Ethical

and Societal Issues of Media and Information Digital ADDICTION

• the term used for an individual who immensely uses
Ethical issues digital technology
• Digital Citizenship • also called internet addiction
• Netiquette • addiction is a vice, thus is something negative and
• Digital Footprint harmful
• if it’s for a good purpose, it’s not called digital
Digital Citizenship addiction (ex: school, work)
• the norms of appropriate, responsible technology use
• a holistic and positive approach to helping children DIGITAL BULLYING
learn how to be safe and secure, as well as smart and • bullying that takes place using electronic technology
effective participants in a digital world • also called cyberbullying
• membership in the digital community • under cybercrime (separate for the sake of uniformity)
• “Self-monitored participation that reflects conscious • using derogatory terms, defaming
interdependence with all (visible and less visible) • keyword: INTENTION
community members”
• you just being passive behaving appropriately, VIRTUAL SELF
adhering to the norms • Refers to how you present yourself using media
• the quality of habits, actions, and consumption • Not only refers to avatars
patterns that impact the ecology of digital content and
communities CYBERCRIME
• Ex: Communicating with respect, respecting other’s
• a crime committed with or through the use of
privacy, seeing things from another perspective, adding information and communication technologies such as
helpful information to a discussion or wiki page,
radio, television, cellular phone, computer and
supporting others by offering useful feedback,
network, and other communication device or
encouraging them, or sharing work they’re proud of, etc.
application


Netiquette 1. Hacking: illegal attempt to exploit private network
• set of rules for behaving properly online inside a computer for an illicit purpose
• do's and don'ts of online communication 2. Cybersex: willful engagement, maintenance, control,
• the act of following the rules or operation, directly or indirectly, of any lascivious
• you being active because you are following the exhibition of sexual organs or sexual activity in
etiquette computer
• respecting other users’ views and displaying common 3. Child pornography: any visual depiction of sexually
courtesy when posting your views to online discussion explicit conduct involving a minor
groups 4. Identity theft: deliberate use of someone else's
identity for harmful purposes
Core Rules of Netiquette 5. Online libel: a written defamation; like slander (oral)
Rule 1: Remember the Human 6. Illegal access to data
Rule 2: Adhere to the same standards of behavior online 1. Data interference: deterioration of computer data
that you follow in real life 2. Illegal interception: interception of computer
Rule 3: Know where you are in cyberspace data to, from, or within a computer system
Rule 4: Respect other people's time and bandwidth 7. Cybersquatting: acquisition of a domain name over
Rule 5: Make yourself look good online the internet in bad faith
Rule 6: Share expert knowledge
Rule 7: Help keep flame wars under control. Criminal offenses in cyberspace include:
Rule 8: Respect other people's privacy • Offenses against the confidentiality, integrity, and
Rule 9: Don't abuse your power availability of computer data and systems
Rule 10: Be forgiving of other people's mistakes • Computer-related offenses
• Content-related offenses
Digital footprint • Offenses related to infringements of copyright and
• a trail of data you create while using the Internet related rights
• Everything you post online, even if you delete, will
remain in the Internet Media and Information Languages
• Your data, identity and information are being shared Media Language – conventions
from one company to another (targeted
advertisements) Genre
• Unique data trace of a user’s actions, communication, • comes from the French word meaning 'type' or 'class‘
transaction, etc. in social media • can be recognized by its common set of distinguishing
features (codes and conventions)
Why digital footprint matters? • helps audiences to understand the text by merely
1. Protecting your reputation looking at those signs that you can recognize and
2. Maintaining your ability to decide where and how interpret
your personal information is shared • Genre analysis is pattern-seeking rather than
3. Preventing financial loss pattern-imposing (hart, 1986).
4. Preserving your freedom
• Has embedded patterns of codes or signs that you
will have to merely identify, rather than having to
Societal issues
force your own particular pattern just for you to be

able to understand the message of the genre
Digital Divide
• A genre convention is usually associated with the type
• a gap between those who can access Information of the content
Communication Technology (ICT) and those who
• Media products can be classified into categories or
cannot
genre
• Ex: two groups of different ages
• Media genres appear within a medium

• Can be applied to movies, books, music and even

languages

• Linguistics: genre analysis

• Genre = codes + conventions
Codes
• systems of signs that are put together to create Camera Movement
arbitrary meaning
• patterns that are followed
• clues put into context
• if it’s used constantly, you know it’s an element for
such genre
• consist of signs that have meaning and the meanings
are dictated by agreed rules of interpretation
• Culture affects the way codes are interpreted

Conventions
• Practice or technique that is widely used in the field
• Generally accepted ways of doing things that has
formed into a habit because of repeated exposure and
experience of these messages.
• Formula for content

Types of Codes

Technical Symbolic Written

Technical Codes
• ways in which equipment is used to tell the story
(camera techniques, framing, depth of fields, lighting
and exposure)
• Ex: . camera angles, cinematography, light or dark,
paranormal panning

Camera Techniques
Basic Camera Advanced Camera Angles
Shots Camera Shots
Extreme Wide Two Shot Eye-Level
Shot Cut Away High Angle
Wide Shot Over the Shoulder Low Angle
Medium Shot Point of View Bird's Eye View Symbolic Codes
Medium Close-up Selective Focus Worm’s Eye View • show what is beneath the surface of what we see
Close-up Arc Shot Slanted (canted)
(objects, setting, body language, clothing, color)
Extreme Close-up
• comprise of objects, setting, body language, and
actions that signify things more than what is seen by
the audience.
• include hand gestures and colors (e.g. okay sign –
thumbs up, anger – closed fist) and symbols (e.g. red
rose – love, black – death).
• Music is both technical and symbolic.
• Ex: Body language: someone is carrying another person
in his/her arms – intimacy, holding hands – romance
• suggest or connote, rather than explicitly state the
meaning of a media message

Written Codes

• use of language style and textual layout (headlines,
captions, speech bubbles, titles, slogans)
• Ex: “This easter”, “this summer”

Summary of Codes
Technical Symbolic Written
Camera angles Objects Headlines
Lens choice Setting Captions
Framing Body language Speech bubbles:
Depth of field Clothing • printed
Lighting and Color • spoken
exposure Acting


Convention
• There are conventions on media
• Ex: action movie – dramatic music, wounds,
explosions, tattoos, money, bombs, blood, killing,
murder, car chase, attractive actress, rage, gangs, slow
motion, shooting, guns, fighting, muscle men, fast pace
editing