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AFIT/CI
Wright-Patterson AFB OH 45433-6583
S
DTIC
ELECTE
iFEB 0 7 1991-I
• ''! . . . i . .. B
S T I 97
ANALYSIS OF TRUSS FRAMES BY METHOD
by
December 1990
91 2 06 08b
ANALYSIS OF TRUSS FRAMES BY METHOD
by
December 1990
APPROVED:
// .. -Chairperson
SApervising Committee
By - -,
Distribution/- - -
Avlabillty Codes Dean, Graduate Cege
iAvnil and/or
Dist Special
ABSTRACT
and load constants are presented for the flat Pratt and
iii
In mnemory of my brother
Kenneth
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The writer wishes to express his gratitude to the
following individuals for their guidance and support during
degree:
To Dr. Jan J. Tuma for his guidance and assistance in
half.
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
CHAPTER
vi
CHAPTER Page
4 Examples......................48
vii
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
ix
Figure Page
x
NOMENCLATURE
a Half-length of a truss
d Truss height
E Modulus of elasticity
h Truss depth
H, U Horizontal force
I Moment of inertia
M, Z Moment
member
R Reaction
xi
SN i Normal force in truss member due to loading
Ui Internal energy
Ue External energy
U, Energy of reactions
V Shear
xii
SIGN CONVENTION
717
Positive Disoiacernents
xiii
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
1.1 Ccncept of the Truss Frame
I
Fig~ure 1.1 Examples--truss frame configurations
3
clear span column spacing is greater than 40 feet but not
the Fink and Pratt styles are used most for the large rise
\ \ I P
Tuma.
The derivations are based on the energy methods of
(1987).
in a tabular form.
in Section 2.4.
2.2.1 Statics
hinges.
9
4~I
I ~ -
AZ~~ ~ ~ ~I '~ \ M/ N NN),'N.
1 -
'K N / 7
7
-' 7
-- C
i
10
neglected.
system.
small.
forces, RAY and R,,, and two reactive moments, FMAS and FML.
soluticn.
The general displacements of the supports are giver
n r.
H0 = 1
j. = normal force in a given member due to
V =1
M, = 1
U. = U e (3)
U = s + U (3a)
13
B
Ni 2Li
Ui = Us = z (3b)
2AiE
A
A.E
B
Ni2;.
U i = Us = z (3c)
2
A
The external work is given by:
Ue = Ut + Ur (3d)
B B
where UL = Z WA + Z We = work due to applied loads
A A
B B
and Ur = Z RA + Z Me = work due to reactions
A A
The work of the supports in terms of reactions and
SU OUS
OV, OV o
A i
The partial derivatives of Equation (3c) with respect to
eu N.
M
each red-indant are:
B
cM
U NI A
B
= No =X Nioil i (4b)
aV, aV A
A
8u
- A + e B (4c)
aU
+ + a B)-
r -A AY aGA
If we let Ay = AAY A-
ABY
then,
au
r A + eB
(4d)
(3u
a V,
-Ay + a (eA + eR)
B B
- . ++ , = Z SNiy.i) + M
A A
B
+ V ° E ,iyiX- (4e)
A
B B
.a (E A + 0
6) E SNA3Xi + M0 yi'
A A
B
+ z l 2
A
B B
Z yiei i = Z fiyi)A = 0
A A
16
B B
- EA + EB = Z SNiyili + M0 Z 7i2Ai
A A
(4f)
B B
2
+ a ( A + E)= Z SNi/3iA , + V E A
A A
Denoting:
B B
Do = Z SN y'iX, DI = Z SNflj'
A A
B B
C®-02 1 , C3;E= 2
A A
,.:here
- A + Gs = DO + MoC O
(4g)
+ a (0 A + e8) = Dy + V0 C Y
-D o - 6 + 0B
S= - - (5)
00 C Co
AY + a (eA + EB) - Dy
Cy CY Cy
17
(1):
Ce Cy
C0 Cy
Note:
0 C
4J 4J
LLL4- .
C)
4-) ~ 4-J
4Q
D- U )C
K~ ~ 4) 4J
(C -- ~ )
M) 0 ~ I) 4J
C)C
5-4 (42 cC). < 2
41 4-) 4
4 -4 -; 4
Q 0 rn 4
M (C
41 .) -
Lo..U
4-) 'C>~ -
U) 4J
4J 42
42
-~40
0 x
19
Stiffness Matrix Coefficients:
Kt0,AB = Kt0,BA = 0
KtlAB = Kt1,6A = 0
1
Kt2,AB = Kt2,BA =
Cy
a
Kt3,AB = Kt3,BA = -
Cy
1 a2
Kt AS = Kt,BA = - + -
Cs Cy
2
1 a
Kt 4 ,AS = Kt; = - + -
C Cy
Load Functions:
Dy Dy
FVAB -- Wy FH BA = W2y + -
Cf Cy
DO Dy
Do Dy
FNB - a -- + CM c FM BA al - B
CMC
C0 Cy CE Cy
• y, • mm - i al m m mmS• m mm
20
2.3.1 Statics
ends of the truss are restrained, the end moments FMAG and
FIN I FM
-F"
M M7
VV
RBX W2 x -Ho,
U i = Ue (3)
U i = Us + Uv (3a)
considered, therefore:
B
Ni2Li
U i =U =
2AiE
A
I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
24
where Li = length of any member,
Ai = cross-sectional area of any member,
E = modulus of elasticity,
Li
or in its simpler form when 1.
AiE
B 2
Ni
Ui = u s i .
1E (3b)
2
A
B B
where Ut 2
Z W + Z We = the work due to applied loads
A A
B B
and U = Z R + Z Me = the work due to reactions.
A A
displacements is:
U ~+R ~M +R +R
Ur RAX AAx + RAYAAY M ABA RBXAx RBAABY
MAeB
+ (Mo - cH ° + aV o - CMac)eB
we have again:
aUs aU ,
aH aH
- (4)
CI 01
B B
Us aNil i
Z-- N. = Z NZ i. ,
A A
B B
- N. us E N a,
(4a)
Cv 00
Ov0
A A
B B
aS al 1x
-= Z N ;' - = Z Ni it i
a o am
A A
i
26
aHe
IV
--AAY - ABY + B) (4b)
0 Vo0
aU
C =
( rlc E)A + E)B
If we let
Ax A AX ASx
y - YY
- x + c(GA - 88)
+ a(OA 3) (4c)
1u
0
- 0 3 - (DA
B B
Ax + C(9A - 06) = Z SNieail + po a i2
A A
(5a)
B B
+ V ° E a,3.iX + MO E U iy l,
A A
27
B B
+ a( A + 08) = Z SNj,6jA i + Ho F Piai) I
A A
(5b)
B B
+ V 0o ZPi 21 i + M0 Y 'eiyii,
A A
B B
- 9A +eO =0 Z SNi'yi i + Ho E yiai) i
A A
(5c)
B B
+ V Z y Xiii + M0o yi2X .
A A
ternis:
B B
Z ai'Yii = Z yiaiXi (5d)
A A
B B
iyi.X = Z yiJ3Aii
A A
computed by:
23
B
Yo= E Y idA
A
B
Z dA
A
analysis.
B B
S+ C(O - 9) = X SNa + HX a 2;,
A A
B B
AY + a(eA + E) = Z SNiixi + Vo E gi2x, (5e)
A A
B B
eA + GB = SNiyix i + Mo0 yi 2 x1 i.
A A
29
If we denote:
B B
D x = Z SNicixi ,C x = E ai2xi,
A A
B B
Dy = Z SNjP3 Axi Cy A= E iaxi
A A
B B
De = Z SNiyiAi, De = Z yj2Ait
A A
A 4 c (±A - 8) = Dx + HoCx,
-OA + 05 = D o + MoC0 .
-0 A + 0
B Do
M - -
o Co Ce
Equations (1),
x c Dx
RAY = Wix +
Cx
+ --
Cx
(eA - GO - D
C
(8)
cx x cx
AY a D
RAY = Wly + -+- (EA + ea) - y (9)
Cy Cy Cy
V V VHmm m mmm - am
30
Ax C DX
R = W2X(0A - 8) +(1
CX CXC
w Y a ( + ) + Dy
R6By 2Y - - (A +G)+ -(12)
CY CY C
E)A - )B D0 C2
MiGA Ax - (eGA
- 3
Ca Ce0 CXC
DX a a2
±~ ~+ - (G) + 0-8/ -a -CM,
yA
CX C CyC
Equations (8) through (13) are the stiffness equations for
Kt 0,6 Kt = -A
C
Kt1,AB Kt1,BA
31
£ninI
1< In
C) >
4~J 0)
_ _~( r-4-4C
I -4 (
m0
- ---14 C
Q-4
4-j :3U)4
m400
4JJ 0
4J 0 Q04
4 4-) I II
~
U] ] 0 x> CD
-4
32
1
Kt2,AB = Kt2,BA =
Cy
a
Kt3,AB = Kt3,BA = -
CY
1 az C2
+ +
Kt,AS = Kt 4, BA =- - -
Ce CY CX
1 a 2 C2
Kt5,AB = Kt5,BA =- +
C CY CX
Load Functions:
Dx DX
FH-{ = -Ix FHBA = W2 X + -
Cx Cx
Dy Dy
FVAZ = W"y FHBA = W2Y + -
C, Cy
DD_ Dx Do Dx D,
FM,5 = - - FMOA
3 = c -a ----.. CMcs
Ca Cx CO Cx C;
Dy
- a - + CMAC
Dy
12EI 2EI
Kc. - Kc. -
L3 L
6EI
Kc =-
2
L
34
ZT S
UTE Al.
2
UTS= + (l+2mi)n P -- >ST = +(l+2n)m2 P
TB It
TB T 5 ziV ST
=S +l/nP I Ix T +
T v T
13
U = + 112 L Px u
UT + 1/2 L Pn
L Px
V = + 112 L Py L { VBT = + 1/2 L Py
1/1 P= - L2
(6-8n+3n1/12 P
-rB
x ~ 7 BT zB
, z T9
T.- __ v "TB
SI/- ST
n b n
U TB = + (2n) P /2 BT 7M L
+ b P=I
=+ lx
TB = + n b Py/2 L py -.B
P-x ST =+ 1/2 (2-n)b Py,2
Z-3 + (4-3n)nb'Px/12 "->"BTs i= (6_8n+3n )bIP /1 2
u +- 3Z Y2 " V7 BT 7L x2
V TB =+ L Px/ 6 Pr B + L Py/3
Z = + LPx/3 SfvT ZBT - L2x/20
1BT
CHAPTER 3
Method of Analysis
3.1 Construction of the Structural Stiffness Matrix
The structural stiffness matrix is formed by merging
equations have been Rx, Ry, M, AX, Ay, and e. We now wish
M A
ZB MBA = ZBA eA = 'A eB = eb
In the case where two subscripts are used, the first
are identified.
terms.
method.
1. Determine the geometry of the truss-frame:
a. label all joints alphabetically and number
all members.
symmetrical truss-frame.
b. for a gabled truss the elastic center must
-Zyj dA
Yo
ZdA
end forces and mome ,ts for the given truss into
i
38
of the members.
It should be noted that at this point all of the bar
completed.
nomenclature.
the global system are also the same in the local axis
system.
3.1.3 Parallel Truss Elemental Stiffness Matrix
reactions UAB and UBA which were initially left out of the
UA = FHAB
U :
= FHSA
Z,. Kt + K (v - Kt E) K E)
SFM3A
becomes:
41
UTB
VTB 0
oc10K
Kc 0 0
-Ko
0
oFHTB
-Kc
K FT
o VTB FVTB
Z Kc 2 0 Kc 4 -Kc 2 0 Kc 3 j e8 T FMBT j
_ L
42
where:
1. Kc represents the specific column stiffness
coefficients as opposed to the previously defined
or bottom.
The fixed end forces and moments for a column are
coefficients.
3.1.6 Construction of the Structural Stiffness Matrix
stiffness matrix.
Step 7 identifies the unknown displacements for a given
the truss.
E U. + Z FHi = 0
E V i + E FV i = 0
E Zi + Z FMi = 0
the column) at the joint where the truss and column are
L/ 2
UA UA Z FHAS
ZA EA K FMA
+
V RL KR Z
FU uA FH A
VA KLL KLR VA FVA
A
A + M
7 " j +-=I
A'M
0-___
(1)
U3 1 3 E FH6
V3 KRL KRR Vs E FVS
Zj E FMU
or
UA -FHA
KLL KLR VA -FVA
A
- -- -FMA
(3)
-FHB
E -FMS
or
Equation 4 in which:
A = K')-1 (-FEF)
relationships exist.
accomplish this.
Examples
3Cc tb/ f tL
J, I.
. T [ ...b7.]
..
T.J.
[
D G H K L
F i M
[----5'
15
given in Section 3.
it must be evaluated.
49
C D G H
0 N,2 4 6 a 10 12,
B E F
2 L 4 x 4 x a = 15 ft.
E = 29 F6 psi
A = 2.3 inZ
2L 2 x 2 x h
by:
Cx = 0
N
c = Gj2)
0
N
ca = E Yi2Xi
0
50
Table 4.1.1 shows the properties for each member and the
Cx = 0
1071.6
Cy -
E
6
CO -
E
3b. Load Constants. The forces acting on the truss
I .c 5 DZ 15 CDC-7 15CC 5 0
- "-A
K'.-. -'.-
.1 -
Dx = 0
N
D = Z SNAii
0
51
000 0 0 0
In In U) IO LO In 0
000 000 00
In n 00Q' n n0 mn m co
0C'
ri w0 N H wLO NrIn0 In
H In
In In In In) In In
0000000000000N
r- I' m 1 IN
o 400InOO0on o
C
m' CN m
co co co
C-)
0
-44
F-~
N
Do= SNiyix i
0
405000 in.-lbs.
405000 in.-lbs.
WCl A 0
WWINA= 0
Kt 0 0
Kt, = 0
Kt 2 = l/Cy = 1/(1071.6/E)
Kt 3 = a/Cy = 180/(1071.6/E)
CN C co N co
U) co L: co
CO i N C-4 Tr N 0 v
Q H Q r 0 10 U-1
'IT C0
U' ) L fl 1-) L) L
4-4
4- Q OCC o n0C,)
(7C . ,
(N1
-4
4-; Q)
r) 1 0 m q-A o .-4
(C >
54
0000000000000 0
(N (N co (N co
01% Ln c0 Lfl co
r- 0
QZ ~0> r-O > 0NLnf cnC
,
~O>>'~>'~0N N
0 CD 0 0
CQ c C Llc 0 Ln C ~
(N
CN N1 (N 0 -
. . .. . .o
.
C-D G)
czomm no-mw
55
Kt0 = 0
K l -= 0
Kt2 = 27062
Kt3 = 4871220
Kt4 = 881653042
Kt5 = 871986375
FHCN = Wx = 0
FHNC = Wx = 0
D, 0
FV:N = Wy - 4500 - = 4500 lbs.
CY (1071.6/E)
Dy0
FVNc - Wy - 4500 +
cy (1071.6/E)
(71440/E)
FM -- - 180(0) + 405000 = 416906
(6/E)
Do D
FMNc
Cc Cf
(71440/E)
FM, - 180(0) + 405000 = - 416906
(6/E)
> (D 0 -4
0 0 0n 0 0 N
(N - N 'IT
(N cn (N 0 U)
No ON No %i
cc cc co r4
4 -)
co Co
o CN 0 C)N
(-N (N
C
0 (N0 (N
NN NQ r-
(N CN
N C N
0
Co Nc
C%)
c 0
I' 0 0 C0
o N 0 (N i
~
N (N Q N
(D 0N (N (1
C- Cl r H -7
(N r- N Co
Co CI Co
o c0 ( 0
u~ 7 -D (N
0 (N 0 (
> N -
57
EA 29E6(13.2)
KCO = - = = 1678947
L 19(12)
column:
= -21660 in-lbs.
= 21660 in-lbs.
> >
0 0i L )
Ho H r
LI) 0 HO-
0 H 0
m~ ro
I 4'
C)
co co
-P-
U)
N, H H
Ifl Ll
0
H H
10 0
cq C n CN C N
0 00 0159 0
N
r-0 0 IO
In0 In H
H -A 0
HH co
co N- .-
co co
4~4
H-
CNL InI0
0~~ H H
co C )
0 0- C) 0 0 N
Q NT H
Nn NN N
H 0 0 (
60
In the case of column PN, since no loads are applied on
the column, all the fixed end moments are equal to zero.
Vc = ? vN = ? v A = 0 vp = 0
? ?
GC = EN = EA = 0 EP = 0
displacements.
8. The joint equilibrium equations are:
Joint C
UCA + UCN E 0
VCA + V - 4'-00 = 0
Joint N
UNC + U NP 0
VNC - v -r 4-)00 = 0
ZNC + Z - 4 -6906 0
Joint C:
U:
+ Ov NC + 00 NC - 570 = 0
61
V:
U:
+ OvNC + OENC = 0
V:
Oup + 1678947 VNP + ONp OUPN - 1678947 VPN + GE) EN
Z:
+ 881653042 8 NC - 416906 = 0
62
Joint C
+ 4500 = 0
Joint N
4. 10276 uN + 1171514 eN = 0
+ 4500 = 0
+ 1059723217 GN - 416906 = 0
displacements:
+' +
+ 1- CI > +1
Ci~L
Ci CiN
IN~
Nm I
r N 00 In NN -
H eH H H 0')
4-4
N IN
rO 0 1,
o I- Ho m
<iC NN CO
H C o
0 0I0 0 r- o
NN l In- i c U)
Nu C N c c
r- NU) No
__ __ __ _ ___0_ _ H-
m- *HD CO
0~ 0H4-
Cl In I
0
'~ N0 0l In0N C
H H- ClH CN a
H CO N
0~~ CO U II I
mH
C 0 0n N 0
H, 0N CI
0 N 0 I
z N
> HD
CD
64
end forces and moments for each truss frame element may be
Member AC
Member C1
UCN 0 UNC 0
Member NP
300 lb/ft
0 lbs 0 1bs
n~SflS- ri iY~~N
I
' '01,
K9 in-lb3
lbs
I436 617 lbs IJ __l
H 0 0~
'4OO IO/1 z
I L
7-4C
Section 3.
i 21 hi
<<
S15
A = 7.5 in 2 L = 30 ft.
2 L 4 x 4 x a= 15 ft.
c = 0.5 ft.
E = 29 E6 psi
A = 2.3 in2
2L 2 x 2 x
located by:
E y, dA
Z dA
- 11904 in.
yo = = 4.5 ft.
220.4
68
by:
Cx : E 0!i1-2 x i
= z
C., = 70.92/E
C, 10i5.12/E
Ci = 8.58/E
2': CC
m 14 NC -~f N 0)m0
00H10N-4w0nrooc -zr
NN H~ 'D C N
C0 C'L C 0r-C, ;
i CN C0 10 m~ 0 0 N
cocn r- .
O coco 0c cc co 0 wc 00c
N NCI N N (N N1 N
i cc 4 M*co 4 4 o 4 M' CO
CAC
N 0
4-)
- ~~ OH1-1'Nc~H ~ .0I H
>!
70
N
Dx = E SNiail i
0
N
D¥ = Z SNji3 1 iX
0
N
D = Z SNi'yi i
0
Dx :-511748/E
D¥ = 0
= -117244/E
W, = 0
NIx
S =0 4'll (
0 :T H ml (I
-- 0 i r- C
mO D m H z ,Dr- c
m H- C~
Cl (N -H1- oHHc nN
rn Cl H %10 -3 -z ml 0 co co
cn un m 0cc(C m c, r- 0
Ci20m1 r-WCOC''
0 1- 'ACcl, C
m C l Clr-M L) C )
-r -I r- m rOCCmCCH rC
4-)
4.. II
Nc mIf c0w II -0
CJNN fll.CCO
N N -C (N
Ci~~~- C C C CHCC
oE-I II I
72
o I~ Hi M cn
a0 n r- Ol
w H enmH
~ cc
CZC
C- m r -qc r-I-10 LrI CN
z (n N H H HH
m N r- c Q ccN X
M m m)c LflHCN H-
if) 111 11 co CN Ir c I) C
>ZGr- nO 0 0n c 0 Q C.
N, cc (H C C -)( C - C;00
SH n 0 In Hr i n H H
en m 1 Cn
r- 01 -C
Ero n r- fn.n H[-M
H 'C-nCLf -
INnrr
Nrc0 w H( N
r-0
w r- m -,T ~
It I
C.) C :C
(N OccccNoNccNccNcCc
C)C)
H0 nH Akor H NI
M)
7-_
73
Kt 0 = I/CX = 1/(70.92/E)
Kt, = C/C x = 6/('70.92/E)
Kt 2 = i/C y = 1/(1015.1.2/E)
Kt 3 = a/Cy = 60/(1015.12/E)
K.. 408911
Kt. = 2453468
K, = 28568
K t3 = 1714083
K., = 120945750
K t5 = 84744220
D, (-511748/E)
FH 4 = W_ - - = 7215 lbs.
C 70. 92/E
D, -511748/E
FH,,c = WIx ± - = -7215 lbs.
C 70.92/E
Dy 0
FV(N WCly - = 6000 -- 6000
Cy 1015.12/E
Dy
FVNC =WNy + -= 6000 + 0 = 6000
Cy
74
Do Dx Dy
FMCN = c - - a + CMCx
Ce Cx Cy
-(-117244/E) 6(-511748/E) 0
- - -180
8.58/E 70.92/E 1015.12/E
+ 540000 = 596960
De Dx Dy
FMN. = - - + c - - a CMNI
Ce Cx Cy
-(-117244/E) 6(-511748/E)
+ - 180(0)
8.58/E 70.92/E
- 540000 = 596960
EA 29E6(25.6)
K-0 =- = = 2577780
L 24(12)
i ,,,,,, mmnm ~
LO 0 0 in 0 a
H- 0 Q - 0 I'
N a m~ N~ 0 C) 75
r- 'rc
kD Q QC
in in
0 CN 00
IT 'IT~
in .H LO .Hn t
':C* N H CN
cc -
0 co (n 0 co m y
I'D cc Q co 4H
L") 0 in 0 4-)
-4
0 LiA 0
cc 0
cor 0 N o m 0 "0
Q~~ U
co ~ Q c N Q
0 cc - 0 c i
N H :
Qi cc - 0 co
00 -4 c
0 coH c
___ ___ ___ __ I'D___
'IT
t > N N
76
The fixed end forces for columns AC and PN are equal
to zero since no load is acting on either column.
are:
UC = ? uN = ? uA = 0 up = 0
vC = ? VN = ? vA = 0 vp = 0
? =
Oc = ON = ? 8A 0 OP = 0
U - U
IN
V C = VN
0C eN
Joint C
ZCA + Z + 596960 = 0
'A CN
77
Iz(> D > (D
L,x
10 0 0 0 01
C ~ (N U)
In (N In LO
In 0 V) 0
(N
(4(
000 0 0 0 4
cc mc
LN Nl
CC)
In
00 0 0 0 0 <
(N L7, I N
LfC)
I Lnf
co co
(NN
0o 0 0 0 0
r- N l
N C N L
0 (N C (
In u I
78
Joint N
U + WN- 7215 - 0
coefficients:
Joint C
U:
0
+ 2453468 CN - 408911 UNC + OVNC
Z:
0
1552370 UCA + OVCA 1 298055560 CA - 1552370 UAC + OVAC
Joint N
U:
+ 1552370 E) - 7215 = 0
V:
Z:
- 596960 = 0
Joint C
U:
V:
2577780 v, = -6000
Z:
Joint N
three unknowns:
0 2577780 0 V -6000
uz = 0.0U614 in.
v c = -0.00233 in.
8, = -0.0019 Rads
forces and moments for each truss frame element may be found
Member AC
Member CN
'Member NP
400 Ib/ft
2 913 1 t: A 293
22 r- t, 23-7521 r
5.1 Conclusions
5.2 Recommendations
method of analysis.
REFERENCES
Grinter, L. E. (1955). Theory of modern steel
structures. New York: The McMillian Company.
Martin, C. A. (1958). The application of a digital
computer to the solution of slope-deflection
University, Norman.
Morrisett, D. E. (1957). Derivation of slope deflection
University, Norman.
Slack, R. L. (1984). Structural analysis. New York:
McGraw-Hill.
Smith, L. R. (1957). Derivation of slope deflection
equations for arched trusses. Unpublished master's
thesis, Oklahoma State University, Norman.