Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Abstract—some areas lack access for electricity and grid An axial turbine functions in the way of a cascaded set of
extension may not be economically feasible solution. Thus off- shrouded windmills, is used to generate electricity directly
grid technologies are normally the suitable options. Among the from compress air. The blades of turbine act like blades of
off-grid technologies, micro hydro-power often matches local windmills and with pressure at 22.4 atm and
conditions. However, the main problem with these micro power cross-sectional area about 1.0 m2 flow speed of 1.75 m/s
plants is lack of significant storage capacity. This work proposes
the utilization of compress air storage to improve the run of the yields a power of about 20 MW [7], [8]. This air storage
river micro hydro power plant operational economic gains and capability allows storing energy in depleted gas reservoir in
also increases its reliability. A generic hourly optimization high water discharge period and to be used afterwards for
technique is developed to analyze the optimized daily operational filling the power gap, it also helps in fulfilling the
strategy followed by the hydro turbine and compressor motor commitment to meet local electricity demand. The proposed
equipment provided that the forecasted load and water flow are algorithm also integrates the option to import power from grid
available. The plan of hydro plant situated at Dor River in if needed. The ROR power plants can be installed after every
Pakistan is investigated and the optimization problem is solved 3 km on same river if conditions allow. In this formulation,
using AIMMS software. The obtained results are well presented
import power from grid means taking power from nearby
and discussed.
power plant.
Keywords— Rural electrification, optimization, scheduling of In the present analysis, the forecasted data of load and
micro hydro plant water discharge are determined. A daily operation scheme is
analyze by performing hourly based optimization. The
I. INTRODUCTION objective function is formulated in order to maximize the
Major population does not have the access to electricity due to daily profit of hydro plant. Active power output limits of
lack of latest techniques for power generation and that still hydro turbines and compressors storage limits are explicitly
depend on traditional systems. In 2010, more than 1.27 billion considered. Moreover, formulation also included the other
people in the world does not have access to electricity[1]. operational limitations like the storage capacity, maximum
Previously in order to increase electricity access in remote and minimum discharge.
areas is extension of existing grid [1]. But these remote areas The proposed optimization technique is used to find the
have less load demand and investing in to provide electricity daily optimal operational scheme of a combine hydro-
by grid extinction is not economically feasible [2],[3]. In these compressor power plant with a little compress air storage
cases, standalone systems become the suitable option. Off grid capacity while defining the amount of power generation from
or stand alone is installed near to remote areas and fuel by hydro and compressor. Hourly compressor power utilization
local resources. These kind of power station connect together and the compressed air storage level profiles are also
to form a separate small power system [4]. Among renewable- incorporated in the formulation. In this formulation, only
based power generation techniques, if nature allows then active power generation is taken into account. However,
micro hydro-power plant, utilizing small rivers, is perfect fit reactive power generation can also be added.
to supply power nearby areas [5], [6]. Moreover, Hydro In this paper, an hourly-based discretize optimization
Power (M&SHP) is a preferable option as it is environmental algorithm is proposed. The main purpose is to develop the
friendly and needs less maintenance and has negligible fueling best hourly operational strategy followed by hydro generation
cost. and compressed air storage, provided that the hourly
Run of the river (ROR) micro hydro power plant is consider forecasting of water discharge and local electricity demand is
in this work, generation through ROR is totally depending on available. The develop methodology has two main objectives:
the discharge of the water and it lacks the ability to store 1) to increase the daily hydro plant profit and 2) to meet the
water. On the day time, the quantity and flow of water local load by keeping the generated power within its limits.
decreases due to water evaporation and use by locals while Obtaining the optimum daily operation schedule will decrease
demand is high. At night, in the off-peak hours there is excess the daily operating cost of the power plant hence significantly
of water for generation but ROR does not have any reservoir increasing the overall profit.
to store that water. To overcome the issue of storage, this II. Optimization Algorithm
paper proposes to add a compressor facility with ROR hydro
power plant [5]. The model is proposed by considering the controlling of
power production by hydro turbines assuring that the required
power is being supplied to the load whatever the water flow
978-1-5090-4300-2/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE is. To improve the output of the hydro generation through run
of the river, an air compressor system consisting of a motor sto = sto + h η P −
( )
(3)
( )
that compresses the air from atmosphere and store it in
depleted gas reservoir at a pressure of 20 atm is added which
generates the electricity up to few megawatts.
The main focus of this work is to increase profit by P + P + P = Load (4)
optimizing the operation schedule. Problem is mathematically
formulated that maintained the power delivered to the local P ≤P ≤P (5)
load incorporating the limitation and operational restrictions Q ≤Q ≤Q (6)
of the hydro plant in a discrete period of 24-hours and gives
the operational strategy for the following hours. 0 ≤ sto ≤ sto (7)
P ≤P ≤P (8)
P ≤P ≤P (9)
P ≤P ≤P (10)
where: