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Modelling Simulation and Optimization
Edited by Gregorio Romero Rey and Luisa Martinez Muneta

ISBN 978-953-307-048-3
Hard cover, 708 pages
Publisher InTech
Published online 01, February, 2010
Published in print edition February, 2010

Computer-Aided Design and system analysis aim to find mathematical models that allow emulating the
behaviour of components and facilities. The high competitiveness in industry, the little time available for
product development and the high cost in terms of time and money of producing the initial prototypes means
that the computer-aided design and analysis of products are taking on major importance. On the other hand,
in most areas of engineering the components of a system are interconnected and belong to different domains
of physics (mechanics, electrics, hydraulics, thermal...). When developing a complete multidisciplinary system,
it needs to integrate a design procedure to ensure that it will be successfully achieved. Engineering systems
require an analysis of their dynamic behaviour (evolution over time or path of their different variables). The
purpose of modelling and simulating dynamic systems is to generate a set of algebraic and differential
equations or a mathematical model. In order to perform rapid product optimisation iterations, the models must
be formulated and evaluated in the most efficient way. Automated environments contribute to this. One of the
pioneers of simulation technology in medicine defines simulation as a technique, not a technology, that
replaces real experiences with guided experiences reproducing important aspects of the real world in a fully
interactive fashion [iii]. In the following chapters the reader will be introduced to the world of simulation in topics
of current interest such as medicine, military purposes and their use in industry for diverse applications that
range from the use of networks to combining thermal, chemical or electrical aspects, among others. We hope
that after reading the different sections of this book we will have succeeded in bringing across what the
scientific community is doing in the field of simulation and that it will be to your interest and liking. Lastly, we
would like to thank all the authors for their excellent contributions in the different areas of simulation.

How to reference
In order to correctly reference this scholarly work, feel free to copy and paste the following:

Panoiu Manuela and Panoiu Caius (2010). Study about Controlling and Optimizing the Power Quality in Case
of Nonlinear Power Loads, Modelling Simulation and Optimization, Gregorio Romero Rey and Luisa Martinez
Muneta (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-307-048-3, InTech, Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/modelling-
simulation-and-optimization/study-about-controlling-and-optimizing-the-power-quality-in-case-of-nonlinear-
power-loads

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