sése that pulling down on node C would tend to pull node D to the the sign of the answer is reasonable, FIGURE 11,21 Impsct Toading —Falling- weight case, 598 like wave loading of an offshore cil platform or impact loading of an automobile dung a collision itis necessary to turn to the topic of structural dynamics to determine the tiie dependent behavior of the dynamically loaded deformable body.'? Here we make simplis. fying assumptions that eneble us to see that there is definitely & difference between the’ response of a deformable body to static loading and its response to dynamic loading. we will generalize to bars, beams, and other deformable bodies. Inthe first case we consi 1 weight W that fells from height h onto the massless, linear spring with spring cons ke(ie., P = kA), In the second case we consider a mass that is moving with speed v whe it strikes the spring, Gravitational Potential Energy Converted to Strain Energy of a “Mass- less’ Linear Spring. Let weight W be dropped from height h onto a massless, line spring, and assume that no energy is lost during the initial contact of the weight with the spring. Three positions are identified in Fig, 11.2la: (1) the position where the weight is released from rest, (2) the position where the weight initially contacts the spring, and (3) the lowest position reached by tho weight, where the spring has its maximum compressi0t Anus and Where the weight is (momentarily) stopped, ‘or example, see Structural Dyramics-An Introduction to Computer Methods, by Roy R. Cag, Ht (Ret. 1131 Solving But W, lowere: This ed if the int At the for Asin ¢ with A Impa from h the rod defornIf no energy is lost during the impact, we can equate the gravitational potential energy jost by the weight in falling through the distence (+ Ags) to the inerease in strain f enetgy in the spring when itis compressed by an amount Ay. Then, Wh + On, Flea. (11.60) {Solving for the positive root of this quadretic equation in Aye, We get | (+ [@) sa)" aww But W/k is the static compression, A,, that would occur if the weight W wire slowly lowered onto the ring, Therefore, 11.61 can be east in the convenient form (11.62) (11.63) i the. weight is suddeniy released when it is just touching the spring, that (2) in Fig. 11.210, At position (3) in Fig, 11.214, where the spring is atts maximum compression, Ajays he force exerted on the spring by the weight (and Vice versa) has a magnitude at position Prax Oras (11.64) Pore Ave is given by Eq, 11.61 of 11.62, 4 ‘netic Energy Converted to Strain Energy of a “Massless” Linear pring. Figure 11.22 shows a mass that is moving with speed v at the instant when it Pinakes contact with a massless, linear spring. If we assume that no energy is lost in the [impact process, then energy is conserved, and the kinetic energy of the mass at position #/(1) in Fig, 11.22 is converted to strain energy stored in the spring in position (2). Then, per. Later consider (11,65) constant dv when yhasse ess, linear (11.66) t with the weight is & As in Case A, the maximum force exerted on the spring by the mass is given by Bq. 11.64, g, and (3) ‘with Ajo. in the present case, given by Eq. 11.66. sibeaunnd {Impact on Deformable Bodies. Figure 11.23 depicts a sliding collar that drops fcom height A, makes contect with a flange on the end ofa lineaclyelestc rod, and stretches cng, the rod by an amount A,,,.. The analysis of Case A can be applied to this system and other deformable bodies if we make the following assumptions: 599 Dynamic Loading; Impact Frictioless ‘ufice we Ile kl FIGURE 11.22 Impact loading —moving-mass case.600 Energy Methods FIGURE 11.23. Impact loading of « uniform tod. impacting mass, © The impacting mass is rigid, + No energy is lost in the impact. ‘These assumptions lead to conservative answers. That is, the deformation and stresi calculated ate greater than the actual values would be if energy losses and other facto hinted at above were completely accounted for. ‘With the preceding assumptions, we do not have to consider conservation of momé} ‘um upon impact or consider stress waves in the impacted bod results obtained previously for a “'massless” spring. Equations 11.62 and 11.66 cant used to determine Aja, for the respective two types of impact, with an equivalent sti ‘mum stress caused by the impact, we must apply the dynamic 102d Py of Eq. 11.64 te the particular body impacted (e.g., tod, beam, ctc.). The next two example problems il Istrate the effect of impact loading on deformable bodies. MEBMMBBBMRBBEH EXAMPLE 11.17 For the rod and sliding collar of Fig. 11.23, (a) determine an expression for. ‘pay a8 @ function of W, A, B, h, and L. (b) If the weight is dropped from height of kt = 4044, determine the value of the impact amplification facto ‘innd By (6) Determine the maximum impact sttess On i stress oj, the drop height 4, and the rod parameters. Solution (@) Determine Aya the maximum displacement, We could use either Eq, 11.6 or 11.62, taking A to be positive for elongation, rather than for compression | fs in the original derivation, Let us use Eq, 11.62. toads (142)7] © If the weight were to be lowered slowly onto the flange of the rod, we would | get the static elongation be ls als ‘terms of the static |) “a