction Motors

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 The Development of Induced Torque in an Induction
Motor

Figure 6-6
The development of induced torque in an induction motor. (a) The rotating stator field BS
induces a voltage in the rotor bars; (b) the rotor voltage produces a rotor current flow,
which lags behind the voltage due to rotor inductance; (c) the rotor current produces a
magnetic field BR lagging rotor current by 90o. Interaction between BR and BS produces a
torque in the machine.

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 The Concept of Rotor Slip

• Slip speed is defined as the difference between

synchronous speed and rotor speed:

nslip  nsync  nm

Where nslip  slip speed of the machine

nsync  speed of the magnetic field
nm  rotor mechanical speed

nslip nsync  nm
slip  s  
nsync nsync

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 The Equivalent Circuit of an Induction Motor

Figure 6-7 Stator Circuit Model Rotor Circuit Model

Figure 6-9 Rotor Circuit Model Figure 6-10 Rotor Circuit Model
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 The Equivalent Circuit of an Induction Motor
R1 = Stator resistance/phase

X1 = Stator leakage reactance/phase

R2= Rotor resistance referred to stator/phase

X2 = Rotor leakage reactance referred to stator/phase

Figure 6-12
The per-phase equivalent circuit of an induction motor.
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• Unlike a transformer, in an induction motor, due to the
presence of an air gap, the magnetizing current is
significant and its effect may not be ignored. However,
the core-loss resistance may be removed from the
equivalent circuit and its effect accounted for by
including core losses in our calculations.

Figure 6-8
The magnetization curve of an induction motor compared to that of a transformer.

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 Power Flow and Losses of an Induction Motor

Figure 6-13
The power-flow diagram of an induction motor

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 Power and Torque in an Induction Motor
• The input impedance of the motor is given by
= (R
ZZeqeq = R11++jX  + (jXc)||(jX
jX11)+(R m
)  Rm2 )||(R 
+ jX 22/s+jX2)

V
I1   I1 1
Zeq
Pinin =33V 1 1)
I1 cos(
Vf I1ϕCos
PAG = Pin - PSCL - Pcore
PSCL = 3 I221R1
The only element in the equivalent circuit where the air-gap
power can be consumed is in the resistor R2/s, therefore,
R2
PAG  3I 2
2
s
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• The power converted from electrical to mechanical form,
Pconv, is given by
Pconv  PAG  PRCL
PRCL  3I22R2
Pconv  (1  s )PAG

• The output power can be found as

Pout  Pconv  PF &W  Pmisc

• The induced torque is given by the equation

Pconv (1  s )PAG PAG
 ind   
m (1  s )sync sync
3  R2 
 ind  2
I  
sync 2
 s 
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 Induced Torque in an Induction Motor
• The induced torque in an induction motor was to be

Pconv PAG 3  R2 
 ind    2
I  
m sync sync 2
 s 

• To find rotor current I2, the stator circuit is replaced with

its Thevenin equivalent circuit.

Figure 6-17
Per-phase equivalent circuit of an induction motor.

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Figure 6-18
(a) The Thevenin equivalent voltage of the stator circuit. (b) The Thevenin impedance. (c)
The resulting simplified equivalent circuit of an induction motor
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 jX M
VTH = V
R1 + j(X1 + X M )
jX M (R1 + jX1 )
ZTH = RTH + jXTH =
R1 + j(X1 + X M )
VTH
I2 =
RTH + R2 /s+ j(XTH + X 2 )
VTH
I2 =
R + R2 /s  +  XTH + X 2 
2 2
TH

PAG 3VTH2 R2 /s
 ind = =
sync sync  RTH + R2 /s 2 +  XTH + X 2 2

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Figure 6-19
A typical induction motor torque-speed characteristic curve

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 Maximum (Pullout) Torque in an Induction Motor

PAG 3VTH2 R2 /s
 ind = =
sync sync  RTH + R2 /s  +  XTH + X 2 
2 2

d  ind
=0
ds
R2
smax =
R +  XTH + X 2 
2 2
TH

3VTH2
 max =
22wsync  R + RTH +  XTH + X 2 
2 2 
sync
 TH 

• Slip at maximum torque can be varied by changing rotor resistance

while the corresponding maximum torque is independent of R2
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Figure 6-22
The effect of varying rotor resistance on the torque-speed characteristic of a wound-rotor
induction motor.
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 = 229 N ∙ m

(b) Tstart

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 Induction Motor Testing
• The No-Load Test: to obtain the rotational losses and
information leading to magnetizing reactance. Motor
operated at rated voltage and no load.

Figure 6-53
The no-load test of an induction motor. (a) test circuit. (b) the resulting equivalent circuit.
Note that at no load the motor’s impedance is essentially R1+ j (X1+XM).

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• The rotational losses of the motor are

Pin = PSCL + Pcore + PF&W + Pmisc = PSCL + Prot

2
PSCL = 3 I1,nl R1
2
Prot = Pin - 3 I1,nl R1

V
Zeq =  X1+ X M
I1,nl

o The stator resistance will be obtained from the dc test.

o X1 will be obtained from the locked-rotor test.

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• The DC Test: to obtain stator resistance, R1. An
adjusted dc voltage is applied between two terminals of
the stator circuit such that rated armature current flows.
VDC
R1 =
2 IDC

Figure 6-54
The circuit for a dc resistance test.
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• The Locked-Rotor (or Blocked-Rotor) Test: to obtain R2,
X1+X2, and XM (using the no-load test results).

Figure 6-55
The locked-rotor test for an induction motor: (a) test circuit; (b) motor equivalent circuit
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• The locked-rotor reactance at test frequency, X’LR, is
obtained from
V VT
ZLR = =
I1 3 IL
Pin
Cos LR =
3 VT IL
'
ZLR = RLR + jX LR  ZLR LR

• The locked-rotor reactance at rated frequency, XLR, is

frated '
X LR = X LR = X1 + X 2
ftest

• X1 and X2 are found from rule of thumb based on rotor design.

RLR = R1 + R2  R2
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