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Makina YABASHI
SPring-8/JASRI
XFEL
Short pulse
Spatial Coherence
Peak Brilliance
X-beam Handling X-beam Diagnostics
3rd gen. SR
2
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XFEL
Short pulse
Spatial Coherence
Peak Brilliance
X-beam Handling X-beam Diagnostics
3rd gen. SR
3
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X-ray handling
Coherence preservation
Nano-beam
Temporal manipulation
Monochromator
Polarization
Thermal handling
Crystal Mirror
Window
Multilayer
µ−fabricated optics
4
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Crystal: Diamond
Diamond workshop @ ESRF, May 24-25, 2004
Tamasaku et al: "Characterization of synthetic IIa diamonds at SPring-8"
Bragg Geometry Si 220(b=20.9)-C 111 @9.44 keV 5 mm
Whole g111
0.5x0.5 mm2 surface
Theory
(Sumitomo IIa)
1 mm
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Mirror
6
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Mirror: SP8 - Osaka Univ. collaboration
Mirror: Silicon (001) / Incident angle 1.2 mrad / Mirror length 100 mm
Camera Premachined surface CVM surface CVM+EEM surface
distance:
166 mm
566 mm
966 mm
15.0 15.0
Height(nm)
Height(nm)
10.0 10.0
5.0 5.0
0.0 0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Distance(mm) Distance(mm)
Mirror: Nanobeam
Summer in 2003 E=15 keV(λ=0.8 Å)
0.6 2.5
Beam profile simulated by Beam profile simulated by
using ideal shape using ideal shape
Beam profile simulated by Beam profile simulated by
0.5 using measured shape using measured shape
2.0
Measured beam profile Measured beam profile
Intensity (arb. unit)
0.3
180 nm 1.0 90 nm
0.2
0.5
0.1
0.0 0.0
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Position [um] Position [um]
Window: Be
NGK, BR-3 Brush-Wellman, IF-1
200 µm
XFEL
3rd gen. SR
10
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X-ray diagnostics
Crystal Mirror
Window
Multilayer
µ−fabricated optics
11
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Temporal profile
Resolution Envelop Repeat
12
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How to measure
Temporal domain
Laser & X-ray coincidence
Fourier transform
Frequency domain
X-ray Spectral
Interferometry
13
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Real-space domain
e-beam size measurement
Fourier transform
Reciprocal-space domain
X-ray Interferometry
14
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Diagnostics
15
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Interferometry
Amplitude interferometry Intensity interferometry
Photon statistics
July 2004
Aug. 2003
私がカオス
源よ!
Contents
Introduction
Principle
Experiment at 3rd. gen SR
Proposal for SPPS
Proposal for XFEL
18
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Instantaneous Point
wave field
/ Chaotic source
Point / Coherent source
2π ir iω t 2π ir
Ne
E ( r , t ) ∝ N e exp e E ( r , t ) ∝ ∑ exp + iφi (t ) eiω t
λ i λ
Planer /Chaotic source
Ne
2π i r − si iω t Loudon, 1983
E ( r , t ) ∝ ∑ exp + iφi (t ) e Goodman, 1985
i λ 19
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Wave packet
I = I A + I B + Γ AB + Γ*AB
temporal coherence Γ AB = E A* EB
length
spatial
coherence cell coherence
length
I ( x, t ) =
2
E ( x, t )
I A I B = I A I B + Γ AB
2
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Variation
Two pinholes
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Mode number
MT ~ 2
Temporal resolution
Spatial Coincidence
resolution counter
coherence cell
MX ~ 3
100
Mode number M : Number of coherence cells
10
in the resolution function (M = MX MY MT) MX
1
I A I B = I A I B (1 + 1/ M ) 10
I AIB 1 Small M R 1
R≡ −1 = 0.1
I A IB M
Large R 0.1 1 10 100
w X /σ X 22
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Contents
Introduction
Principle
Experiment at 3rd. gen SR
Spatial domain
Temporal domain
Proposal for SPPS
Proposal for XFEL
23
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High-Resolution Mono
10
∆E (meV)
10 -7
∆E/E
1
∆E/E = ωS cot θB
10 -8
0.1
∆E/E = ωS b1/2cot θB
1985 1990 1995 2000
Year
Energy Resolutions at E=14.4 keV
G. Faigel et al. 1987; T. Ishikawa et al. 1992;
T. Toellner et al. 1992, 1997; A.I. Chumakov et al. 1996, 2000 25
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Design
E = 14.4 keV
Si 11 5 3
Glancing angle = 2°
b = b1= b2 = 1/b3 = 1/b4 = 1/10.4
Crystal size: 30 ×15 ×12 mm3
Spatial acceptance = 100 µm
∆E = 100 µeV
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Dual co-axial
goniometer #2
Dual co-axial
goniometer #1
(12.2 nrad/pls)
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Result
500
Slit width: 100(v) x 22.5(h) µm
2
300
200
∆E=
100 114 µeV
0
-300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300
Energy shift ( µeV)
28
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Achieved Resolution
10
∆E (meV)
10 -7
∆E/E
1
10 -8
0.1
1985 1990 1995 2000
Year
M. Yabashi, K. Tamasaku, S. Kikuta, and T. Ishikawa,
Rev. Sci. Instrum. 72, 4080 (2001). 29
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Setup
25 m/4.5 m
Undulator DCM HRM Slit APD 1&2
⊗
0 58 67.8
Distance from the center of undulator (m)
C CD camera
exit
bea m incident
α1 bea m
Y1 XX 1
Z1
φ1
X1
Cage
∆θ 1
mechan ical cam
TM P
manu al X
manu al Z
APD 1
Yabashi et al., SPIE 1999;
Tamasaku et al., SPIE 2002,
Kitamura et al., NIM A, 2001
BS APD 2 30
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σy =
λz
2π s y
Spatial domain
ε = 6 nm.rad ε = 3 nm.rad
0.2
R
0.2
0.1
Rmax
R
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 0.1
Vertical slit width ( µm)
σy = 124.3 ± 6.9 µm
sy = 5.9 ± 0.3 µm 0
εy = 6.0 ± 0.7 pm.rad 0 100 200 300 400 500
κ = 0.10 % Vertical slit width ( µm)
M. Yabashi, K. Tamasaku & T. Ishikawa,
σy = 161.3 ± 5.0 µm
Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 140801 (2001); sy = 4.6 ± 0.14 µm
Phys. Rev. A 69, 023813 (2004). εy = 3.6 ± 0.2 pm.rad, κ = 0.12 % 31
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Pulse width
Rmax 0.2
R
0.1
0
0 100 200 300 400
Vertical slit width (µm)
Result
Vertical width = 30 µm
0 .5
E (ke V) ∆E(m e V)
14.412 0.145
0 .4 14.365 0.231
14.332 0.334
14.299 0.508
0 .3 14.267 0.763
R
0 .2
0 .1
0
0 10 20
Horizontal slit width ( µm)
33
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sT = 32.7 ±1.6 ps
1 Streak camera: 32 ps
0.1 0.5 1
∆E (meV)
M. Yabashi, K. Tamasaku, and T. Ishikawa,
Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 244801 (2002). 34
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Contents
Introduction
Principle
Experiment at 3rd. gen SR
Proposal for SPPS
Proposal for XFEL
35
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SPPS
Pulse Optimized
width bandwidth
3rd gen. 30 ps 0.2 meV complicated
36
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Proposed Setup
Ge detector
Pinhole Intensity Si hkl
monitor
MCA
light
det.
K2
M= 2
σK − K
37
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Probability
0.2
Si 440 80 3.9
0.1
0
0.2
Si 400 220 9.3 Poisson
0.1
E = 9.3 keV, st = 80 fs
average counting number = 2.5 0
0 10 20
Photon counting number 38
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Required time
Time (s)
10 100 1000 10000
10 δ c=1
δ c=0.1
Estimated Mc
0
100 1000 10000 100000
Total number of pulse, N
δc # of pulses Time T ∝ δc 2
1 200 20 sec
0.1 20000 2000 sec ~ 1 hour
0.01 2000000 200000 sec ~ 2 days 40
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ω ω ω
42
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Single-shot Measurement
∆E1 A ( ∆t ) 2 ∆T2
A ( ∆E )
2
∆E2 ∆T1
FT '
Microstrucrure
∆E ∆t
Envelop
∆T1 ≅ h / ∆E1
J. Krzywinski, E. Saldin et al. NIM A (1997)
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Simulation
∆T1 : 100 fs
∆E1: 10 meV
-200 -100 0 100 200
Photon energy (meV) 44
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Thin target/
Setup
Divergent optics Crystal (Si, Ge, C ...)
XFEL Nearly backscattering
∆E
χg
E
Si 555: ∆E = 16 meV
@ E ≅ 9.9 keV
Array Detector
I (∆E ) = A(∆E )
2
45
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Detailed information
FT
A ( ∆E ) A ( ∆t ) 2
2
FT
A ( ∆E ) A ( ∆t )
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Phase retrieval
Oversampling method
Miao et al. PRL 89 (2002) 088303.
2D: OK
|FT|2 Iteration
Example: FROG
2D Phase Retrieval
XFROG ?
48
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Summary
49
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Acknowledgement
50