GATE 2016 Solved Paper

ECE Set A (30th January 2016 Forenoon Session)

General Aptitude

Q.1–Q.5 carry one mark each.

1. Which of the following is CORRECT with respect to grammar and

usage? Mount Everest is ____________.

(A) the highest peak in the world

(B) highest peak in the world
(C) one of highest peak in the world
(D) one of the highest peak in the world

Ans: (A)
Solution: The sentence is stating the highest peak in the world. Since
it is a specific thing, we need to use the definite article ‘the’ before it.
Also the sentence is using the superlative degree and so we say ‘the
highest peak in the world’ making option 1 the correct answer. There
cannot be many highest peaks in the world and so options 3 and 4
are incorrect.

2. The policeman asked the victim of a theft, “What did you

(A) loose
(B) lose
(C) loss
(D) louse

Ans: (B)
Solution: The context of the sentence is asking a person who has been
deprived of something because of a theft. The word to be used to fill
the blank is ‘lose’ which means to be deprived of something. ‘Loose’
 means something that is not fitted. ‘Louse’ is the singular form of the
word ‘lice’ that is a parasite that lives in the skin of mammals and
birds. ‘Loss’ is a noun that means the process of losing someone or
something. Eg: He suffered tremendous loss in his business.

3. Despite the new medicine’s ______________ in treating diabetes, it is not

_____________widely.

(A) effectiveness --- prescribed

(B) availability --- used
(C) prescription --- available
(D) acceptance --- proscribed

Ans: (A)
Solution: The sentence is looking for a contrast as it is joined by the
conjunction ‘despite’. The best pair of words that can fit the context
of the sentence is ‘effectiveness…prescribed’. Though the medicine is
‘effective’ in treating diabetes, it is not being ‘prescribed’ widely. A
new medicine cannot have a ‘prescription’ or ‘availability’ for treating
a disease. ‘Proscribed’ means forbidden by law. In case we use
‘acceptance…proscribed’ the sentence will not make any sense
because it will mean that though the medicine is accepted widely, it is
not forbidden by law.

4. In a huge pile of apples and oranges, both ripe and unripe mixed
together, 15% are unripe fruits. Of the unripe fruits, 45% are apples.
Of the ripe ones, 66% are oranges. If the pile contains a total of
5692000 fruits, how many of them are apples?

(A) 2029198
(B) 2467482
(C) 2789080
(D) 3577422

Ans: (A)
 Solution: Let T = total no of fruits = 5692000
R = Ripe fruits
U = Unripe fruits
A = Apple
O = Oranges
15
Given U = 15% of T : × 5692000= 853800
100

R = T – U= 4838200
45
A(U) = 45% of U: × 853800 = 384210
100
34
A(R) = (100-66)% of R: × 4838200 = 1644988
100

∴ A(U) + A(R) = 2029198

5. Michael lives 10 km away from where I live. Ahmed lives 5 km away

and Susan lives 7 km away from where I live. Arun is farther away
than Ahmed but closer than Susan from where I live. From the
information provided here, what is one possible distance (in km) at
which I live from Arun’s place?

(A) 3.00
(B) 4.99
(C) 6.02
(D) 7.01

Ans: (C)
Solution:
 In question it is given that Ahmed is 5Km away and Susan is 7Km
away from where I live. Further it is given that Arun is farther away
than Ahmed from where I live and not as far as Susan. That means
Arun must be living at distance more than 5Km but less than 7Km
from my house which is according to given options can be 6.02Km.
Note: Information about Michal is unnecessary and just given to
confuse.

Q.6–Q.10 carry two marks each.

6. A person moving through a tuberculosis prone zone has a 50%

probability of becoming infected. However, only 30% of infected
people develop the disease. What percentage of people moving
through a tuberculosis prone zone remains infected but does not
show symptoms of disease?

(A) 15
(B) 33
(C) 35
(D) 37

Ans: (C)
Solution:
Percentage probability of being infected = P(A) = 50%
Percentage probability of infected person developing disease is having
system,
= P(B) = 30%
∴ Percentage probability of infected person not showing symptoms =
P(B) = 70%
∴ Percentage probability of person moving though a TB prone zone
50
remaining infected but not showing symptoms = P(A). P(B) = ×
100
70
= 35%
100
7. In a world filled with uncertainty, he was glad to have many good
friends. He had always assisted them in times of need and was
confident that they would reciprocate. However, the events of the last
week proved him wrong. Which of the following inference(s) is/are
logically valid and can be inferred from the above passage?
(i) His friends were always asking him to help them.
(ii) He felt that when in need of help, his friends would let him down.
(iii) He was sure that his friends would help him when in need.
(iv) His friends did not help him last week.

(A) (i) and (ii)

(B) (iii) and (iv)
(C) (iii) only
(D) (iv) only

Ans: (B)
Solution: Solution: The paragraph states that the subject was very
confident about his good friends helping him in his times of need
because he had always helped them before in their time. Thus,
inference iii follows.
Since the events of the last week proved him wrong, this means that
his confidence was broken and his friends had not helped him. Thus
inference iv also follows.

8. Leela is older than her cousin Pavithra. Pavithra’s brother Shiva is

older than Leela. When Pavithra and Shiva are visiting Leela, all three
like to play chess. Pavithra wins more often than Leela does. Which
one of the following statements must be TRUE based on the above?

(A) When Shiva plays chess with Leela and Pavithra, he often loses.
(B) Leela is the oldest of the three.
(C) Shiva is a better chess player than Pavithra.
(D) Pavithra is the youngest of the three.
 Ans: (D)
Solution:

According to given information the points we got are

a) Shiva is brother of Pavithra
b) Shiva and Pavithra are cousins of Leela
c) According to their ages Shiva > Leela > Pavithra
d) They all live play chess
e) Pavithra wins more often than Leela but information about
winning cases of Shiva is not given.

So from the given options statement which is clearly true is that

Pavithra is the youngest of all.

1 1 1
9. If 𝑞 −𝑎 = and 𝑟 −𝑏 = and 𝑆 −𝑐 = , the value of abc is _______
𝑟 𝑠 𝑞

(A) (rqs)-1
(B) 0
(C) 1
(D) r+q+s+

Ans: (C)
Solution:
1 1 1
q−a = ; r −b = and s −c =
r s q

∴ qa = r ; r b = s and s c = q
∴ a log q = log r -------(1)
And b log r = log s ------(2)
And c log s = log q ------(3)
Multiplying equations (1),(2) and (3)
abc (log q) (log r)(log s) = (log r)(log s)(log q)
∴ abc = 1
10. P, Q, R and S are working on a project. Q can finish the task in
25 days, working alone for 12 hours a day. R can finish the task in 50
days, working alone for 12 hours per day. Q worked 12 hours a day
but took sick leave in the beginning for two days. R worked 18 hours
a day on all days. What is the ratio of work done by Q and R after 7
days from the start of the project?

(A) 10:11
(B) 11:10
(C) 20:21
(D) 21:20

Ans: (C)
Solution:

Person Days Hours Man Work done

hours/piece per hour
of work
P
Q 25 12 25×12 1
25 × 12
R 50 12 50×12 1
25 × 12
S

After 7 days from start of project:

Q took sick leave on first 2 days
∴ Man hours by Q = 5×12
1 1
∴ work done by Q = 5 × 12 × =
25×12 5
Man hours by R = 7×18
1 21
∴ work done by R = × 7 × 18 =
50×12 100
1 21 100 20
∴ ratio of work done by Q to work done by R = : = =
5 100 5×21 21
Technical

Q.1–Q.25 carry one mark each.

1. Let M4 = I, (where I denotes the identity matrix) and M ≠ I, M2 ≠ I

and M3 ≠ I. Then, for any natural number k, M−1 equals:

(A) M4k + 1
(B) M4k + 2
(C) M4k + 3
(D) M4k

Ans: (C)
Solution:

Given M 4 = I
Multiply both sides with M-1 we get
M −1 . M 4 = M −1
⇒ M −1 = M 3 = M 0+3 = M 4k+3 for k = 0
∴ M −1 = M 4k+3

2. The second moment of a Poisson-distributed random variable is 2.

The mean of the random variable is _______

Ans: 1
Solution:
For Poisson Distribution Mean = Variance = 2
But we know variance σ2 = m2 − m12 _____________(1)
Where m2 = 2nd central moment
m1 = mean
from (1) we get
λ = 2 – λ2
 λ2 + λ – 2 = 0 → (λ + 2) (λ – 1) = 0
∴ λ = −2 (or) 1
as variance (λ) is always positive → λ = 1

3. Given the following statements about a function 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ, select the

right option:
P: If f(x) is continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑥0, then it is also differentiable at 𝑥 = 𝑥0.
Q: If f(x) is continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑥0, then it may not be differentiable at 𝑥
= 𝑥0.
R: If f(x) is differentiable at 𝑥 = 𝑥0, then it is also continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑥0.

(A) P is true, Q is false, R is false

(B) P is false, Q is true, R is true
(C) P is false, Q is true, R is false
(D) P is true, Q is false, R is true

Ans: (B)
Solution: If the function is differentiable then always it is continuous
but vice – versa is not true. If the function is continuous then it may
(or) may not differentiable.

4. Which one of the following is a property of the solutions to the

Laplace equation: ∇2𝑓 = 0?

(A) The solutions have neither maxima nor minima anywhere except
at the boundaries.
(B) The solutions are not separable in the coordinates.
(C) The solutions are not continuous.
(D) The solutions are not dependent on the boundary conditions

Ans: (A)
Solution:
The solution of Laplace function are called harmonic function and have
the following properties. The properties are true irrespective of the
 number of dimensions (one, two or three) in which you solve the
equation for ∇2 f = 0
i) f(x, y, z) is the average of f values over a spherical surface of radius
R centered at (x, y, z)
1
f(x, y, z) = ∮ fda
4πR2
sphere

This is for the case of three dimensional solution. In case of one

dimension f(x) is the average of f(x + a) and f(x − a) for any a, f(x) =
1
[f(x + a) + f(x − a)]. Similarly. For two dimension, the value f(x, y)
2
will the average of values of f on any circle of radius R centered at the
point (x, y).
ii) Laplace’s equation tolerates no local minima or maxima; extreme
values of f must occur at end points or boundary in general. Thus,
seeing this we see only option a is true

5. Consider the plot of (𝑥) versus 𝑥 as shown below.

𝑥
Suppose 𝐹(𝑥) = ∫−5 𝑓(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 Which one of the following is a graph of
(𝑥)?

A)
 B)

C)

D)

(C)
Ans: (A)
Solution: Finally we need to find the integration of given wave form.
As we know ∫(ramp) = parabolic and ∫ constant = ramp signal
From the options we can observe that option (a) is the exact
integration wave form for given input.
From the options we can observe that option (C) is the exact
integration wave form for given input.
6. Which one of the following is an eigen function of the class of all
continuous-time, linear, time invariant systems ((𝑡) denotes the unit-
step function)?

(A) 𝑒𝑗𝜔0𝑡(𝑡)
(B) cos(𝜔0𝑡)
 (C) 𝑒𝑗𝜔0𝑡
(D) sin(𝜔0𝑡)

Ans: (C)
Solution:
Complex exponentials are Eigen function of linear time invariant
system. Eigen function of any system are a class of function which
when applied to the system gives the same function as output together
with a constant. We know this property for LTI systems is true for
complex exponential. Thus ejωo t is the required eigen function.
Suppose if we take input x(t) = ejω0 t then output y(t) = Kejω0t , where
K is a constant.

7. A continuous-time function x(t) is periodic with period T. The

function is sampled uniformly with a sampling period 𝑇𝑠. In which
one of the following cases is the sampled signal periodic?

(A) 𝑇 = √2 𝑇𝑠
(B) 𝑇 = 1.2 𝑇𝑠
(C) Always
(D) Never

Ans: (C)
Solution: When a periodic signal (here x(t)) is sampled by a periodic
sampling signal the resulting signal is always periodic.

8. Consider the sequence [𝑛] = 𝑎𝑛𝑢[𝑛] + 𝑏𝑛𝑢[𝑛], where 𝑢[𝑛] denotes the
unit-step sequence and 0 < |𝑎| < |𝑏| < 1. The region of convergence
(ROC) of the z-transform of 𝑥[𝑛] is

(A) |𝑧| > |𝑎|

(B) |𝑧| > |𝑏|
(C) |𝑧| < |𝑎|
(D) |𝑎| < |𝑧| < |𝑏|
 Ans: (B)
Solution: Given x(n) = an u(n) + bn u(n)
z z
X(z) = +
z−a z−b
ROC: |z| > a and |z| > b
But given that 0< |a| < |b| < 1

∴Overall ROC is |z| > b

9. Consider a two-port network with the transmission matrix: 𝑇 =

𝐴 𝐵
( ). If the network is reciprocal, then
𝐶 𝐷

(A) 𝑇−1 = 𝑇
(B) 𝑇2 = 𝑇
(C) Determinant (T) = 0
(D) Determinant (T) = 1

Ans: (D)
Solution:
A B
Given T = [ ]
C D
The two port network is symmetric if A = D and reciprocal if AD – BC
=1
∴ Determinant (T) = 1
10. A continuous-time sinusoid of frequency 33 Hz is multiplied
with a periodic Dirac impulse train of frequency 46 Hz. The resulting
signal is passed through an ideal analog low-pass filter with a cutoff
frequency of 23 Hz. The fundamental frequency (in Hz) of the output
is _________

Ans: 13
Solution:
The input sinusoid (Let x(t)) spectrum is X(ω)

When this sinusoid is sampled using a Delta impulse train frequency

46Hz, the sinusoid spectrum shift to left and right by multiples of
46Hz. So, the spectrum of sampled signal xp (t) is Xp (ω) as shown
below

After passing Xp (ω) through a filter with cutoff 23Hz we have

Xp (ω)(LPF) is given by

Thus, fundamental frequency ofXp (ω)(LPF) is 13Hz

11. A small percentage of impurity is added to an intrinsic
semiconductor at 300 K. Which one of the following statements is
true for the energy band diagram shown in the following figure?

(A) Intrinsic semiconductor doped with pentavalent atoms to form n-

type semiconductor
(B) Intrinsic semiconductor doped with trivalent atoms to form n-
type semiconductor
(C) Intrinsic semiconductor doped with pentavalent atoms to form p-
type semiconductor
(D) Intrinsic semiconductor doped with trivalent atoms to form p-
type semiconductor

Ans: (A)
Solution: As we see that the new Fermi level is above the mid band
energy level. So, the impurity added must be n – type. Hence, a
pentavalent impurity and the resulting semiconductor is n – type.

12. Consider the following statements for a metal oxide

semiconductor field effect transistor
(MOSFET):
P: As channel length reduces, OFF-state current increases.
Q: As channel length reduces, output resistance increases.
R: As channel length reduces, threshold voltage remains constant.
S: As channel length reduces, ON current increases.
Which of the above statements are INCORRECT?

(A) P and Q
(B) P and S
 (C) Q and R
(D) R and S

Ans: (C)
Solution:
We have MOSFET current ID given by
1 W
ID = μn x (Vus − VTH )2
2 L
So as channel length increase ID decreases. So statement S is true. Now
as channel length reduces the depletion regions under source and
drain come closer and interact more, increasing the OFF state current.
Thus, statement P is true. Also as channel length reduces output
impedance decrease. So, statement Q is incorrect. Also the channel
length affects the threshold voltage. So, statement R is incorrect.
Overall Q and R are incorrect statement and option C is the correct
option

13. Consider the constant current source shown in the figure

below. Let 𝛽 represent the current gain of the transistor.

The load current 𝐼0 through RL is

𝛽+1 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓
(A) 𝐼0 = ( )
𝛽 𝑅
𝛽 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓
(B) 𝐼0 = ( )
𝛽+1
𝑅
𝛽+1 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓
(C) 𝐼0 = ( )
𝛽 2𝑅
 𝛽 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓
(D) 𝐼0 = ( )
𝛽+1 2𝑅
Ans: (B)
Solution:

Voltage at non – inverting terminal= inverting terminal= (Vcc −

Vref )
Vcc − (Vcc − Vref ) Vref
∴ IE = =
R R
(1+β)Ic
∴ collector current IE =
β

β Vref
∴ Ic = Io = ( )
1+β R

14. The following signal Vi of peak voltage 8 V is applied to the

non-inverting terminal of an ideal opamp. The transistor has VBE =
0.7 V, β = 100; VLED = 1.5 V, VCC = 10 V and −VCC = −10 V.
 The number of times the LED glows is ________

Ans: 3
Solution:
10(2)
Voltage at inverting terminal V− = =2
2+8

Whenever V+ > V− then BJT is ON which turns ON LED

So when Vin > 2V then LED turns ON and its turn off when Vin < 2V.

So from the given wave form we can say that the LED turns ON for 3
times.

15. Consider the oscillator circuit shown in the figure. The function
of the network (shown in dotted lines) consisting of the 100 kΩ
resistor in series with the two diodes connected back-to-back is to:
(A) introduce amplitude stabilization by preventing the op amp from
saturating and thus producing sinusoidal oscillations of fixed
amplitude
(B) introduce amplitude stabilization by forcing the opamp to swing
between positive and negative saturation and thus producing square
wave oscillations of fixed amplitude
(C) introduce frequency stabilization by forcing the circuit to
oscillate at a single frequency
(D) enable the loop gain to take on a value that produces square
wave oscillations

Ans: (A)
Solution: In the combination of two Diode circuit at a time only one
Diode will turn ON.
When Vo = + Vsat then D1 is ON and D2 is OFF when Vo = − Vsat
then D2 is ON and D1 is OFF.
So the given circuit introduce amplitude stabilization by preventing
the Op – Amp from saturating and thus producing sinusoidal
oscillations of fixed amplitude
16. The block diagram of a frequency synthesizer consisting of a
Phase Locked Loop (PLL) and a divide-by-𝑁 counter (comprising ÷
2,÷ 4, ÷ 8, ÷ 16 outputs) is sketched below. The synthesizer is
excited with a 5 kHz signal (Input 1). The free-running frequency of
the PLL is set to 20 kHz. Assume that the commutator switch makes
contacts repeatedly in the order 1-2-3-4.

The corresponding frequencies synthesized are:

(A) 10 kHz, 20 kHz, 40 kHz, 80 kHz

(B) 20 kHz, 40 kHz, 80 kHz, 160 kHz
(C) 80 kHz, 40 kHz, 20 kHz, 10 kHz
(D) 160 kHz, 80 kHz, 40 kHz, 20 kHz

17. The output of the combinational circuit given below is

(A) A+B+C
(B) A(B+C)
(C) B(C+A)
(D) C(A+B)

Ans: (C)
Solution:

̅̅̅̅̅̅)
Y = ABC ⊕ (AB ⊕ BC) = (ABC)(AB ⊙ BC) + (AB ⊕ BC)(ABC
̅̅̅̅)(BC
Consider AB ⊙ BC = (AB)(BC) + (AB ̅̅̅̅)
̅+B
= ABC + (A ̅ + C̅) = ABC + A
̅)(B ̅B̅+B ̅ C̅ + B
̅+A ̅C̅
̅ C̅ + B
= ABC + A ̅ C̅ + (B + B
̅=A ̅)(AC + B ̅ C̅ + AC + B
̅) = A ̅
̅C
(ABC)(AB ⊙ BC) = (ABC)(A ̅ + AC + B
̅) = ABC
̅̅̅̅̅̅(AB ⊕ BC) = AB(BC
Consider ABC ̅̅̅̅) + ̅̅̅̅ ̅ + C̅) +
AB(BC) = AB(B
̅+B
(A ̅)BC = A ̅ BC + ABC̅
̅ BC + ABC̅ = BC + ABC
∴ Y = ABC + A ̅ = B(C + C̅A)

= B(C + C̅)(C + A) = B(C + A)

18. What is the voltage Vout in the following circuit?

(A) 0 V
(B) (|VT of PMOS| + VT of NMOS) / 2
(C) Switching threshold of inverter
(D) VDD

Ans: (C)

19. Match the inferences X, Y, and Z, about a system, to the

corresponding properties of the elements of first column in Routh’s
Table of the system characteristic equation.
X: The system is stable …
Y: The system is unstable …
Z: The test breaks down …
P: … when all elements are positive
Q: … when any one element is zero
R: … when there is a change in sign of coefficients

(A) X→P, Y→Q, Z→R

(B) X→Q, Y→P, Z→R
(C) X→R, Y→Q, Z→P
(D) X→P, Y→R, Z→Q

Ans: (D)
 Solution:
i) If the elements present in the first column of RH table has same
sign then we can say that system is stable;
ii) If there is any change in the sign of first column then we can say
that system is Unstable and number of sign changes indicates the
Number of poles present in the right side of S – plane
iii) If any element is zero in the first column then it says the test
breaks down.

20. A closed-loop control system is stable if the Nyquist plot of the

corresponding open-loop transfer function

(A) encircles the s-plane point (−1 + j0) in the counterclockwise

direction as many times as the number of right-half s-plane poles.
(B) encircles the s-plane point (0 − j1) in the clockwise direction as
many times as the number of right-half s-plane poles.
(C) encircles the s-plane point (−1 + j0) in the counterclockwise
direction as many times as the number of left-half s-plane poles.
(D) encircles the s-plane point (−1 + j0) in the counterclockwise
direction as many times as the number of right-half s-plane zeros.

Ans: (A)
Solution:
From the principal of argument theorem the number of encirclements
about (-1, 0) is N = P – Z
Where P = Number of open loop poles on Right – Half of s – plane
Z = Number of Closed Loop Poles on Right Half of s – plane
Given that closed loop system is stable means z = 0 ⇒ N = P
∴So the Nyquist encircles the s – plane point (-1 +j0) in the counter
clockwise direction as many times as the number of right half s – plane
poles
21. Consider binary data transmission at a rate of 56 kbps using
baseband binary pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) that is designed
to have a raised-cosine spectrum. The transmission bandwidth (in
kHz) required for a roll-off factor of 0.25 is ________∙

Ans: 35
Solution:
2(transmission Bandwidth)
Birarate =
(1 + α)
Where α = Roll off factor
2(BW)
56 = ⇒ BW = 28 × 1.25 = 35KHz
1 + 0.25

22. A super heterodyne receiver operates in the frequency range of

58 MHz − 68 MHz. The intermediate frequency 𝑓𝐼𝐹 and local
oscillator frequency 𝑓𝐿𝑂 are chosen such that 𝑓𝐼𝐹 ≤ 𝑓𝐿𝑂. It is required
that the image frequencies fall outside the 5 8 M Hz − 68 MHz band.
The minimum required 𝑓𝐼𝐹 (in MHz) is ________

Ans: 0.5
Solution:
The relation between image frequency and intermediate frequency is
given by
Fsi = fs + 2IF
Fsi1 = 58 + 2IF and Fsi2 = 68 + 2IF
If image frequency is 69 MHz then
69 = 58 + 2IF1 , 69 = 68 + 2IF2
|
IF1 = 5.5MHz IF2 = 0.5 MHz
∴ Minimum value of Intermediate frequency IF = 0.5 MHz
23. The amplitude of a sinusoidal carrier is modulated by a single
sinusoid to obtain the amplitude modulated signal (𝑡) = 5 cos 1600𝜋𝑡
+ 20 cos 1800𝜋𝑡 + 5 cos 2000𝜋𝑡. The value of the modulation index
is __________

Ans: 0.5
0.25
Solution:
The general ATT modulated signal expression is s(t) = Ac (1 +
μ cos ωm t) cos ωc t
Ac μ
⇒ s(t) = Ac cosωc t + [2 cos ωm t cos ωc t]
2
Ac μ
= Ac cos ωc t + [cos(ωn + ωc )t cos(ωc − ωm )t]
2
Ac μ Ac μ
⇒ s(t) = Ac cosωc t + cos(ωm + ωc )t + cos(ωc − ωm )t
2 2
Thus, we see that two terms have same amplitudes. Comparing with
s(t) = 5 cos 1600πt + 20 cos 1800πt + 5 cos 2000πt
Ac
We have Ac = 20
= 20 ⇒ Ac = 40
2
Ac μ 2×5 1
And =5⇒μ= = = 0.5
0.25
2 40
20 42

24. Concentric spherical shells of radii 2 m, 4 m, and 8 m carry

uniform surface charge densities of 20 nC/m2, −4 nC/m2 and ρs,
respectively. The value of ρs (nC/m2) required to ensure that the
⃗ at radius 10 m is _________
⃗ =0
electric flux density 𝐷

Ans: 0.25
Solution:
For the flus density to be zero at radius r = 10m, total charge enclosed
must be zero. Total change enclosed on sphere of radius 2m is
nC
4π(r 2 )20 = 320π nC
m2
nC
Change on 4 m radius sphere is 4π(r 2 ) × −4 = −256π nC
m2
nC
Charge on 8 m radius sphere us 4π(r 2 ) × ρs = 256ρs π nC
m2
 The total charge enclosed should be zero. So, 320π − 256π +
256ρs π = 0
⇒ ρs = 0.25 nC/m2

25. The propagation constant of a lossy transmission line is (2 +

𝑗5) m−1 and its characteristic impedance is (50 + 𝑗0) Ω at 𝜔 = 106
rad s−1. The values of the line constants L, C,R, G are, respectively,

(A) L = 200 μH/m, C = 0.1 μF/m, R = 50 Ω/m, G = 0.02 S/m

(B) L = 250 μH/m, C = 0.1 μF/m, R = 100 Ω/m, G = 0.04 S/m
(C) L = 200 μH/m, C = 0.2 μF/m, R = 100 Ω/m, G = 0.02 S/m
(D) L = 250 μH/m, C = 0.2 μF/m, R = 50 Ω/m, G = 0.04 S/m

Ans: (B)
Solution:
Since the characteristic impedance is purely real and propagation
constant is complex, the transmission line is distortionless. Thus, α =
R
√RG and β = ω√LC. and Zo = √G
⇒ αZo = R
Zo R = 2 × 50 = 100 Ω/m
R 100 S
G= = = 0.04 . We see only option b fits these two
Z20 2500 m
requirements. Confirming β from option b we see,
ω√LC = 106 √250 × 10−6 × 0.1 × 10−6
= 106 × 10−6 × 5
=5=β
Thus, option B is true

Q.26–Q.55 carry two marks each.

1
26. The integral
2𝜋
∬𝐷(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 10)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦, 𝐷 , where 𝐷 denotes the
disc: 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 ≤ 4, evaluates to_____
 Ans: 20
Solution:
1
Given that I =
2π
∬D(x + y + 10) dxdy and x 2 + y 2 ≤ 4

Put x = rcos θ , y = rsin θ , dxdy = rdrdθ

2π
2
1
I= ∫ ∫ (rcosθ + rsinθ + 10)rdrdθ
2π r=0
θ=0
2π 2
1 r3 r3
= ∫ ( cosθ + sinθ + 5r 2 ) dθ
2π 3 3 0
θ=0
2π
1 8 8 1
= [ ∫ ( cosθ + sinθ + 20) dθ] = = 20
2π 3 3 2π[0 + 0 + 20(2π)]
θ=0

𝑥[𝑛]
27. A sequence x[n] is specified as [ ]=
𝑥[𝑛 − 1]
1 1𝑛 1
[ ] [ ] , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 ≥ 2.
1 0 0
The initial conditions are x[0] = 1, x[1] = 1, and x[n] = 0 for n < 0.
The value of x[12] is _____

Ans: 12
Solution:
x(n) 1 1n 1
Given that [ ]=[ ] [ ]
x(n − 1) 1 0 0
Put n = 2 we get
x(2) 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2
[ ]=[ ][ ][ ] = [ ][ ] = [ ]
x(1) 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
Put n = 3 we get
x(3) 1 13 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 3
[ ]=[ ] [ ]=[ ][ ][ ] = [ ][ ] = [ ]
x(2) 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 2 1 0 2
 Similar if we put n = 12 we get
x(12) 1 1 12 1 12
[ ]=[ ] [ ]=[ ]
x(11) 1 0 0 11
∴ x(12) = 12

28. In the following integral, the contour C encloses the points 2πj
and −2πj
1 sin 𝑧
− ∮ 𝑑𝑧
2𝜋 (𝑧 − 2𝜋𝑗)3
𝑐
The value of the integral is ________

Ans: 133.8
Solution:
sinz
∮ , dz = 2πi (sum of residues)
(z − 2πj)3
Pole is at z = 2π j
1 d2
∴ [Residue] = (sinz)|
2! dz 2 z→2πj

1 d 1 1
= . = − sinz = − sin2πi
2 dz(cosz) 2 2
1 i e2π − e−2π
= + × isin h(2π) = (+ ) [ ] = + i (133.8)
2 2 2
∵ (sin i θ = − i sin h θ & sin hiθ = −i sin θ
−1 sinτ −1
∴ ∮ . dz = × 2πi × (+133.8)i = + 133.8
2π (z − 2πj)3 2π

𝜋 𝜋
29. The region specified by {( 𝜌, 𝜑, 𝑧): 3 ≤ 𝜌 ≤ 5, ≤ 𝜑 ≤ ,3 ≤
8 4

𝑧 ≤ 4.5} in cylindrical coordinates has volume of _______

 Ans: 9.424
Solution:
Volume = ∫ ∫ ∫ (dρ) (id). dz = ∫ ρdρ. ∫ dθ . ∫ dz
π
1 2 5
= (ρ )3 . (∅)π4 (z)4.5
3
2 8

1 π π π 3
= × 16 × ( − ) × (4.5 − 3) = 8 × × = 3π = 9.424
2 4 8 4 2

30. The Laplace transform of the causal periodic square wave of

period T shown in the figure below is

1
(A) 𝐹(𝑠) = 𝑠𝑇
−
1+𝑒 2
1
(B) 𝐹(𝑠) = 𝑠𝑇
−
𝑠(1+𝑒 2 )

1
(C) 𝐹(𝑠) =
𝑠(1−𝑒 −𝑠𝑇)
1
(D) 𝐹(𝑠) =
1−𝑒 −𝑠𝑇

Ans: (B)
Solution:
Laplace transform for periodic signal is given as
T
1
F(s) = ∫ f(t)e−st dt
1 − e−sT
0
 T
2 T
1 −st
1 e−st 2
= ∫(1). e dt + 0 = [ ]
1 − e−sT 1 − esT −s 0
0
[ ]
sT
1 1 −
sT 1 − e− 2
= . . [1 − e 2]=(
sT ST )
(1 − e−sT ) s − −
s (1 + e 2 ) (1 − e 2)

1
F(s) = ST
s (1 + e− 2 )

31. A network consisting of a finite number of linear resistor (R),

inductor (L), and capacitor (C) elements, connected all in series or all
in parallel, is excited with a source of the form
∑3𝑘=1 𝑎𝑘 cos(𝑘𝜔0 𝑡) , where ak ≠ 0, ω0 ≠ 0
The source has nonzero impedance. Which one of the following is a
possible form of the output measured across a resistor in the
network?

(A) ∑3𝑘=1 𝑏𝑘 cos(𝑘𝜔0 𝑡 + ∅𝑘 ) , where bk ≠ ak , ∀𝑘

(B) ∑4𝑘=1 𝑏𝑘 cos(𝑘𝜔0 𝑡 + ∅𝑘 ) , where bk ≠ 0, ∀𝑘
(C) ∑3𝑘=1 𝑎𝑘 cos(𝑘𝜔0 𝑡 + ∅𝑘 )
(D) ∑3𝑘=1 𝑎𝑘 cos(𝑘𝜔0 𝑡 + ∅𝑘 )

Ans: (A)
Solution:
Given input x(t) = ∑3k=1 ak cos(kωo t)
Suppose R = 1, L = 1, C = 1 and they are connected in series then
transfer function of system
H(s) = R + sL + 1/sC
1 1 s2 + s + 1
⇒ H(s) = R + sL + = 1 + s + =
sC s s
At ω = kωo ⇒ H(jω) = M∠ϕ
 ∴ y(t) = ∑3k=1 ak . M. cos(kωo t + ∅) = ∑3k=1 bk . cos(kωo t + ∅)Where
bk ≠ a k

32. A first-order low-pass filter of time constant T is excited with

different input signals (with zero initial conditions up to t = 0).
Match the excitation signals X, Y, Z with the corresponding time
responses for t ≥ 0:
X: Impulse P: 1 − 𝑒−𝑡/𝑇
Y: Unit step Q: t − T(1 − 𝑒−𝑡/𝑇)
Z: Ramp R: 𝑒−𝑡/𝑇

(A) X→R, Y→Q, Z→P

(B) X→Q, Y→P, Z→R
(C) X→R, Y→P, Z→Q
(D) X→P, Y→R, Z→Q

Ans: (C)
Solution:
1
Let open loop transfer function G(s) =
ST
1
Closed loop transfer function H(s) = (assume unity negative
1+sT
feedback)
Y(s) = X(s). H(s)
Case i :
if input = impulse →X(s) = 1

1 1 1
Y(s) = . [ ]
1 + sT T 1 + s
T
1 t
y(t) = e−T
T
Case ii:
1
If input = unit step → X(s) =
s
 1 1 1 −T 1 1
Y(s) = . = + = −
1 + sT s s (1 + sT) s 1 + s
T
t
⇒ y(t) = 1 − e−T
Case iii:
1
If input = Ramp ⇒ x(s) =
s2

1 1 1 T2 (−T)
Y(s) = . 2= 2+ +
1 + sT s s (1 + sT) s
t
y(t) = t + Te−t/T − T = t − T (1 − e−T )

33. An AC voltage source V = 10 sin(t) volts is applied to the

following network. Assume that R1 = 3 kΩ, R2= 6 kΩ and R3 = 9 kΩ,
and that the diode is ideal.

RMS current Irms (in mA) through the diode is ________

Ans: 1.414
Solution:
Irms
Current through R1 =
3
1 Irms Irms
Current through R 2 = . =
2 3 6
 Irms Irms Irms
Current through R 3 = + =
6 6 3

Apply KVL we get

Irms Irms Irms
−Vrms + . (3) + (6) + (9) = 0
3 6 3
⇒ Irms [1 + 1 + 3] = 5√2 → Irms = √2(mA)

34. In the circuit shown in the figure, the maximum power (in
watt) delivered to the resistor R is __________

Ans: 800
Solution:
5(2)
V0 = = 2V
2+3
V0 (40)
Thevenin voltage Vth = 100 = 80Vo = 160V
40+10

Thevenin resistance is calculated by shorting 5V source which gives

Vo = 0V
40(10)
∴ R Th = =8
50

V2Th 160×160
∴ Pmax = = = 800 watt
4Rth 4×8

35. Consider the signal

𝑥[𝑛] = 6 𝛿[𝑛 + 2] + 3𝛿[𝑛 + 1] + 8𝛿[𝑛] + 7𝛿[𝑛 − 1] + 4𝛿[𝑛 − 2] .
 If (𝑒𝑗𝜔) is the discrete-time Fourier transform of x[n],
1 𝜋
then ∫−𝜋 𝑋(𝑒 𝑗𝜔 ) sin2 (2𝜔) 𝑑𝜔 is equal to _________
𝜋

Ans: 8
Solution:
π
1
∫ X(ejω ) sin2 (2ω) dω
π
−π
We have
1−cos 4ω
sin2 (2ω) =
2
Thus,
1 π (1−cos4ω)
∫ X(ejω )
π −π 2
dω
π π
1 1
= ∫ X(ejω )dω − ∫ X(ejω )cos4ωdω
2π 2π
−π −π
We have
π
1
∫ X(ejω )dω = x[0] = 8
2π
−π
And from the cos 4ω term
1 π ej4ω +e−j4ω
∫ X(ejω ) × (
2π −π 2
) dω
π π
1 1 1
= [ ∫ X(ejω )ej4ω dω + ∫ X(ejω )e−j4ω dω]
2 2π 2π
−π −π

1 1
= [x[4] + x[−4]] = [0 + 0] = 0
2 2
1 π
Thus, ∫ X(ejω ) sin2 (2ω)dω = 8 − 0 = 8
π −π

36. Consider a silicon p-n junction with a uniform acceptor doping

concentration of 1017 cm−3 on the p side and a uniform donor doping
concentration of 1016 cm−3 on the n-side. No external voltage is
applied to the diode. Given:
kT/q = 26 mV, ni =1.5 ×1010 cm−3, εSi = 12ε0, ε0 = 8.85 × 10−14 F/m,
and q = 1.6 ×10−19 C.
 The charge per unit junction area (nC cm−2) in the depletion region
on the p-side is ___________

Ans: -55.52
Solution:
We have
1
2ϵsi . Vbi Nd 1 2
xp = { [ ][ ]}
9 Na Na + Nd

KT Na Nd
Now Vbi = ln ( )
4 n2i
1016 ×1017
⇒ Vbi = 26 × 10−3 ln ( ) = 0.757 V
11.5×1010
Now,
1
−14 16 2
2 × 12 × 8.85 × 10 × 10
xp = { }
(1.6 × 10−19 )(1017 )(1016 + 1017 )
1
−14 16 2
2 × 12 × 8.85 × 10 × 10
={ }
(1.6 × 10−19 )(1017 ) × 11 × 1016
⇒ xp = 3.47 × 10−6 cm
Now charge per unit volume in depletion region is
– eNa = −(1.6 × 10−19 ) × 1017 C/cm3
⇒ −eNa = −1.6 × 10−2 C/cm3
Charge per unit area Q in depletion region on p-side is – eNa . xp
⇒ Q = −1.6 × 10−2 × 3.47 × 10−6
⇒ Q = −55.52 nC/cm2

37. Consider an n-channel metal oxide semiconductor field effect

transistor (MOSFET) with a gate-to source voltage of 1.8 V. Assume
that 𝑊/ 𝐿 = 4, 𝜇N𝐶𝑜𝑥 = 70 × 10−6 AV−2, the threshold voltage is 0.3V,
and the channel length modulation parameter is 0.09 V−1. In the
saturation region, the drain conductance (in micro seimens) is
________

Ans: 28.35
 Solution:
The equation of current in saturation is given by
1 W
ID = μn cox (VGS − VT )2 (1 + λVDS )
2 L
∂ID 1 W
Drain Conductance = = μn cox . (VGs − VT )2 . λ
∂VDS 2 L

= ½ × 70 × 10−6 × 4 × (1.8 – 0.3)2 × 0.09

= 28.35 × 10−6 seimens = 28.35μ seimens

38. The figure below shows the doping distribution in a p-type

semiconductor in log scale.

The magnitude of the electric field (in kV/cm) in the semiconductor

due to non-uniform doping is _________

39. Consider a silicon sample at T = 300 K, with a uniform donor

density 𝑁𝑑 = 5 × 1016
cm−3, illuminated uniformly such that the optical generation rate is
𝐺𝑜𝑝𝑡= 1.5 × 1020 cm−3𝑠−1 throughout the sample. The incident
radiation is turned off at 𝑡 = 0. Assume low-level injection to be valid
and ignore surface effects. The carrier lifetimes are 𝜏𝑝0= 0.1 μs and
𝜏𝑛0 = 0.5 μs.

The hole concentration at 𝑡 = 0 and the hole concentration at 𝑡 = 0.3

μs, respectively, are
 (A) 1.5 × 1013 cm−3 and 7.47 × 1011 cm−3
(B) 1.5 × 1013 cm−3 and 8.23 × 1011 cm−3
(C) 7.5 × 1013 cm−3 and 3.73 × 1011 cm−3
(D) 7.5 × 1013 cm−3 and 4.12 × 1011 cm−3

Ans: (A)
Solution:
We have
1
2ϵsi . Vbi Nd 1 2
xp = { [ ][ ]}
9 Na Na + Nd

KT Na Nd
Now Vbi = ln ( )
4 n2i
1016 ×1017
⇒ Vbi = 26 × 10−3 ln ( ) = 0.757 V
11.5×1010
Now,
1
−14 16 2
2 × 12 × 8.85 × 10 × 10
xp = { }
(1.6 × 10−19 )(1017 )(1016 + 1017 )
1
2 × 12 × 8.85 × 10−14 × 1016 2
={ }
(1.6 × 10−19 )(1017 ) × 11 × 1016
⇒ xp = 3.47 × 10−6 cm
Now charge per unit volume in depletion region is
– eNa = −(1.6 × 10−19 ) × 1017 C/cm3
⇒ −eNa = −1.6 × 10−2 C/cm3
Charge per unit area Q in depletion region on p-side is – eNa . xp
⇒ Q = −1.6 × 10−2 × 3.47 × 10−6
⇒ Q = −55.52 nC/cm2

40. An ideal opamp has voltage sources V1, V3, V5, …, VN-1 connected
to the non-inverting input and V2,V4, V6, …, VN connected to the
inverting input as shown in the figure below (+VCC = 15 volt, −VCC =
−15 volt). The voltages V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, V6,… are 1, − 1/2, 1/3, −1/4,
1/5, −1/6, … volt, respectively. As N approaches infinity, the output
voltage (in volt) is ___________
 Ans: -1.142
Solution:
If only V1 is present and remaining are OFF. Then voltage at non –
inverting terminal = 0 V (because parallel connection of infinite
resistances leads to be short circuit)
So even if all V1 , V3 … … … Vn−1 are present, the voltage at Non –
inverting terminal = 0 V
By using virtual ground concept voltage at inverting terminal = 0 V
Apply nodal at inverting terminal we get
O − V2 O − V4 O − V6 O − V0
+ + …….+ =0
10 10 10 10
Vo = −(V2 + V4 + V6 + ⋯ … . VN )
1 1 1
V0 = − ( + + + ⋯ … . ∞)
2 4 6
1 1 1 1
= − (1 + + + + ⋯ . . . ) = −1.142 V
2 2 3 4

41. A p-i-n photodiode of responsivity 0.8A/W is connected to the

inverting input of an ideal opamp as shown in the figure, +Vcc = 15 V,
−Vcc = −15V, Load resistor RL = 10 kΩ. If 10 μW of power is incident
on the photodiode, then the value of the photocurrent (in μA)
through the load is ________
 Ans: 800
Solution:
By Virtual Ground concept voltage at inverting = Non – inverting = 0
V
Ip
Responsibility =
P0

⇒ Photodiode current Ip = 0.8 × 10 × 10−6 = 8μ A

0 − V0 8
−Ip = = 4 = 800μA
1 MΩ 10

42. Identify the circuit below.

(A) Binary to Gray code converter

 (B) Binary to XS3 converter
(C) Gray to Binary converter
(D) XS3 to Binary converter

Ans: (C)
Solution:
Assume X2 X1 X0 = (1 1 1)2 = 710
Then output of first decoder = Op7 which is connected to Ip5 of
encoder ((5)10 = (101)2 )
∴output of encoder Y2 Y1 Y0 = 1 0 1
∴ input to the circuit = 1 1 1 and output = 1 0 1
Consider Gray to Binary converter if input if input = 111 then output
is 101.

∴So the given circuit acts like Gray to Binary converter

43. The functionality implemented by the circuit below is

 (A) 2-to-1 multiplexer
(B) 4-to-1 multiplexer
(C) 7-to-1 multiplexer
(D) 6-to-1 multiplexer

Ans: (B)
Solution:
When
C1 = 0 and C0 = 0 then O0 is high → Y = P
C1 = 0 and C0 = 1 then O1is high → Y = Q
C1 = 1 and C0 = 0 then O2is high → Y = R
C1 = 0 and C0 = 1 then O3is high → Y = S
∴ so the given circuit acts like 4 : 1 multiplexer with inputs P, Q, R and
S and selection inputs C1 and C0

44. In an 8085 system, a PUSH operation requires more clock

cycles than a POP operation. Which one of the following options is
the correct reason for this?
 (A) For POP, the data transceivers remain in the same direction as for
instruction fetch (memory to processor), whereas for PUSH their
direction has to be reversed.
(B) Memory write operations are slower than memory read
operations in an 8085 based system.
(C) The stack pointer needs to be pre-decremented before writing
registers in a PUSH, whereas a POP operation uses the address
already in the stack pointer.
(D) Order of registers has to be interchanged for a PUSH operation,
whereas POP uses their natural order.

Ans:
Solution:
PUSH is pre decremented operation
Since it is 16 bit operation it takes 6 clock cycles for Fetch and
decoding operation.
For PUSH operation:
T1 T2 T3
6 clock cycles 3 clock cycles 3 clock cycles
Fetch and Decode Write operation Write operation

Total no of clock cycles = 6+3+3= 12 clock cycles

Whereas POP is a post incremented operation and it takes only 4
clock cycles in fetch and decode operation.
For POP:
T1 T2 T3
4 clock cycles 3 clock cycles 3 clock cycles
Fetch and Decode Write operation Write operation

Total no of clock cycles = 4+3+3= 10 clock cycles

45. The open-loop transfer function of a unity-feedback control

system is
 𝐾
𝐺(𝑆) =
𝑠 2 + 5𝑠 + 5
The value of K at the breakaway point of the feedback control
system’s root-locus plot is _______

Ans: 1.25
Solution:
K
Given open loop transfer function G(s) =
(s2 +55+5)

K
1 + G(s)H(s) → 1 + =0
(s 2 + 5s + 5)
K = −(s 2 + 5s + 5)
dK
For Break – point calculation we need = 0 → 2s + 5 = 0 →
ds
s = −2.5
K
At s = −2.5 → G(s) =
6.25+5(−2.5)+5

Form magnitude Criterion |G(s)| = 1 at s = 2.5

K
| |=1
11.25 − 12.5
K
| | = 1 → K = 1.25
−1.25

46. The open-loop transfer function of a unity-feedback control

system is given by
𝐾
𝐺(𝑆) =
𝑠(𝑠 + 2)
For the peak overshoot of the closed-loop system to a unit step input
to be 10%, the value of K is ____________

Ans: 1.300
Solution:
K
Open loop transfer function G(s) =
s(s+2)

Characteristics equation is s 2 + 2s + K = 0
 Compare with standard equation we get
1
2ξ ωn = 2 & ω2n = K → ωn = √k ∴ ξ =
√k
ξπ
−
√1−ξ2
Given peak overshoot Mp = 10% = e × 100
10 −ξπ
ln ( )=
100 √1−ξ2

ξ2
→ = 0.537 → ξ = 0.6
1 − ξ2
1
K= = 1.300
ξ2

47. The transfer function of a linear time invariant system is given

by
H(s) = 2𝑠4 − 5𝑠3 + 5𝑠 – 2
The number of zeros in the right half of the s-plane is ________

Ans: 3
Solution:
Given H(s) = 2s 4 − 5s 3 + 5s − 2
Obtain RH criteria we get
s4 2 0 2
s3 -5 5
s2 2 -2
s1 4(0)
s0 -2
dAE
Auxiliary Equation AE: 2s 2 – 2 = 0 and =4
ds

∴ No. of sign changes in first columns = 3

∴ No. of roots in Right Half of s – plane = 3
48. Consider a discrete memory less source with alphabet 𝑆 = {𝑠0,
𝑠1, 𝑠2, 𝑠3, 𝑠4,… } and respective probabilities of occurrence 𝑃 =
1 1 1 1 1
{2 , 4 , 8 , 16 , 32}. The entropy of the source (in bits) is _______

Ans: 2
Solution:
Entropy of the source is H(s) = −s0 log 2 s0 − s1 log 2 s1 −
s2 log 2 s2 … … … …
1 1 1
⇒ H(s) = × 1 + × 4 + × 8 + ⋯ … … ..
2 4 8
1 1 1 1
⇒ H(s) = × 1 + × 2 + × 3 + × 4. … … … ..
2 4 6 16
1 1 1 1
⇒ H(s) = [1 − 2 × +3× +4× ………….]
2 4 … 23
Now, expansion of
(1 − x)−2 = 1 + 2x + 3x 2 + 4x 3 … … ….
Comparing with
1 1 1
1+2× +3× 2+4× 3
2 2 2
1
We see, x =
2
1 1 1
Thus, 1 + 2 × 3 × +4× ……
2 22 23
1 −2
= (1 − )
2
1 −2
=( ) = 22 = 4
2

1
Now, H(s) = × 4 = 2bits/symbol
2

49. A digital communication system uses a repetition code for

channel encoding/decoding. During transmission, each bit is
repeated three times (0 is transmitted as 000, and 1 is transmitted as
111). It is assumed that the source puts out symbols independently
and with equal probability. The decoder operates as follows: In a
block of three received bits, if the number of zeros exceeds the
number of ones, the decoder decides in favor of a 0, and if the
number of ones exceeds the number of zeros, the decoder decides in
 favor of a 1. Assuming a binary symmetric channel with crossover
probability p = 0.1, the average probability of error is ________

Ans: 0.007
Solution:
Given crossover probability p = 0.1. So, we have the channel map as

Suppose 000 is transmitted then error occurs when we receive 110,

101, 011, 111.
1
So probability if error when 0 is transmitted Pe ( ) is
0
1
Pe ( ) = 3 × (0.1 × 0.1 × 0.9) + (0.1 × 0.1 × 0.1) = 0.028
0
0
Similarly, Pe ( ) = 3 × (0.1 × 0.1 × 0.9) + (0.1 × 0.1 × 0.1) = 0.028
1
1 0
Now Pe = P(000) × P ( ) + P(111)P ( )
0 1
= (0.5)3 × 0.028 + (0.5)3 × 0.028
⇒ Pe = 0.007

50. An analog pulse s(t) is transmitted over an additive white

Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. The received signal is r(t) = s(t) +
n(t), where n(t) is additive white Gaussian noise with power spectral
𝑁0
density . The received signal is passed through a filter with impulse
2
response h(t). Let 𝐸𝑠 and 𝐸ℎ denote the energies of the pulse s(t) and
the filter h(t), respectively. When the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is
maximized at the output of the filter (SNRmax), which of the following
holds?

2𝐸𝑠
(A) 𝐸𝑠 = 𝐸ℎ ; 𝑆𝑁𝑅max =
𝑁0
 2𝐸𝑠
(B) 𝐸𝑠 = 𝐸ℎ ; 𝑆𝑁𝑅max =
2𝑁0
2𝐸𝑠
(C) 𝐸𝑠 > 𝐸ℎ ; 𝑆𝑁𝑅max =
𝑁0
2𝐸ℎ
(D) 𝐸𝑠 = 𝐸ℎ ; 𝑆𝑁𝑅max =
𝑁0

Ans: (A)
Solution:
The SNR is maximum when the filter is matched to the input signal.
And when the filter is matched to the input the energies of both the
input and matched filter responses is same. Thus Es = Eh . And in that
2Es 2Eh
case the SNR = =
N0 N0

51. The current density in a medium is given by

400𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝐽= 2
𝑎̂𝑟 𝐴𝑚−2
2𝜋(𝑟 + 4)
The total current and the average current density flowing through
𝜋 𝜋
the portion of a spherical surface 𝑟 = 0.8 𝑚, ≤ 𝜃 ≤ , 0 ≤ 𝜙 ≤
12 4
2𝜋 are given, respectively, by

(A) 15.09 A, 12.86 Am-2

(B) 18.73 A, 13.65 Am-2
(C) 12.86 A, 9.23 Am-2
(D) 10.28 A, 7.56 Am-2

Ans: (No option matching)

Solution:
The current density at r = 0.8m is
400sinθ
J= âr A/m2
2π(0.64 + 4)
400sinθ
⇒J= â A/m2
2π(464) r
π π
So total current I through portion r = 0.8m, ≤θ≤
12 4
And 0 ≤ ϕ ≤ 2π is I = ∬ J. da⃗
 5
2π 400 sin θ
I= 4
∫ϕ=0 ∫θ= π â = r 2 sinθdθdϕâr
2π×4.64 r
12
5
400 2π
I= ∫ϕ=0
4
∫θ= π r 2 sinθdθdϕ|
2π×4.64
12 r=0.8
π
400×0.64 2π θ sin2θ 2
= (ϕ)| [ − ]| π
2π×4.64 0 2 4
12
400×0.64 π π 1 π sinπ
⇒I= × 2π [( − ) − 4 (sin 2 − )]
2π×4.64 8 624 6

400×0.64 π 1 1
⇒I= × 2π × [ − (1 − )]
2π×4.64 12 4 2
400×0.64 π 1
= ×[ − ]
4.64 12 8

⇒ I = 7.55 A(No option matching)

Now, area of the portion of the spherical surface
π
2π
S= 4
∫ϕ=0 ∫θ= π r 2 sin θ dθdϕ|
12 r=0.8
π

⇒ S = 0.64 × (ϕ)|2π
0 × (− cos θ)| 4
π
12

⇒ S = 0.64 × 2π × (0.26)
⇒ S = 1.04
7.55 A
Now average current density Javg = = 7.25
1.04 m2

52. An antenna pointing in a certain direction has a noise temperature

of 50 K. The ambient temperature is 290 K. The antenna is connected
to a pre-amplifier that has a noise figure of 2 dB and an available gain
of 40 dB over an effective bandwidth of 12 MHz. The effective input
noise temperature Te for the amplifier and the noise power Pao at
the output of the preamplifier, respectively, are

(A) Te = 169.36 K and Pao = 3.73×10-10 W

(B) Te = 170.8 K and Pao = 4.56×10-10 W
(C) Te = 182.5 K and Pao = 3.85×10-10 W
(D) Te = 160.62 K and Pao = 4.6×10-10 W
 Ans: (A)
Solution:
Antenna’s noise temperature TAN = 50K
Ambient temperature TA = 290K
Preamplifier noise figure FP = 2dB
Amplifier gain GP = 40dB
Now, effective noise temperature of amplifier input Te = (F − 1)TA
2 1
Noise figure of antenna F = 1010 = 105 = 1.585
Thus, Te = 290(1.585 − 1) = 290 × 0.585 = 169.7 K
Now, noise power at the preamplifier output, Pao = GKTIN B
40
Gain, G = 1010 = 104 and TIN is the input noise temperature at
amplifier input
TIN = TAN + Te = 50K + 169.6K

⇒ TIN = 219.6K
Amplifier output noise, Pao = GKTIN B
Pao = 104 × (1.38 × 10−23 ) × (219.6) × (12 × 106 )
Pao = 3.63 × 10−10 W
Thus, option A is correct.

53. Two lossless X-band horn antennas are separated by a distance of

200λ. The amplitude reflection coefficients at the terminals of the
transmitting and receiving antennas are 0.15 and 0.18, respectively.
The maximum directivities of the transmitting and receiving
antennas (over the isotropic antenna) are 18 dB and 22 dB,
respectively. Assuming that the input power in the lossless
transmission line connected to the antenna is 2 W, and that the
antennas are perfectly aligned and polarization matched, the power (
in mW) delivered to the load at the receiver is ________

Ans: 1.54
Solution:
Given input to the lossless transmission line is 2W.
Let the maximum amplitude of the input sinusoid be A. Then A2 /2 =
2W ⇒ A = 2V
 The amplitude of sinusoid after getting transmitted is AT = (1 − ΓT )A
Where ΓT is the reflection coefficient of transmitting antenna.
Thus, AT = (1 − 0.15)2 = 1.7V
72
So, transmitted power is PT = 1. = 1.445W
2

λ 2
Now using Friis equation received power Pr is Pr = Gdr . Gdt [ ] ×
4πr
PT
Where Gdr is directive gain of receiving antenna and Gdt is directive
gain of transmitting antenna.
We have Gdt = 101 . 8 = 63.1 and
Gdr = 102.2 = 158.5
And distance between antennas is given as r = 200λ
λ 2
Thus, Pr = (158.5)(63.1) [ ] × 1.445
4π×200λ

Pr = 2.29W
Now sinusoid amplitude at receiver input Ar is such that
A2r
= 2.29 W ⇒ Ar = 2.14
2

Now amplitude of sinusoid transmitted to load AL is

AL = (1 − ΓR )Ar = (1 − 0.18) × 2.14 = 1.755V
A2L
Thus power received by load is = 1.54W
2

54. The electric field of a uniform plane wave travelling along the
negative z direction is given by the following equation:
𝐸⃗𝑤𝑖 = (𝑎̂𝑥 + 𝑗𝑎̂𝑦 )𝐸0 𝑒 𝑗𝑘𝑧
This wave is incident upon a receiving antenna placed at the origin
and whose radiated electric field towards the incident wave is given
by the following equation:
1
𝐸⃗𝑤𝑖 = (𝑎̂𝑥 + 𝑗𝑎̂𝑦 )𝐸𝐼 𝑒 𝑗𝑘𝑧
𝑟
 The polarization of the incident wave, the polarization of the antenna
and losses due to the polarization mismatch are, respectively,

(A) Linear, Circular (clockwise), −5dB

(B) Circular (clockwise), Linear, −5dB
(C) Circular (clockwise), Linear, −3dB
(D) Circular (anti clockwise), Linear, −3dB

Ans: (D)
Solution: The incident electric field is circular polarised as the two
components are equal and phase shifted by 90∘ . When we multiply
the time exponential ejωt . We see that the wave is anticlockwise
circular. The antenna electric filed is linearly polarised as the two
components are in phase. Thus, without calculating polarisation loss
we see the correct option is D.

55. The far-zone power density radiated by a helical antenna is

approximated as:
1
⃗⃗⃗ 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 𝑊
𝑊 ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 ≈ 𝑎
̂𝐶 4
𝑟 0 2 cos 𝜃
𝑟
The radiated power density is symmetrical with respect to φ and
exists only in the upper hemisphere: 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋/2 ; 0 ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 2𝜋; 𝐶0 is a
constant. The power radiated by the antenna (in watts) and the
maximum directivity of the antenna, respectively, are

(A) 1.5C0,10dB
(B) 1.256C0,10dB
(C) 1.256C0,12dB
(D) 1.5C0,12dB

Ans: (B)
Solution:
1
Given that Wrad = Wavg = cos 4 θ. C0 . ⃗⃗⃗
ar
r2

Power radiated = ∫ Wrad . dS⃗

But dS⃗ = r 2 sin θ dθdϕ. ⃗⃗⃗

ar
1
Power radiated = ∫ ∫ cos 4 θ. C0 . r 2 sin θ dθdϕ
r2
 π
Where 0 ≤ θ ≤ and 0 ≤ ϕ ≤ 2π
2

⇒ Power Radiated, Prad = ∫ ∫ cos 4 θ. C0 . sin θ dθdϕ

π
= C0 (2π)∫ cos 4 θ. sinθ. dθ: where 0 ≤ θ ≤
2
3×1×1
= C0 (2π) × = 1.256C0 .
5×3×1
Radiation intensity = U = r 2 . Wrad = cos 4 θ. C0
Umax C0
Directivity D0 = 4π × = 4π × = 10.005
Prad 1.256C0

Directivity in (dB) = 10 log10 10.005 = 10