WP7

A2PBEER – Affordable  Monitoring and data

and Adaptable Public  analysis of the
Buildings through  Spanish Demo
Energy Efficient  building of the
Retrofitting University of the
Basque Country
(UPV/EHU)
Workshop
12‐13 September 2016, Bilbao

Dr. Aitor Erkoreka

UPV/EHU
A2PBA2PBEER– Affordable and Adaptable Public Buildings through Energy Efficient Retrofitting

Work‐Package 7
Monitoring and Evaluation of the different 
demonstration buildings and the applied
Technologies

WP‐leader: Jose C. Esteban (ACCIONA)
Task participants: TECNALIA, EKO DENGE, AFLIVA‐DEM, 
IVL, UPV/EHU, MALMO, EVE

Spanish, Turkish and Swedish Demo

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Content of this presentation
 1. WP7 overview  

 2. Estimating and decoupling the Heat Loss Coefficient 
of the UPV/EHU demosite in‐use office building into its 
Transmission (UA) and Infiltration (Cv) heat loss 
coefficients

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1. WP7 overview
Main objective: to execute and lead a detailed monitoring and metering
program of energy consumption and indoor environment in order to verify the
final performance of the retrofitted demo buildings at each district.

Structure of the work: WP divided in 3 different phases
 Planning (M1‐M4): Monitoring and Evaluation Plan

 Pre‐Intervention : Before renovation (M4‐M30– feb 2016)

 Post‐Intervention: After renovation (M34‐M45)

Analysis of results (M17‐M30, M43‐48)
• Connections WP6, WP8

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1.1 – Design of the monitoring and evaluation plan

 Monitoring strategy oriented on evaluation of: 
 Energy consumption
 Indoor environment parameters T, RH, CO2, illumination level
 Outdoor conditions

 IPMVP* Option C: Whole Facility
Energy savings = Baseline Energy Use – Post.retrofit Energy Use ± Adjustments

*International performance measurement and verification protocol

 Try to develop in‐use building characterization methodology to 
estimate the building main thermal characteristics:
– Heat Loss Coefficient (HLC), Solar Gains (Sa∙Vsol), UA‐value…

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1.1 – Design of the monitoring and evaluation plan
Three demo sites:
Sweden ‐ Malmö  Turkey –Ankara Spain –Bilbao
Technology & Maritime Museum Vocational School, AFLIVA  Central Rector´s Office 
‐HVAC: district heating, hot water  Foundation
radiators + ventilation + fancoils +  ‐HVAC: district heating, hot water  ‐HVAC: district heating (gas boilers), 
radiant strips radiators hot water radiators
‐ Electric system: distributed by zones 
‐ Electric system: distributed by zones  ‐ Electric system: distributed by zones  and use
and use and use

Parameter monitored:
Energy consumption
External conditions
– Brightness level on three facades (Lux)
Indoor conditions Heating systems (thermal)  (hot water circuits)
– Heating water flow rate (m3/h)
– Energy consumption (kWh)
– Temperature (ºC)
– Temperature (ºC)
– Flow temperature (ºC)
– Relative Humidity (%) – Relative humidity (%) – Return temperature (ºC)
– Rain (yes/no) – Brightness level (Lux)
– Wind Speed (m/s)  lighting and ventilation systems (Electricity)
– Wind Direction (º) – Air quality (ppm CO2) – Power consumption (kWh)
– Solar Radiation (W/m2) – Active Power (W)
– Voltage (V)
– Current (A)
– Power Factor

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1.2 – Preintervention monitoring

Data gathering and access. New access

Access:
• Direct‐>
http://37.187.169.174/
• From previous access point, picture of excel logo
http://ecorec.ehu.eus/

New services in data storage

• Hosting for data storage and cloud access
• Maintenance and safety of data logger equipment and local
server in the three demonstrators sites

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1.2 – Preintervention monitoring

Hosting for data storage and cloud access
‐ Programming and configuration of online server provided by Arquedomo
‐ Periodic Backup, automatically for the three CBSE servers 
‐ Daily data exports, in .csv format.
‐ Programming of services to allow connecting via FTP up to 4 users.

Maintenance 

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1.2 – Preintervention monitoring

 Objectives: 
 Analyze base line situation of the demo buildings.

‐ Before retrofitting

‐ With one year of monitoring data:

Bilbao: July 2014 ‐ July 2015
Malmo: January 2015 ‐ December2015
Ankara: March 2014 – May 2015

‐ Extract conclusions about the results obtained.

- Cooperate in best options for retrofitting (considering possible alternatives)
(WP6)

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1.2 – Preintervention monitoring

EXPECTED ENERGY SAVINGS:

Lighting: 62%
Space heating: 46%
Space cooling: (*)
TOTAL SAVINGS: 42.5%

(*) Energy consumed by the fans for the ventilation has been included as “Space cooling”; for that
reason, no energy savings on space cooling are resulted.

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2. Estimating and decoupling the Heat Loss Coefficient
2.1 ‐ INTRODUCTION  

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2.1 ‐ INTRODUCTION  

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2.1 ‐ INTRODUCTION  

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2.1 ‐ INTRODUCTION  
FP7 project A2PBEER: Rectorate of the University of the Basque Country has been
energetically monitored while the building was in operation

OBJECTIVES

• Modified ISO 9869-1 and Co-heating methods to obtain the in-use HLC and
solar gains (Sa·Vsol) floor by floor.
• Metabolic CO2 through concentration decay method to decouple the HLC
into its transmission and infiltration parts

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2.2 – EXPERIMENTAL SET‐UP
Description of the building and monitoring system

RED DOT: locations where brightness level,

air quality (CO2 ppm), temperature and
relative humidity have been measured

A [m2] V [m3]

FLOOR 0 391.65 1184.29

FLOOR 1 456.32 1700.22

FLOOR2 604.61 1889.74

FLOOR3 458.51 1619.46

BUILDING 1911.09 6393.71

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2.2 – EXPERIMENTAL SET‐UP
Description of the building and monitoring system

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2.2 – EXPERIMENTAL SET‐UP
Ti To Q+K
28 300
24
20 250
16
12 200
8
T [ºC]

Q [kW]
4
150
0
‐4
‐8 100
‐12
‐16 50
‐20
‐24 0
01/01/2015 06/01/2015 11/01/2015 16/01/2015 21/01/2015 26/01/2015 31/01/2015
Date

900 South Vertical Global (Vsol) Horizontal Global (Hsol)

800
Solar Radiation [W/m2]

700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
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2.3 – THEORY  
2.3.1 Proposed modifications to the ISO 9869-1
N

q  Q  Kk 
N

i , s ,k k
U N ,air to air  k 1
HLCN ,air toair  k 1

 T  To ,k   T  To ,k 
N N

i ,k
i ,k k 1
k 1

•All the heat gains inside each floor are considered. Interior to exterior
average temperature difference higher than 15ºC, solar gains less than a 10%
of the sum of all heat gains.

•The 2% band required in the ISO 9869-1 is proposed to be expanded to a

10%.

•The average temperature must be the same at the starting and ending
times.

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2.3 – THEORY  

3.2 Proposed modifications to the Co-heating Method

Q  K  UA  C v  T  S aV sol
Where:

UA: Envelope heat loss coefficient [kW/ºC]

Cv: infiltration heat loss coefficient [kW/ºC]
Q: All heating and ventilating systems energy inputs inside the building [kW]
K: all the other heat gains inside the building [kW]
∆T = Ti - To: air to air inside to outside daily average temperature difference [ºC]
Sa: South vertical perfectly transparent surface [m2]
Vsol: South vertical global solar radiation [kW/m2].

•In the Co-heating method K is considered as zero. Proposed K value

considers the heat gains due to: illumination, all other electrical devices
energy consumption and heat gains due to people.

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2.3 – THEORY  
3.3 Air infiltration heat loss coefficient (Cv) by means of metabolic CO2 decay
method

• Metabolic CO2 of building occupants Concentration decay analysis

• ASTM D6245-12 ‘Standard Guide for Using Indoor Carbon Dioxide

Concentrations to Evaluate Indoor Air Quality and Ventilation’
• Data from 6:00 pm to 8:00 pm used, shortly after the end of the working day
• Outdoors CO2 concentration considered constant as 400 ppm
• Concentration measurement precision better than ± 5 % of the concentrations
• Initial minimum acceptable value of the decay 350 ppm (difference between the indoor and
the outdoor concentration)
• Indoor tracer gas concentration at multiple points within the building has to differ by less
than 10 % of the average concentration

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2.3 – THEORY  
2.3.3 Air infiltration heat loss coefficient (Cv) by means of metabolic CO2 decay
method

• Last requirement has not been fulfilled in two of the floors ( F0 and F2)

•An extra requirement: To ensure non-opening windows, the maximum acceptable

value of outdoors daily average temperature established in 10°C

• Minutely CO2 concentration data from December 2014 to March 2015

• Air Changes per Hour (ACH in [h-1]) of each day fulfilling requirements
have been estimated for each floor the average ACHaver of
each floor

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2.3 – THEORY  
2.3.3 Air infiltration heat loss coefficient (Cv) by means of metabolic CO2 decay
method

Cv  Vol _ floor ·ACH aver · air ·Cpair

Where

Vol_floor : volume of each floor [m3]

ACHaver : floor average Air Change per Hour [h-1]
ρair : density of the air at the average indoor temperature [kg/m3]
Cpair : specific heat of the air at the average indoor temperature
[kJ/kgºC]

• An extra calculation for F0 and F2: Each sensor has been assigned a
portion of the total volume of each floor

C v   Vol _ i ·ACH aver _ i · air ·Cp air

N

i 1

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2.4 – CALCULATION  
2.4.1 HLC calculation by means of the modified ISO 9869-1 method

To Ti   (Ti +To)/2 SaVsol Q + K

28 300
TIME INTERVAL 1
24 10
20 HLC
250 9
16 + 10% final value
8
12
200 7 ‐ 10% final value

HLC [kW/ºC]
8
6
T [ºC]

Gains [kW]
150
0 5
‐4 4
100
‐8
3
‐12
‐16 50 2
‐20 1
‐24 0 0
20/01/2015 21/01/2015 22/01/2015 23/01/2015 24/01/2015 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
1 2
Date t [h]

 Q  Kk 
N

k
HLCN ,air toair  k 1

 T  To ,k 
N

i ,k
k 1

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2.4 – CALCULATION  
2.4.1 HLC calculation by means of the modified ISO 9869-1 method

TIME INTERVAL 1
10
F0 F1
9
F2 F3
8 Build* Build**
7
HLC [kW/ºC]

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Time (h)

 Q  Kk 
N

k
HLCN ,air toair  k 1

 T  To ,k 
N

i ,k
k 1

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2.4 – CALCULATION  
2.4.1 HLC calculation by means of the modified ISO 9869-1 method
Q Klighting Koccupancy Q+K Ti - To HLC Q Klighting Koccupancy Q+K Ti - To HLC
[kW] [kW] [kW] [kW] [ºC] [Kw/ºC] [kW] [kW] [kW] [kW] [ºC] [Kw/ºC]

Estimated Estimated
Average Average Average Average Average Average Average Average Average Average
Average Average
Accuracy ±1 % ±2 % ±10 % - - - Accuracy ±1 % ±2 % ±10 % - - -
0.96 1.33 1.05
11.65 1.75 1.31 14.70 15.37 9.34 1.71 12.33 11.76
FLOOR 0 ±0.08 FLOOR 0 ±0.13 ±0.12
±0.12 ±0.04 ±0.13 ±0.29 ±1 ±0.1 ±0.03 ±0.26 ±1
%9 %11
1.45 5.00 1.48
16.77 3.50 4.94 25.21 17.36 12.16 3.39 20.56 13.86
FLOOR 1 ±0.14 FLOOR 1 ±0.5 ±0.17
±0.17 ±0.07 ±0.49 ±0.73 ±1 ±0.12 ±0.07 ±0.69 ±1
%9 %12
Time 1.07 Time 2.31 1.09
14.00 2.19 2.25 18.44 17.23 10.16 2.15 14.62 13.35
interval 1: FLOOR2 ±0.09 interval 2: FLOOR2 ±0.23 ±0.12
±0.14 ±0.04 ±0.23 ±0.41 ±1 ±0.1 ±0.04 ±0.37 ±1
20/01/2015 %9 26/01/2015 %11
9:00 1.27 7:00 3.40 1.29
16.80 2.07 3.34 22.21 17.49 12.7 2.03 18.12 14.00
to FLOOR3 ±0.11 to FLOOR3 ±0.34 ±0.14
±0.17 ±0.04 ±0.33 ±0.54 ±1 ±0.12 ±0.04 ±0.50 ±1
23/01/2015 %9 31/01/2015 %11
8:00 4.75 9:00 4.92
BUILD* ±0.42 BUILD* ±0.55
%9 %11
4.78 12.05 4.95
59.22 9.51 11.84 80.56 16.86 44.34 9.29 65.63 13.24
BUILD** ±0.42 BUILD** ±1.21 ±0.56
±0.59 ±0.19 ±1.18 ±1.96 ±1 ±0.44 ±0.19 ±1.84 ±1
%9 %11

 Q  Kk 
N

k
HLCN ,air toair  k 1

 T  To ,k 
N

i ,k
k 1

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2.4 – CALCULATION  
2.4.1 HLC calculation by means of the modified ISO 9869-1 method
Vsol [W/m2] Vsol[W/m2]
Q+K Sa Q+K+ HLCcorrected Q+K Ti - To Sa Q+K+ HLCcorrecte
Ti - To [ºC] Aver. of SaVsol [kW] Aver. of SaVsol [kW]
[kW] [m2] SaVsol [kW] [KW/ºC] [kW] [ºC] [m2] SaVsol [kW] d [KW/ºC]
period period
Accuracy - - ±5% ± 20 m2 - Accuracy - - ±5% ± 20 m2 -
1.05 1.13
14.70 15.37 38.0 36.82 1.40 16.10 12.33 11.76 25.5 36.82 0.94 13.27
FLOOR 0 ±0.1 FLOOR 0 ±0.14
±0.29 ±1 ± 1.9 ± 3.2 ± 0.2 ± 0.49 ±0.26 ±1 ± 1.3 ± 3.2 ± 0.13 ± 0.39
%10 %12
1.63 1.64
25.21 17.36 38.0 82.85 3.15 28.36 20.56 13.86 25.5 82.85 2.11 22.67
FLOOR 1 ±0.18 FLOOR 1 ±0.20
±0.73 ±1 ± 1.9 ± 7.2 ± 0.5 ± 1.23 ±0.69 ±1 ± 1.3 ± 7.2 ± 0.3 ± 0.99
%11 %12
Time 1.19 Time 1.20
18.44 17.2 38.0 52.93 2.01 20.45 14.62 13.35 25.5 52.93 1.35 15.97
interval 1: FLOOR2 ±0.12 interval 2: FLOOR2 ±0.14
±0.41 ±1 ± 1.9 ± 4.6 ± 0.3 ± 0.71 ±0.37 ±1 ± 1.3 ± 4.6 ± 0.2 ± 0.57
20/01/2015 %10 26/01/2015 %12
9:00 1.40 7:00 1.40
to 22.21 17.49 38.0 57.55 2.19 24.40 to 18.12 14.00 25.5 57.55 1.47 19.59
FLOOR3 ±0.13 FLOOR3 ±0.16
23/01/2015 ±0.54 ±1 ± 1.9 ±5 ± 0.3 ± 0.84 31/01/2015 ±0.50 ±1 ± 1.3 ±5 ± 0.2 ± 0.7
%9 %12
8:00 9:00
5.27 5.37
BUILD* ±0.53 BUILD* ±0.64
%10 %12
230.1 5.30 230.1 5.40
80.56 16.86 38.0 8.8 89.36 65.63 13.24 25.5 5.9 71.53
BUILD** 5 ±0.53 BUILD** 5 ±0.66
±1.96 ±1 ± 1.9 ± 1.2 ± 3.16 ±1.84 ±1 ± 1.3 ± 0.8 ± 2.64
± 20 %10 ± 20 %12

 Q  K k  S aVsol k 
N

k
HLCcorrected , N ,air toair  k 1

 T  To ,k 
N

i ,k
k 1

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2.4 – CALCULATION  
2.4.2 HLC and Sa·Vsol calculation by means of the modified Co-heating method
Ti To Q+K
2.4.2
28 HLC and S ·V
a sol calculation by means of the modified Co-heating method
300
24
20 250
16
12 200
8
T [ºC]

Q [kW]
4
150
0
‐4
‐8 100
‐12
‐16 50
‐20
‐24 0
01/01/2015 06/01/2015 11/01/2015 16/01/2015 21/01/2015 26/01/2015 31/01/2015
Date

900 South Vertical Global (Vsol) Horizontal Global (Hsol)

800
Solar Radiation [W/m2]

700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
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2.4 – CALCULATION  

2.4.2 HLC and Sa·Vsol calculation by means of the modified Co-heating method

Q  K  UA  C v  T  S aV sol
Co‐heating December‐March Co‐heating December‐February
100 100
(Q+K) = 5.2975 ∆T ‐ 23.624 [kW/day] (Q+K) = 5.1943 ∆T ‐ 22.343 [kW/day]
R² = 0.2901 R² = 0.2782
80 80

60 60
Q+K [kW/day]

Q+K [kW/day]
40 40

20 20

0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25
‐20 ‐20
ΔT [ºC] ΔT [ºC]

Co‐heating January‐February Co‐heating February
100,00 100
(Q+K)= 5.004 ∆T ‐ 19.889 [kW/day] (Q+K) = 5.8265 ∆T ‐ 32.644 [kW/day]
R² = 0.2653 R² = 0.2649
80,00 80

60,00 60
Q+K [kW/day]
Q+K [kW/day]

40,00 40

20,00 20

0,00 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25
‐20,00 ‐20
ΔT [ºC] ΔT [ºC]

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2.4 – CALCULATION  

2.4.2 HLC and Sa·Vsol calculation by means of the modified Co-heating method

Q  K  UA  C v  T  S aV sol
Co‐heating December‐March ‐ DIFFERENT CLUSTER ANALYSIS
100,00

80,00

(Q+K)only working days = 3.327 1∆T + 17.776 [kW/day]
60,00 R² = 0.4834
Q+K [kW/day]

40,00
(Q+K)all data = 5.2975 ∆T ‐ 23.624 [kW/day]
R² = 0.2901
20,00
(Q+K)only holydays  = 1.3881 ∆T ‐ 11.734 [kW/day]
R² = 0.6091
0,00
0 5 10 15 20 25

‐20,00

‐40,00
ΔT [ºC]

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2.4 – CALCULATION  

2.4.2 HLC and Sa·Vsol calculation by means of the modified Co-heating method
Co‐heating December‐March (Floor 0) Co‐heating December‐March (Floor 1)
25 30
(Q+K)= 1.5186 ΔT ‐ 7.5836 [kW/day] (Q+K) = 1.512 ΔT ‐ 5.7692 [kW/day]
20 R² = 0.6257 25 R² = 0.2083

20
15
Q+K [kW/day]

Q+K [kW/day]
15
10
10
5
5
0
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
0 5 10 15 20 25
‐5 ‐5

‐10 ‐10
ΔT [ºC] ΔT [ºC]

Co‐heating December‐March (Floor 2) Co‐heating December‐March (Floor 3)
25 30
(Q+K) = 1.3741 ΔT ‐ 7.4138 [kW/day] (Q+K) = 1.3852 ΔT ‐ 5.3708 [kW/day]
20 R² = 0.3739 25 R² = 0.3016
20
15
Q+K [kW/day]

Q+K [kW/day]
15
10
10
5
5
0
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
0 5 10 15 20 25
‐5 ‐5

‐10 ‐10
ΔT [ºC] ΔT [ºC]

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2.4 – CALCULATION  

2.4.2 HLC and Sa·Vsol calculation by means of the modified Co-heating method

Q  K  UA  C v  T  S aV sol
SUMMARY OF CO-HETING RESULTS
(December 2014-March 2015)
HLC [KW/ºC] Sa.Vsol [kW/day]
FLOOR 0 1.52 ±0.15 7.58 ±0.38
FLOOR 1 1.51 ±0.12 5.76 ±0.29
FLOOR 2 1.37 ±0.11 7.41 ±0.37
FLOOR 3 1.39 ±0.11 5.37 ±0.27
BUILDING* 5.79 ±0.49 26.12 ±1.31
BUILDING** 5.30 ±0.39 23.62 ±1.14

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2.4 – CALCULATION  
2.4.3 Air infiltration rate by means of metabolic CO2

Calculation of ACH values

fulfilling ASTM D6245
requirements in February 2015
for the first floor.

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2.4 – CALCULATION  
2.4.3 Air infiltration rate by means of metabolic CO2
S3 (1.2.8) 8
1600
S2 (1.2.6)
Indoor measured CO2 concentracion [ppm]

LN(Indoor CO2 ppm ‐ Outdoor 400 CO2 ppm) 

7
1400 S1 (1.2.4)
Average
6
1200

5
1000

4
800

3
600
S3 (1.2.8)
2
400 S2 (1.2.6)
1 S1 (1.2.4)
200
Average
0 0
0:00 6:00 12:00 18:00 0:00 6:00 12:00 18:00 0:00 6:00 12:00 18:00 0:00 6:00 12:00 18:00 0:00 6:00 12:00 18:00
0:00 6:00 12:00 18:00 0:00 6:00 12:00 18:00 0:00 6:00 12:00 18:00 0:00 6:00 12:00 18:00 0:00 6:00 12:00 18:00

Time [h]  (2015‐Feb‐09 to 2015‐Feb‐13)  Time [h] (2015‐Feb‐9 to 2015‐Feb‐13) 

Calculation of ACH values

fulfilling ASTM D6245
requirements in February 2015
for the first floor.

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2.4 – CALCULATION  
2.4.3 Air infiltration rate by means of metabolic CO2
Initial CO2 concentration Difference from the Final CO2 concentration Difference from the
(ppm) average (%) (ppm) average (%)
S1 S2 S3 S1 S2 S3 S1 S2 S3 S1 S2 S3
Day ACH Aver Aver
1.2.4 1.2.6 1.2.8 1.2.4 1.2.6 1.2.8 1.2.4 1.2.6 1.2.8 1.2.4 1.2.6 1.2.8
1 0.01 9 10 7 10.5 9.1 -23.6 14.5 9 8 7 12 -11.11 -22.22 33.33
2 0.19 705 669 706 739 -5.1 0.2 4.9 486 466 477 514 -4.05 -1.78 5.83
3
4
0.19 701 648 653 803 -7.6 -6.9 14.5 480 452 458 529 -5.77 -4.52 10.28 Calculation of ACH values
0.64 355 372 336 358 4.7 -5.4 0.8 99 104 83 109 5.41 -15.88 10.47
5 0.36 263 264 257 268 0.4 -2.3 1.9 128 146 107 130 14.36 -16.19 1.83 fulfilling ASTM D6245
6
7
0.28
0.01
424
28
419
31
420
24
434
29
-1.3
9.6
-1.0
-13.8
2.3
4.2
247
27
257
28
239
24
245
30
4.12
2.44
-3.17
-12.20
-0.95
9.76
requirements in February 2015
8 0.01 18 20 14 19 13.2 -20.8 7.5 17 19 14 19 9.62 -19.23 9.62 for the first floor.
9 0.12 564 598 608 486 6.0 7.8 -13.8 444 425 443 464 -4.24 -0.30 4.54
10 0.15 694 635 710 738 -8.5 2.3 6.3 508 464 527 532 -8.60 3.81 4.79
11 0.17 561 477 563 643 -15 0.4 14.6 403 376 404 429 -6.70 0.25 6.45
12 0.18 712 674 724 739 -5.4 1.6 3.7 504 493 512 506 -2.12 1.65 0.46
13 0.33 247 260 245 237 5.1 -0.9 -4.2 127 150 130 101 18.11 2.36 -20.47
14 0.03 13 13 11 14 2.6 -13.2 10.5 12 13 11 12 8.33 -8.33 0.00
15 0.09 12 11 11 14.5 -9.6 -9.6 19.2 15 16 14 14 9.09 -4.55 -4.55
16 0.70 471 500 484.5 429 6.1 2.8 -8.9 116 171 113 65 46.99 -2.87 -44.13
17 0.33 224 246 217 209 9.8 -3.1 -6.7 115 127 114 103 10.76 -0.58 -10.17
18 0.18 614 604 642 596 -1.6 4.6 -2.9 436 436 450 422 0.00 3.21 -3.21
19 0.20 512 532 511 492 4.0 -0.1 -3.8 347 333 355 352 -3.94 2.40 1.54
20 0.19 366 342 388 369 -6.6 5.9 0.7 253 239 259 261 -5.53 2.37 3.16
21 0.04 4 4 3 6 -7.7 -30.8 38.5 4 5 1 6 25.00 -75.00 50.00
22 0.35 0 2 -1 0 500 -400 -100 1 1 1 0 50.00 50.00 100
23 0.40 315 413 370 162 31.1 17.5 -48.6 142 169 170 87 19.01 19.72 -38.73
24 0.62 214 264 229 150 23.2 6.8 -30.0 62 79 57 49 28.11 -7.57 -20.54
25 0.55 138 169 142 104 22.2 2.7 -24.8 46 56 45 38 20.22 -2.53 -17.69
26 0.46 449 474 483 390 5.6 7.6 -13.1 178 241 203 91 35.14 13.83 -48.97
27 0.27 108 135 111 77 25.4 3.1 -28.5 63 78 60 52 23.16 -5.26 -17.89
28 0.04 11 12 10 11 9.1 -9.1 0.0 12 14 10 12 16.67 -16.67 0.00

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2.4 – CALCULATION  
2.4.3 Air infiltration rate by means of metabolic CO2
Values obtained by linear regression for February 2015 fulfilling all ASTM
D6245requirements for the first floor
y = ‐0.1899x + 9.9724 y = ‐0.2751x + 11.045 y = ‐0.1518x + 9.2508
R² = 0.9971
2015‐Feb‐02  2015‐Feb‐06  R² = 0.9858 2015‐Feb‐10 
R² = 0.979
6.6 6.2 6.6
6.5 6.5
6
CO2Decay_1P CO2Decay_1P CO2Decay_1P
6.4 6.4
5.8
6.3 6.3
Lineal  Lineal  Lineal 
6.2 5.6 6.2 (CO2Decay_1P)
(CO2Decay_1P) (CO2Decay_1P)
6.1 5.4 6.1
17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 21.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 21.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 21.00

y = ‐0.177x + 9.7566 y = ‐0.1775x + 9.6071 y = ‐0.1952x + 9.7323

2015‐Feb‐12 R² = 0.9924 2015‐Feb‐18 R² = 0.9845
2015‐Feb‐19
R² = 0.9962
6.6 6.5 6.3
6.5 6.4 6.2
CO2Decay_1P CO2Decay_1P CO2Decay_1P
6.4 6.3 6.1
6.3 6.2 6
Lineal  Lineal  Lineal 
6.2 (CO2Decay_1P) 6.1 (CO2Decay_1P) 5.9 (CO2Decay_1P)
6.1 6 5.8
17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 21.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 21.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 21.00

y = ‐0.1894x + 9.3324
R² = 0.9877 2015‐Feb‐20
6
5.9
CO2Decay_1P
5.8
5.7
Lineal 
5.6 (CO2Decay_1P)
5.5
17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 21.00

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2.4 – CALCULATION  
2.4.3 Air infiltration rate by means of metabolic CO2
FLOOR 1 FLOOR 3
DATE ACH v [m/s] Cv [kW/ºC] DATE ACH v [m/s] Cv [kW/ºC]
11 DEC 0.18 0.58 0.10 2 DEC 0.19 0.54 0.10
15 DEC 0.23 0.30 0.13 4 DEC 0.29 0.60 0.16
8 JAN 0.24 0.33 0.14 9 DEC 0.19 0.70 0.10 Daily ACH, Cv values
9 JAN 0.21 0.55 0.12 15 DEC 0.19 0.30 0.10 and wind average speed
15 JAN
2 FEB
0.23
0.19
1.45
1.01
0.13
0.11
17 DEC
18 DEC
0.28
0.25
5.5
1.75
0.15
0.14
(v [m/s]) of all days
6 FEB 0.28 2.57 0.16 7 JAN 0.16 0.50 0.09 fulfilling ASTM D6245
10 FEB 0.15 0.75 0.09 8 JAN 0.22 0.33 0.12 requirements for 1st and
12 FEB 0.18 0.94 0.10 19 JAN 0.20 1.80 0.11
18 FEB 0.18 0.50 0.10 20 JAN 0.19 0.70 0.10 3th floors
19 FEB 0.2 0.41 0.11 22 JAN 0.30 2.54 0.16
20 FEB 0.19 3.83 0.11 26 JAN 0.16 1.76 0.09
2 MAR 0.13 1.25 0.07 27 JAN 0.23 1.72 0.12
5 MAR 0.19 1.36 0.11 2 FEB 0.24 1.01 0.13
‐ ‐ 4 FEB 0.40 4.47 0.22
‐ ‐ 5 FEB 0.36 6.22 0.20
‐ ‐ 10 FEB 0.17 0.75 0.09
‐ ‐ 11 FEB 0.20 0.77 0.11
‐ ‐ 12 FEB 0.16 0.94 0.09
‐ ‐ 17 FEB 0.27 4.02 0.15
‐ ‐ 26 FEB 0.30 5.26 0.16
‐ ‐ 11 MAR 0.19 0.42 0.10
‐ ‐ 16 MAR 0.25 2.83 0.14
‐ ‐ 23 MAR 0.34 1.37 0.18
0.20 0.11 0.24 0.13
AVERAGE ‐ AVERAGE ‐
(ACHaver) (Cv average) (ACHaver) (Cv average)

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2.4 – CALCULATION  
2.4.3 Air infiltration rate by means of metabolic CO2

ACH and wind average speed values for those days fulfilling ASTM D6245
requirements
ACH (F3) v_wind
ACH (F1) v_wind

0.45 7
0.30 4.5
0.4
4 6
0.25 0.35
3.5 5
0.3
0.20 3

v [m/s]
4

ACH
0.25

v [m/s]
ACH

2.5
0.15 0.2 3
2
0.15
0.10 1.5 2
0.1
1
1
0.05 0.05
0.5
0 0
0.00 0

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2.4 – CALCULATION  
2.4.3 Air infiltration rate by means of metabolic CO2
Volume partitions considered in F0 and F2

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2.4 – CALCULATION  
2.4.3 Air infiltration rate by means of metabolic CO2
FLOOR 0 FLOOR 2

Daily ACH Daily ACH

DATE ACHV1 ACHV2 ACHV3
average
ACHV1 ACHV2 ACHV3 ACHV4
average ACH values of each
3 DEC 0.11 0.14 0.05 0.10 0.04 0.06 0.29 0.37 0.20
4 DEC 0.06 0.07 0.46 0.25 0.09 0.06 0.19 0.25 0.13 volume portion of both F0
5 DEC
9 DEC
0.26
0.06
0.31
0.11
0.47
0.41
0.37
0.25
-
0.07
-
0.08
-
0.25
-
0.18
-
0.13
and F2 floors, and the
15 DEC
7 JAN
0.20
0.23
0.24
0.19
0.03
0.36
0.17
0.25
0.08
0.05
0.08
0.07
0.21
0.13
0.24
0.14
0.11
0.09
average ACH values
8 JAN
16 JAN
0.21
0.19
0.30
0.25
0.40
0.67
0.29
0.38
0.06
-
0.06
-
0.07
-
0.03
-
0.06
-
associated to each whole
20 JAN 0.25 0.20 0.33 0.25 0.09 0.1 0.2 0.07 0.11 floor.
23 JAN 0.11 0.15 0.36 0.21 - - - - -
27 JAN 0.24 0.15 0.47 0.33 0.11 0.1 0.23 0.26 0.15
30 JAN 0.12 0.10 0.33 0.19 - - - - -
2 FEB 0.16 0.15 0.25 0.19 0.12 0.1 0.14 0.06 0.10
3 FEB
4 FEB
0.27
0.27
0.30
0.32
0.43
0.43
0.32
0.35
0.12
0.27
0.09
0.21
0.25
0.16
0.13
0.2
0.13
0.22
Cv  Vol _ floor ·ACH aver · air ·Cpair
5 FEB 0.26 0.28 0.85 0.52 0.19 0.18 0.27 0.3 0.22
6 FEB 0.19 0.16 0.42 0.29 0.12 0.08 0.18 0.26 0.15

C v   Vol _ i ·ACH aver _ i · air ·Cp air

10 FEB 0.25 0.27 0.39 0.29 0.08 0.08 0.19 0.07 0.09 N
17 FEB - - - - 0.15 0.13 0.2 0.23 0.17
18 FEB 0.17 0.27 0.23 0.22 0.09 0.06 0.32 0.17 0.13
i 1
19 FEB - - - - 0.06 0.08 0.28 0.33 0.16
23 FEB - - - - 0.16 0.19 0.43 0.45 0.27
24 FEB 0.51 0.58 0.92 0.72 0.36 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.31
25 FEB - - - - 0.27 0.28 0.26 0.38 0.29
27 FEB - - - - 0.11 0.12 0.2 0.19 0.14
5 MAR - - - - 0.02 0.04 0.09 0.17 0.08
16 MAR 0.33 0.28 0.41 0.33 0.06 0.07 0.09 0.17 0.09
23 MAR 0.27 0.28 0.16 0.24 0.12 0.06 0.29 0.36 0.16
24 MAR 0.28 0.31 0.52 0.38 0.19 0.18 0.48 0.21 0.22
0.194 0.212 0.405 0.284 0.123 0.113 0.228 0.221 0.157
Average
ACHi ACHi ACHi ACHaver ACHi ACHi ACHi ACHi ACHaver

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2.4 – CALCULATION  
2.4.3 Air infiltration rate by means of metabolic CO2

Values for each floor by means of both Eq. (1) and Eq. (2) and whole building Cv
value.

Cv  Vol _ floor ·ACH aver · air ·Cpair (1)

C v   Vol _ i ·ACH aver _ i · air ·Cp air

N
(2)
i 1

FLOOR 0 FLOOR 1 FLOOR 2 FLOOR 3 BUILDING

Cv [kW/ºC] (Eq. (1)) 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.13 0.45
Cv [kW/ºC] (Eq. (2)) 0.11 ‐ 0.11 ‐ ‐

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2.5 – RESULTS AND DISCUSSION  
Summary of the results obtained with the modified ISO 9869-1 and Co-
heating methods.

Modified ISO 9869‐1 Modified ISO 9869‐1 Modified CO‐HETING

Time Interval 1 Time Interval 2 December 2014‐March 2015

HLC  HLCcorrected HLC  HLCcorrected HLC 

Sa.Vsol
[kW/ºC] [kW/ºC] [kW/ºC] [kW/ºC] [kW/ºC]
[kW/day]
FLOOR 0 0.96 1.05 1.05 1.13 1.52 7.58

FLOOR 1 1.45 1.63 1.48 1.64 1.51 5.76

FLOOR2 1.07 1.19 1.09 1.20 1.37 7.41

FLOOR3 1.27 1.40 1.29 1.40 1.39 5.37

BUILD* 4.75 ±0.42 5.27 ±0.53 4.92 ±0.55 5.37 ±0.64 5.79 ±0.49 26.12 ±1.31

BUILD** 4.78 ±0.42 5.30 ±0.53 4.95 ±0.56 5.40 ±0.66 5.30 ±0.39 23.62 ±1.14

Build*: whole building HLC obtained by the summation of the HLC values obtained floor by floor.
Build**: whole building HLC estimated by using average data set values of the whole building

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2.5 – RESULTS AND DISCUSSION  
HLC, Cv and UA values for each floor HLC, Cv and UA values per unit area for
and for the whole building each floor and for the whole building.

HLC Cv UA HLC Cv UA
A [m2]
[kW/ºC] [kW/ºC] [kW/ºC] [W/ºC·m2] [W/ºC·m2] [W/ºC·m2]

FLOOR 0 1.52 0.11 7.28% 1.41 92.72% FLOOR 0 391.65 3.88 0.28 3.60

FLOOR 1 1.51 0.11 7.49% 1.40 92.51% FLOOR 1 456.32 3.31 0.24 3.07

FLOOR2 1.37 0.10 6.71% 1.38 93.29% FLOOR2 604.61 2.27 0.17 2.28

FLOOR3 1.39 0.13 9.32% 1.26 90.68% FLOOR3 458.51 3.03 0.28 2.75

BUILDING 5.79 0.45 7.82% 5.34 92.18% BUILDING 1911.09 3.03 0.24 2.79

HLC = UA + Cv
Q  K  UA  C v  T  S aV sol Q  K  HLC  T  S aV sol

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2.6 – CONCLUSION   

•Need revision for mechanically ventilated buildings. Thus

programming this method for HLC decoupling still needs further
research.

•These methods can provide the in-use HLC, UA and Cv values

that could be used to obtain energy certificates of buildings in a
more realistic way.

•They can also be used to compare the theoretical UA value of the

building against the in-use UA value to know if the construction has
been done as designed

• Decisions on were to act to improve the buildings energy

performance can be optimised

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Thanks for you attention!

Dr. Aitor Erkoreka

Aitor.erkoreka@ehu.eus
University of the Basque Country

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